Study Guide--Chapter 9--Dworetzky (5TH EDITION)         Page 1
        
** Questions marked with asterisks are not necessarily answered directly in the text; you may need to expand on the information you are given in the book.
        
1.  What was wrong with Mrs. Duke as described in the Prologue?  What caused her
problem?

2.  Why do we have memories?  Why isn't our memory like a tape recorder?

3.  What is an engram?  Did Lashley find evidence for the existence of engrams?  What was the point of his equipotentiality theory?  What do modern researchers believe about the "location" of memory?  (See "An Enduring Question...", pp. 312-317).

4.  What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?  How is it related to memory?   How is it caused
in the hippocampus?  How does NO affect LTP?  (See "An Enduring Question...", pp. 312-317).

5.  What is working memory?  Why did the concept of working memory supplant the
concepts of short-term and long-term memory?

6.  What are the three parts of working memory according to Baddeley and Hitch?  Why do they believe these exist?

7.  What effect does displacement have on information in short-term memory (STM)?  How is this demonstrated by the serial position effect?

8.  What is chunking and how does it let you remember more?  How is it possible that we
can remember 19 chunks of information more easily than 5 chunks?  Relate your answer to the Concept Review on page 322.  
            
9.  What is declarative memory?  Is it always reliable? Explain your answer.

10.  What are episodic and semantic memory?  How have patients with amnesia demonstrated these types of memory?  

11.  How does automatic storage work to increase memory?  

12.  What did MD's problem show about how memory is stored?

13.  What are mnemonics?  Give examples of them.

14.  How does the episodic trace model explain declarative memory?  

Study Guide--Chapter 9--Dworetzky (5TH EDITION)         Page 2

15.  How does a network model explain human memory?  How does the propositional
network model explain memory?  

16.  What evidence supports network models of memory?

17.  What is an implicit memory?  How are they acquired?  

18.  What are skills?  Are they declarative or implicit?  Explain your answer.   How are they demonstrated by HM and the conditioning experiment?

19.  What is priming memory?  How is this demonstrated by Mrs. X?

20.  How do the concepts of decay and interference differ in their explanation of why we
forget?

21.  Give an example of proactive and retroactive interference.  How do the experiments in Figure 9.15 differ in their design, so that they can test these two kinds of interference?

22.  How do retrieval cues help you remember something?  How do supporters of the
episodic trace model differ in their view of this compared to supporters of the network
models?

23. Where were you when you heard that the space shuttle had exploded?  How does this
relate to the term flashbulb memory? 

24.  What causes flashbulb memories?  Are they always accurate?  Explain your answer.

25.  How do reconstruction and scripts help us recall information in LTM?

26.  How does the study of retrograde amnesia help explain the effects of consolidation?

27.  What is motivated forgetting?  Give some examples of it.  How does it relate to
psychogenic amnesia?

28. What is somatogenic amnesia?  How was this demonstrated by HM and NA?           
29.  What is locus-dependent learning?  What do the results of the study which had subjects learn a list while under water show?  

30.  What is state-dependent learning?  
31.  What is the spacing effect?  How was this demonstrated by Madigan?        
32.  Which is better: cramming or not cramming for an exam? Why?  (See "Focus on an
Application", p. 341).
33.  How does encoding variability lead to better memory?