Study Guide--Chapter 12--Dworetzky (6th EDITION)        Page 1         

** Questions marked with asterisks are not necessarily answered directly in the text; you may need to expand on the information given in the book.

1.  What does the experiment described in the Prologue show about emotions and the brain?

2.  How do emotions change with development?  Relate this to changes in the central nervous system.

3.  What (and how) does a polygraph measure?  ** Should they really be called "lie
detectors"?  (See "Focus on a Controversy", pp. 428-430). 

4.  What is an evolutionary explanation for why we have emotions?

5.  How do we use social-referencing to understand others' emotions?  How is this used in the visual cliff experiment?
 
6.  What are some of the factors important for determining when we experience emotion?      

7.   How well do we judge emotions of others?

8.  What are the explanations of aggression (described in the "An Enduring Question..."
section (pp. 433-436)? 
                    
9.  Why did the subjects in the experiment with the Playboy pictures misinterpret their
emotions?  How do these results go against the common sense explanation of why we
experience emotions?

10.  How does the James-Lange theory explain why we have emotions? How did Cannon and Bard try to modify this view?  Why didn't they succeed?

11.  How did Schachter refine the James-Lange theory?

12.  How did Stanley Schacter's experiment with the happy and angry actors (page 440-441) test his hypothesis for his cognitive appraisal or two-factor theory of emotion?  ** What are the independent variables in Schacter's experiment?

13.  How does the example of the men crossing the bridge over the Capilano River
demonstrate the two-factor theory of emotion?

14.  What does cross-cultural research show about facial expressions?  What about the
research with people blind from birth?
        
15.  What is the point of the facial feedback theory?  How was it tested?

16.  Which theory of emotions is supported by the research on physiological changes with facial expression?  How is it supported?

17.  How should Schachter's two-factor theory of emotions be modified to fit current  data? What are other current views?

18.  Why, according to Robert Plutchik's psychoevolutionary synthesis of emotion, do we have emotions?  How does Plutchik's theory differ from previous ones explaining emotions?

19.  What are our primary emotions, according to Plutchik?  Why do we have them?  How did he explain differences in emotional intensities?