"I S A W I T O N T V : " A G U I D E T O B R O A D C A S T P R O G R A M M I N G S O U R C E S Compiled by Corinne H. Smith Penn State Audio-Visual Services July 1993 send additions and corrections to chsmith@psuces.bitnet chsmith@psulias.psu.edu -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Networks: The Big Three Networks: Public Broadcasting Networks: The Others Commercials Miscellaneous Production Companies Distributor Information Made-for-TV Movies International Programming As Advertised on TV or Radio College Tour Sources -- NETWORKS: THE BIG THREE -- A B C, 77 West 66th St, New York NY 10023 telephone (212) 456-7477 (audience information) "Nightline with Ted Koppel" episodes are available for $14.95 each from Viewfinders, Inc. "20/20" videos and "Primetime Live" videos are available through Journal Graphics. Per episode price is $34.95 for home use and $84.95 for school or institutional use. "Peter Jennings Reporting" videos are available for $19.98 plus $3.95 s&h by calling (800) 222-7500. "Good Morning America" can be contacted by writing to the executive producer (Jack Reilly) at 147 Columbus Ave, 6th Floor, New York NY 10023; phone (212) 456-5987. Some public affairs and news programs are available through A B C Distribution Company, ATTN: Video Sales, 825 7th Ave, New York NY 10019; telephone (212) 456-1725. Some ABC program information can be gotten by calling (800) 222-9420. Some ABC programs are distributed through Resolution Company, telephone (800) 862-8900. "Men, Sex, and Rape" is available for $19.98 + $3.95 s&h from MPI Home Video, 15825 Rob Roy Dr, Oak Forest IL 60452; telephone (800) 323-0442. ABC News archives, 47 W 66 St, 6th Floor, New York NY 10023; telephone (212) 456-3749. From the Past: "The Addams Family" vidoe collection, 12 episodes/6 VHSs for $9.49 each, from Time Warner Viewer's Edge, P O Box 3925, Milford CT 06460; phone (800) 228-5440. "Mod Squad" video collection, 10 episodes/5 VHSs for $88.75 and "Police Squad!" video collection, 6 episodes/2 VHSs for $34.95 from Critic's Choice Video. "Schoolhouse Rock" segments, educational shorts which aired in the 1970s between regular Saturday morning cartoons, are available in four volumes (History, Math, Science, Grammar) for $12.95 each from Golden Book, phone number (800) 236-7123. "Twin Peaks," 7 episodes, available for $14.95 each or $99.95 for the set from Viewfinders, Inc. "Untouchables" videos are available for $19.95 each from Columbia House Video. C B S, 51 W 52nd St, New York NY 10019 telephone (212) 975-1556 "48 Hours" videos, telephone (800) 338-4847 "Street Stories" videos are available through Ambrose Video Publishing. "60 Minutes" -- programs beginning from 1990 to the present are available from (800) 848-3256, a CBS distribution company. Pre-1990 shows which are not available from Ambrose Video Publishing must be special ordered from Neal Waldheim in the CBS Archives at the address above. He doesn't take phone orders, but messages may be left at (212) 975-2875. Some "48 Hours" and "60 Minutes" programs are now available through Ambrose Video Publishing (but see note above about "60 Minutes"). "Malcolm X" as aired on CBS, is available for $19.95 by calling (800) 776-8400. A transcript of the show costs five dollars and can be obtained by calling (800) 777-TEXT. "Oprah Winfrey" shows are *not* available for purchase on video. "Northern Exposure," five episodes available for $14.95 each from MCA-Universal Home Video, 70 Universal City Plaza, Universal City CA 91608-9955; phone (818) 777-4300. CBS News Archives, Tony Gavin, 524 W 57 St, New York NY 10019; telephone (212) 975-7260. From the Past: "The Andy Griffith Show" video collection, 3 episodes on 7 VHSs, for $14.95 each from The Video Catalog. "Beauty and the Beast" video collection, 4 episodes on 4 VHSs for $59.95 from The Video Catalog. "Gunsmoke" video collection, $19.95 each episode on VHS, from Columbia House. "Legend of the Beverly Hillbillies," a TV special, is available from Columbia House at (800) 851-4949. "M*A*S*H" video collection, $19.95 for a 3-episode VHS, from Columbia House. "Rawhide" first episode, $14.98 from Critic's Choice Video. "Twilight Zone" video collection, 8 episodes/4 VHSs for $54.95 from Critic's Choice Video. "Watergate: The Secret Story," a CBS documentary, is available from Columbia House Video. "The Wild Wild West" first episode, $14.98 from Critic's Choice Video. N B C, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York NY 10112 telephone (212) 664-2074 NBC News Video Archive, same address as above; telephone (212) 664-3797 or FAX (212) 957-8917. To retain videos of events such as the inaugural address, contact Marcie Kinoo-Smith at (212) 664-3289 or fax (212) 664-6572. From the Past: "Bonanza" video collection, 4 episodes/4VHSs for $39.95 from Time Warner Viewer's Edge, P O Box 3925, Milford CT 06460; phone (800) 228-5440. 8 individual episodes are available at $14.98 each from Critic's Choice Video. "Cheers" video collection is available from Columbia House. "Dragnet" video collection, 4 episodes on each of 3 VHSs, $24.95 each from Critic's Choice Video. "The Man From U.N.C.L.E." video collection, 32 episodes available from Critic's Choice Video. "Saturday Night Live" video collection, available from Viewfinders, Inc. Also available from The Video Catalog. "Star Trek" episodes, $14.95 each, available from Paramount Home Video, 5555 Melrose Ave, Hollywood CA 90038; telephone (213) 956-5000. Also, 5-video package available for $75 from Sound Exchange, 45 N Industry Ct, Deer Park NY 11729-4614; phone (800) 521-0042. -- NETWORKS: PUBLIC BROADCASTING -- P B S, 1320 Braddock Place, Alexandria VA 22314-1698 telephone for distribution information on programs: (800) 328-7271 orders only to (800) 344-3337 Many PBS affiliates publish their own program guides, which are good resources for correct titling information. Others may cooperate with local publications. For example, WQED and WQEX in Pittsburgh list their schedules in _Pittsburgh_ magazine, 4802 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15213-9956; subscription fee is $15. Some programs, especially BBC productions, are available on video through one of the following catalogs. Indexes for the videos listed in the first two catalogs below are available via e-mail from the author of this document. _Signals_, WGBH Educational Foundation, P O Box 64428, St. Paul MN 55164-0428; telephone (800) 669-9696. _Wireless_, Minnesota Public Radio, P O Box 64422, St. Paul MN 55164-0422; telephone (800) 669-9999. _The Video Catalog_, P O Box 64428, St. Paul MN 55164-0428; telephone (800) 733-2232. PBS broadcasts that are *not* distributed by PBS Video: "American Playhouse" series information can be obtained by calling Michael Poe at (212) 582-1111; video information is available at (212) 757-6134. BBC's Shakespeare Plays series. Each play is available for $249.95 on video (the 37-part series price is $5000) from Ambrose Video Publishing. "Bradshaw on the Family" and "Bradshaw on Homecoming" are distributed by KUHT-TV, 4513 Cullen Blvd, Houston TX 77004; telephone (713) 749-2304. "Frugal Gourmet" tapes available from MPI Home Video, 15825 Rob Roy Dr, Oak Forest IL 60452; phone (800) 323-0442. "Infinite Voyage" is now distributed by Intellimation, 2040 Alameda Padre Sierra, Santa Barbara CA 93103; phone (800) 532-7637. "Masterpiece Theatre" video availability can be determined by calling WGBH at (617) 492-2777. "National Geographic" videos are available from National Geographic Society, Educational Services, P O Box 98019, Washington DC 20090; telephone (800) 368-2728, FAX (301) 921-1575. "NOVA" programs are produced by WGBH in Boston, *but don't call there!* Programs that used to be distributed by Coronet/MTI Video have been placed on moratorium by WGBH and are no longer available. The most recent episodes are available from Films for the Humanities & Sciences, P.O. Box 2053, Princeton NJ 08540; telephone (800) 257-5126. If you don't need public performance rights, you can buy home video copies of some NOVA programs from Vestron Video/LIVE Home Video, 15400 Sherman Way, Suite 500, Van Nuys CA 91410-0124; telephone (203) 978-5400 or (203) 978-5680. Some NOVA home videos are also available from Baker & Taylor Video, 501 S. Gladiolus, Momence IL 60954; telephone (800) 892-1892. Even local video rental stores have some NOVA episodes. "Pennsylvania Road Show" video (just one in the series, so far) is available for $19.95 from WQED, Box INFO, Pittsburgh PA 15213; telephone (412) 622-1307. Physics Demonstrations with Julius Sumner Miller, 60 programs of 15 minutes duration, are available from Western Instructional Television, 1438 North Gower St, Los Angeles CA 90028; telephone (213) 466-8601. "Tony Brown's Journal" videos, telephone (800) 223-1796 William Alexander art videos, Magic Art Supplies, Inc., P O Box 17129, Salem OR 97305; telephone (503) 393-7320; FAX (503) 390-0193; orders only to (800) 547-8747. WNET-TV produced videos are often available from them directly; call (800) 336-1917. "Wonderworks" videos, American Passage Video Collection, 215 W Harrison, Seattle WA 98119. Also available from Films Incorporated, 5547 N Ravenswood Ave, Chicago IL 60640-1199; telephone (800) 323-4222. Also available for $29.94 each from Viewfinders, Inc. -- NETWORKS: THE OTHERS -- AMERICAN MOVIE CLASSICS, 150 Crossways Park West, Woodbury NY 11797 telephone (516) 364-2222 Subscriptions to the AMC Magazine are $11.95/year. Call (800) 535-7700 or write to AMC Magazine, P O Box 2065, Marion OH 43305. ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT NETWORK, 555 Fifth Ave, New York NY 10017 telephone (212) 661-4500 "Biography" series programs are available from Coronet/MTI Film & Video, 108 Wilmot Road, Deerfield IL 60015; telephone (800) 621-2131. "Race for the Double Helix" is *not* currently available for purchase; however, special permission is given for taping it off-air. Check with the network for the next scheduled broadcast. Some programs are available from A&E Home Video, P O Box 2284, South Burlington VT 05407-2284; phone (800) 828-6565 ext. 10 Educational information available from A&E Classroom, Arts & Entertainment Network, P O Box 1610, Grand Central Station, New York NY 10163; telephone (212) 661-4500. Subscriptions to the Arts & Entertainment program guide are $18/year. Write to Program Guide, P O Box 2071, Knoxville IA 50197-2071. BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION, 1899 9th St N E, Washington DC 20018 telephone (202) 636-2403; FAX (202) 529-4009 Educational information is available from Black Entertainment Television, 1212 New York Ave N W, Ste 430, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 408-5480. BRAVO, 150 Crossways Park West, Woodbury, NY 11797; telephone (516) 364-2222 C-SPAN, 444 N Capitol St N W, Ste 650, Washington DC 20001 telephone (800) 523-7586. Director of Educational Services is Linda Heller at (202) 737-3220. Off-air taping rights are extremely liberal; check with her for more information. Videos of programs are available for $49.95 from Public Affairs Video Archives, Purdue University, 1025 Stewart Center, West Lafayette IN 47907-1025; telephone (800) 423-9630 or FAX (317) 494-3421. Educational information is available from C-SPAN in the Classroom at the Washington DC address and phone number listed above. CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN), One CNN Center, P O Box 105366, Atlanta GA 30348 telephone (800) 344-6219 for CNN Multi-Media Public information (comments, suggestions, info requests) should be directed to (404) 827-1500. Inquiries for purchase information of CNN programs should be directed to (404) 827-1335. Information about the CNN VideoLink program can be acquired by writing to CNN VideoLink Education Director, 3565 Evans Rd, Atlanta GA 30340, or by calling (800) 367-3170 or (404) 493-1115. CARTOON NETWORK, 1050 Techwood Dr NW, Atlanta GA 30315 CINEMAX, 1100 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10036; telephone (212) 512-1000 CNBC, 2855 Coolidge Hwy, Ste 201H, Troy MI 48084; telephone (313) 643-9033 COURT TV, 600 Third Ave, New York NY 10016; telephone (212) 973-3383 THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL, 7700 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda MD 20814-3522 telephone (301) 986-0444 ext. 294 Educational information is available from Assignment Discovery, The Discovery Channel, at the above address; telephone (301) 986-1999. Or call (800) 321-1832 for a free educator's guide. Some programs are available for purchase on VHS; call (800) 592-0600. Some programs are available for purchase from Public Media Video (Films Inc.), call (800) 826-3456. Some programs are available for purchase from Ingram Entertainment Inc., 2 Ingram Blvd, P O Box 7006, La Vergne TN 37086-7006. Subscriptions to the Discovery Magazine are $14.95/year. Write to The Discovery Magazine, P O Box 2015, Marion OH 43305-2015 or call (800) 347-6969. THE DISNEY CHANNEL, 3800 W Alameda Ave, Burbank CA 91505 telephone (818) 569-7897 Subscriptions to the Disney Channel magazine are $12/year. Write to the above address. E! ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION, 10 Columbus Blvd, Hartford CT 06106 telephone (203) 249-3700 ENCORE, 4643 S Ulster St, Ste 300, Denver CO 80237; telephone (303) 267-4000 ESPN, ESPN Plaza, 935 Middle St, Bristol CT 06010; telephone (203) 585-2236 _The Complete Guide to Exercise Videos_ is available free by calling (800) 356-8100. This catalog lists almost every fitness and aerobic tape on the market today. ESPN Home Video, telephone (800) 533-1800 or (800) 841-8900. NFL Films, 330 Fellowship Rd, Mount Laurel NJ 08054; telephone 778-1600. THE FAMILY CHANNEL, 1000 Centerville Turnpike, Virginia Beach VA 23463; telephone (804) 523-7301 FINANCIAL NEWS NETWORK, 600 3rd Ave, New York NY 10022 telephone (212) 922-9320 FOX BROADCASTING COMPANY, P O Box 900, Beverly Hills CA 90213 Program on the JFK assassination, which was narrated by James Earl Jones and includes the famous Zapruder footage, is available for $19.95 by calling (800) 776-2800. "Kennedy: Coincidence or Conspiracy" (narrated by Robert Conrad) is available on video for $24.45 by calling (800) 858-7878. HOME BOX OFFICE (HBO), 1100 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10036; telephone (212) 512-1000 KBL, P O Box 14070, Pittsburgh PA 15239; telephone (412) 339-4806 THE LEARNING CHANNEL, 7700 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda MD 20814 telephone (301) 986-1999 Educational information is available from a unit called Classroom America at the address and phone number listed above. Subscriptions to the TLC Guide are $6/year. Write to TLC Guide Customer Service, ATTN: Dara Queen, 7700 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda MD 20814. LIFETIME, 3612 35th Ave, Astoria NY 11106; telephone (718) 482-4000 "It Figures" with Charlene Prickett (exercise show): for information about videos, clothes or equipment, call (800) 661-1674. MIND EXTENSION UNIVERSITY (ME/U), Dept PF, 9697 E Mineral Ave, P O Box 3309, Englewood CA 80155-3309; telephone (800) 777-MIND Subscriptions to the ME/U program guide are $15/year. Write to the above address. THE MONITOR CHANNEL, 1660 Soldiers Field Rd, Boston MA 02135 telephone (617) 787-6868 Educational information is available from a unit called World Classroom at the address and phone number listed above. THE MOVIE CHANNEL, 1633 Broadway, New York NY 10019 telephone (212) 708-1600 MTV, 1515 Broadway, 23rd Floor, New York NY 10036 telephone (212) 713-6400 or (212) 258-8560 "Rapumentories," a 2-volume set of rap music videos, is available by writing to the above address on college letterhead. Explain your usage plans, and a price will be sent to you. THE NASHVILLE NETWORK, 2806 Opryland Dr, Nashville TN 37214 telephone (615) 883-7000 NICKELODEON, 1515 Broadway, New York NY 10036; telephone (212) 713-7010 Subscriptions to Nickelodeon Magazine, a children's publication, can be ordered by calling (800) 358-6700. Price is $9.97 for six issues. NOSTALGIA TELEVISION, 75 James Way, Southampton PA 18966 telephone (215) 364-7550 OUTDOOR CHANNEL, 43445 Business Park Dr, Ste 113, Temecula CA 92590 telephone (909) 699-4749 PRISM, 225 City Line Ave, Bala Cynwyd PA 19004; telephone (215) 668-2210 SCI-FI CHANNEL, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10020 telephone (212) 408-9100 Subscriptions to the Sci-Fi Channel magazine are $12.95 per year; write to P O Box 58162, Boulder CO 80322, or call (800) 876-0691. Up-to-date broadcast schedules for this network are available via electronic mail by writing to Max Lansing at pjv@mindvox.phantom.com SHOWTIME, 1633 Broadway, New York NY 10019; telephone (212) 708-1600 SPORTSCHANNEL, 225 City Line Ave, Bala Cynwyd PA 19004 TBS SUPERSTATION, One CNN Center, P O Box 105366, Atlanta GA 30348 telephone (404) 827-1500 TURNER NETWORK TELEVISION (TNT), One CNN Center, P O Box 105366, Atlanta GA 30348; telephone (404) 827-2599 or (404) 827-1700 U S A NETWORK, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10020 telephone (212) 408-9100 VIDEO HITS ONE (VH-1), 1515 Broadway, New York NY 10036 telephone (212) 713-6458 VISION INTERFAITH SATELLITE NETWORK (VISN), National Interfaith Cable Coalition; telephone (800) 841-8476 THE WEATHER CHANNEL, 2600 Cumberland Pkwy, Atlanta GA 30339 telephone (404) 434-6800 or (404) 801-2149 W G N, 3801 S Sheridan Rd, Tulsa OK 74145 W P I X, 11 WPIX Plaza, New York NY 10017; telephone (212) 210-2721 W W O R, 112 Northern Concourse, P O Box 4872, Syracuse NY 13221 telephone (800) 448-3322 -- COMMERCIALS -- A source for video compilations of commercials, past and present, is Adweek's Best Spots, 49 E 21 St, New York NY 10010; phone (212) 979-4634. -- MISCELLANEOUS -- "Dark Shadows" video collection available from Critic's Choice Video. "Donahue" videos, some available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences, P.O. Box 2053, Princeton NJ 08540; telephone (800) 257-5126. "Scared Silent: Exposing and Finding Child Abuse," hosted by Oprah Winfrey, is available for $8.50 from Scared Silent, Box 933022, Los Angeles CA 90093. "Star Trek: The Next Generation" videos (the first eight episodes) are available for $14.95 each from The Video Catalog. Talk show videos: For individual programs from Phil Donahue, Jenny Jones, Rush Limbaugh, Sally Jessie Raphael, Jerry Springer, and Jane Whitney contact Video Archives, 41 Paoli Plaza, #3D, Paoli PA 19301; phone (800) 367-8433. Individual programs may be ordered over the telephone with a credit card; otherwise, requests must be pre-paid. Use a separate sheet for each tape ordered and containing your institution's name, address, and phone number; the name of the host; the air date of the show; and the topic or show name. Arbitron, the TV ratings company, can be contacted by calling (800) 638-7091. Vanderbilt University has a Television News Archive which has taped the big three's network nightly news since 1968, and they publish Television News Index & Abstracts. Contact person for more information is Scarlett Graham at (615) 322-2927. -- PRODUCTION COMPANIES -- BBC/ Lionheart, 630 Fifth Ave, Ste 2220, New York NY 10111; phone (212) 373-4000 and fax (212) 956-2399. Dianne Busby is the manager for educational sales. Belisarius Productions, 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City CA 91608; phone (818) 777-3381. Harpo Productions, (Oprah Winfrey's production company) phone (312) 633-1000. NBC-TV, 3000 W Alameda Ave, Burbank CA 91523. Lorimar Television, 10202 W Washington Blvd, Culver City CA 90232. Touchstone Television, 500 S Buena Vista Blvd, Burbank CA 91521. -- DISTRIBUTOR INFORMATION -- Ambrose Video Publishing, Dept 392SS, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10104; telephone (800) 526-4663. Columbia House Video, 1400 N Fruitledge Ave, Terre Haute IN 47804; telephone (800) 733-9600. Critic's Choice Video, P O Box 749, Itasca IL 60143; telephone inquiries (800) 544-9852; orders to (800) 367-7765. Journal Graphics, 1535 Grant St, Denver CO 80203; telephone (800) 825-5746. The Video Catalog, P O Box 64428, St Paul MN 55164-0428; telephone (800) 733-2232. Viewfinders, Inc., P O Box 1665, Evanston IL 60204-1665; telephone (800) 3432-3342. -- MADE-FOR-TV MOVIES -- Three good sources for determining whether or not a made-for-TV movie was released on video are: _Bowker's Complete Video Directory 1993_. New Providence, N.J.: R.R. Bowker, 1993. Furtaw, Julia C., ed. _The Video Source Book 1993_. 14th ed. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1993. (an updated supplement is also available) Maltin, Leonard, ed. _Leonard Maltin's TV Movies and Video Guide_. 1993 ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1992. Special note: "Something for Joey," the 1977 made-for-TV movie based on the life of Penn State football player and Heisman Trophy winner John Capelletti has *not* been made available on film or video by Mary Tyler Moore Productions. Please don't call Penn State to search for it! -- INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMING -- DEUTSCHE WELLE TELEVISION, P O Box 50641, Washington DC 20091-0641. telephone (202) 393-7427; fax (202) 393-7434 A free monthly program guide, "Ihre Welle TV," will be sent to you by writing to Deutsche Welle, Horerpost, P O Box 100444, D-5000 Koln 1 (West) Germany. Phone number there is 011-49- 221-3890. INTERNATIONAL CHANNEL, 12401 W Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90064 telephone (213) 826-2429; fax (213) 447-7916 SCOLA, P O Box 619, McClelland IA 51548-0619 telephone (712) 566-2202; fax (712) 566-2502 -- AS ADVERTISED ON TV OR RADIO -- (...AND NOT NORMALLY LISTED IN TRADITIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES) "Barney & Friends" videos, call (800) 634-3500 or write to Barney Videos, P O Box 11066, Chicago IL 60611. "Hooked on Phonics" audiotapes, telephone (800) 222-3334. Cost is $199. "The Human Calculator," P O Box 4823, Syracuse NY 13221; $19.95 for one video. "Muzzy" (video foreign language instruction for kids), Early Advantage, 47 Richards Ave, Norwalk CT; telephone (800) 227-2113 or (800) 451-1103. Cost is $150. Languages available are French, Spanish, Italian, and German. National Dynamics audiotapes for learning languages ("If you can spell S-O-C-K-S, you can speak Spanish!"); telephone (800) 545-1985. Twenty languages are available. A full set of 24 audiocassettes is $389.95. Time-Life series which are advertised on TV are often distributed by Ambrose Video Publishing, Dept 392SS, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10104; phone (800) 526-4663. "Where There's a Will, There's an A," Publisher's Choice, Box 4164, Dept. HA01-PE, Huntington Station NY 11746; telephone (800) 247-6800 or (800) 626-7700. Price is $89.95 for two VHS tapes or $59.95 for four audiotapes. "You Can Read!" videotapes, call (800) 468-7323. Price is $129. -- COLLEGE TOUR SOURCES -- (no, they're not broadcast, but...) Videos in the series from College Preview, Inc., are available at Blockbuster Video rental outlets. Videos of certain colleges are available through Peterson's College Video Library, telephone (800) 637-8308. Cost is $8 for the first college, $6 for the second, and $4 for each additional college. Longer videos of certain colleges are available through Collegiate Choice, 41 Surrey Lane, Tenafly NJ 07670; telephone (201) 871-0098. Cost is $20 for first college and $15 for each additional college. Or, check with admissions office at desired college/university. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Are there errors in this document? Send corrections or additions to chsmith@psuces.bitnet or chsmith@psulias.psu.edu. Thanks! Copyright (c) 1993 Corinne H. Smith. Reproduction/distribution without my permission *is* allowable as long as this document is left fully intact. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------