Study Guide-Chapter 3-Berk (1997)			Page 1

** Questions marked with asterisks are not necessarily answered in the text; you may need to expand on the information provided in the book.

1.  How do phenotypes and genotypes differ?

2.  How are chromosomes, DNA, and genes related?  

3.  How do mitosis and meiosis differ?

4.  How are gametes related to zygotes?  

5.  How does meiosis ensure variability among offspring?  Why is this variability important?

6.  How do identical and fraternal twins differ?  How are they created?

7.  Who determines whether a child will be a male or female?  The father or mother?

8.  What does it mean for a pair of alleles to be homozygous?  Heterozygous?

9.  What is meant by dominant-recessive inheritance?  Give examples.  

10.  Briefly describe codominance of inheritance traits.  Give examples.

11.  What are mutations?  What causes them?

12.  What is an X-linked inheritance?  Why are males more likely to have this?

13.  What is genetic imprinting?

14.  What is polygenic inheritance?  

15.  What causes most chromosomal abnormalities?

16.  What causes Down syndrome?  What are problems associated with this disorder?  

17.  What are examples of abnormalities of the sex chromosomes?

18.  How does genetic counseling work?  

19.  How do prenatal diagnostic methods work?

20.  What are problems associated with reproductive technologies?  (See "Social Issues", p. 84).  

21.  Briefly describe the events that occur during the three stages of prenatal development.

22.  What are teratogens?  Give examples of some including their effects on the fetus.

23.  How is maternal nutrition important for prenatal development? Psychological stress and maternal age?

24.  What are the three stages of childbirth?

25.  What is the purpose of the APGAR scale?

26.  What are different methods of childbirth?  ** Which would you (or did you) choose?  Support your answer.

27.  Briefly describe examples of birth complications.  How can these be reduced or prevented?

28.  What did Werner and Smith (1955) show about birth complications?  

29.  How well does the U.S. do with infant mortality compared with other countries?  

30.  What is the purpose of behavioral genetics?

31.  What is the point of the question of "how much"?  How are heritability estimates from kinship studies and concordance rates used to answer this question? 

32.  What is the point of the question of "how"?  How are reaction range, canalization, and genetic-environmental correlation used to answer this question?