Psychology 2 Name ______________________________ Fall 1994 Section A /40 Version A Section B /60 -------------- /100 Exam #1--Chapters 1-6--Dworetzky (5th edition) Section A. Multiple choice. Choose the best answer. 1. Your grandmother believes that conscious experience can be reduced to its elemental components and that an exact structure or blueprint of the mind exists. Your grandmother is preaching: a. psychoanalysis. b. structuralism. c. behaviorism. d. functionalism. 1. Your grandmother tells you that she participated as a subject in a psychological experiment in which she engaged in self-observation. She had to try to break down the content of her conscious experience into its component parts. She was most likely using the technique of introspection which was a favorite of: a. behaviorism. b. functionalism. c. psychoanalysis. d. structuralism. 1. Structuralism's most critical weakness was its: a. dependence upon finding the function of the mind. b. use of free association and dream interpretation. c. reliance on the introspection method. d. lack of subjects. 2. Psychoanalysis: a. has been criticized for being too general and unscientific. b. eventually evolved into S-R psychology. c. provides genuine scientific explanations of human behavior. d. failed to stimulate much interest. 2. Criticism has been focused on behaviorists for: a. ignoring the conscious mind and stressing only that which is unconscious. b. ignoring important but unobservable aspects of behavior like emotions and thoughts. c. being too lax in their use of controlled experiments. d. being too concerned with the phi phenomenon. 2. Behavioral psychologists do NOT: a. emphasize definitions of terms. b. emphasize scientific psychology. c. emphasize internal motivations and thoughts. d. study problem such as shyness and phobias. 3. In a study of twenty newborns, you compare those who were full-term to those who were premature for the amount of time spent sleeping. You find that the infants who were full- term sleep less than those who were premature. The independent variable is: a. how much the infants sleep. b. the age of the infants. c. the fact that the full-term infants sleep less than those who were premature. d. whether the infants were full-term or premature. 3. In a study of twenty newborns, you compare those who were full-term to those who were premature for the amount of time spent sleeping. You find that the infants who were full- term sleep less than those who were premature. The dependent variable is: a. how much the infants sleep. b. the age of the infants. c. the fact that the full-term infants sleep less than those who were premature. d. whether the infants were full-term or premature. 3. In a study of male and female bowlers, you study how many footsteps the bowlers take before releasing the ball. You find that women take more footsteps than men. The dependent variable is: a. whether the bowler is male or female. b. the location of the bowling alley. c. the skill level of the bowler. d. how many footsteps the bowler takes. 4. Typically a naturalistic observation is performed: a. in a laboratory. b. quite obtrusively, where the subjects are aware they are being watched. c. only by women. d. in the subject's regular environment. 4. The study of Phineas Gage, who had a metal rod blown through his frontal lobe in an accident with an explosive, is an example of the _______________ research technique. a. survey. b. naturalistic observation. c. case study d. experiment. 4. You are trying to refrain from interacting with, or being seen by, members of the football team as they eat lunch in the cafeteria. You are counting the number of times they use the word "football" used each 3 minute period of time. You are doing a/an ______________ research study. a. naturalistic observation. b. true experiment. c. case study. d. survey. 5. The ______________ nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. a. central b. peripheral c. autonomic d. parasympathetic 5. The parasympathetic nervous system: a. dilates the pupils. b. inhibits digestion. c. stimulates respiration. d. stimulates the genitals. 5. The sympathetic nervous system: a. dilates the pupils. b. stimulates digestion. c. reduces respiration. d. stimulates the genitals. 6. ________________ blocks synaptic transmission by blocking post-synaptic receptors from receiving the neurotransmitter. a. Cobra venom b. Dopamine c. Botulin toxin d. GB nerve gas 6. ________________ blocks the presynaptic ending from releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse. a. Cobra venom b. Dopamine c. Botulin toxin d. GB nerve gas 6. ________________ destroys the enzymes that break down the neurotransmitters that are usually taken back into the presynaptic ending after stimulating the post-synaptic ending. a. Cobra venom b. Dopamine c. Botulin toxin d. GB nerve gas 7. _________________ is used to observe the active functioning of the brain while _______________ is typically used to see the structure of the brain. a. MRI, PET scanning b. PET scanning, MRI c. Brain mapping, PET scanning d. X-rays, CAT scanning 7. CAT scans: a. show functioning of the brain. b. use harmless radio waves. c. show brain structures. d. are no longer used by brain researchers. 7. MRI: a. is considered too dangerous to use to examine brain structures. b. is more effective than PET scans to examine brain functions. c. provides more detailed, safer pictures of brain structures than x-rays. d. works the same way as brain mapping. 8. Habituation, as it is used to measure infant behavior: a. occurs when the infant repeats the same behavior over and over again. b. indicates the infant's ability to remember, since the infant will cease to attend to a stimulus shown over an over again. c. is a reflex behavior involving a response to a stimulus that is repeated no matter how often the infant sees it. d. does not occur until the infant is three months of age. 8. Infant learning and memory: a. do not exist. b. do not occur until the infant is three months of age. c. is overrated by most psychologists. d. can be measured using the habituation technique. 8. Modern developmental psychologists report that neonates: a. are helpless and unresponsive. b. attach to the first moving person they see after birth. c. are incapable of any real learning and memory. d. are especially attracted to faces and voices. 9. In contrast to the conclusions of Freud and the learning theorists, Harry Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys showed: a. that there is more than contact comfort or biological needs in the attachment of these monkeys to the surrogate cloth mother. b. that the monkeys preferred the wire mother which fed them, and used the cloth mother to play with. c. any soft cloth form was most important to the monkeys and seemed to provide an attachment figure for them. d. attachment to the cloth surrogate mother was short-lived and later became unimportant to the monkeys. 9. Someone with the intraorganismic perspective would see attachment behaviors as: a. slow to develop and dependent on the quality of the mother-child relationship. b. stemming from innate drives rendering the infant biologically ready to form attachment to caregivers. c. learned because the caregivers supply secondary needs to the infant. d. dependent on the environment providing a trustworthy place to meet the infant's needs. 9. A child with a/an ____________ attachment pattern has been found to tolerate a moderate amount of separation from its mother and will go to her after she returns. a. anxious/resistant b. ambivalent c. anxious/avoidant d. secure 10. It has been said that developmental standards in the U.S. are, for the most part, Eurocentric. What is meant by this? a. That European research methods have been too dominant. b. That most of the researchers are biased because of their European heritage. c. That minority children are typically compared with norms obtained from the majority culture. d. That minority norms are overrepresented. 11. The goodness of fit model of temperament: a. states that easy children will have the best fit with their environment. b. explains how biological factors contribute to the longevity of the child's temperament. c. suggests that easy children are most likely to survive in times of famine. d. states that the fit between the child's temperament and environment is more critical than the child's temperament alone. 12. The young men of the Grant study, examined by George Vaillant, were found to go through a period during their late 20s in which they: a. focused on marriage and having children. b. valued change and transformation. c. focused on careers at the expense of family. d. felt tension between themselves and society. 12. Vaillant likened the men of the Grant study who were in the period of career consolidation to: a. school children who did their work and followed rules. b. adolescents who refused to grow up. c. juvenile grandiosity. d. youth who are deeply committed to a new society. 12. Marcia, a 22-year-old graduate student, has a close relationship with another graduate student and does not want to marry or have children at this time. She is, according to Keniston: a. a typical "youth". b. denying her procreative urge. c. refusing to grow up. d. in a period of career consolidation. 13. Male menopause: a. is due to a sharp decline in testosterone. b. similar in cause as female menopause. c. leads to more psychological effects than female menopause. d. does not exist, since males never have menses. 13. Most women who have gone through menopause report that they: a. felt sick during the entire time. b. resented the whole process of aging. c. suffered from serious anxiety problems. d. felt better than they had anticipated. 13. __________________ refers to the biological changes that lead to menopause. a. Menses b. Post-menopause c. The climacteric d. The midlife crisis 14. An older adult who has not successfully resolved the psychosocial conflict of late adulthood, according to Erikson, will: a. feel a deep sense of guilt. b. be swept away with despair. c. be overwhelmed with feelings of inferiority. d. have feelings of self-doubt and shame. 14. According to Erikson, the main developmental task during late adulthood involves: a. a sense of accomplishment. b. formation of close relationships. c. helping and guiding the next generation. d. acceptance of the way one lived. 14. The conflict experienced during late adulthood, according to Erikson, is: a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. b. generativity vs. self-absorption. c. ego integrity vs. despair. d. intimacy vs. isolation. 15. The ______________ threshold is the minimum amount of energy fluctuation necessary before you can detect a change in a stimulus. a. difference b. absolute c. metaphysical d. megaphysical 15. the ________________ threshold is the amount of energy required to create a noticeable sensation. a. visual b. absolute c. difference d. amplitude 15. What is Weber's law? a. It is the law the explains why humans cannot see dim light when looking directly at them. b. It is the law that quantifies the difference threshold. c. It is the law that quantifies the absolute threshold. d. It is the law that explains why college students sleep so much. 16. The opponent process theory of color vision embraces the hypothesis that the visual system contains: a. a dark-light receptor system, a red-green system, and a yellow-blue system. b. color receptors which fire in volleys creating the sensation of different colors depending on the cumulative rate of firing. c. separate color receptors for red, green, and blue stimuli. d. an automatic gain control mechanism which insures the uniformity of a perceived color. 16. Red lights were used for pilots in World War II "ready rooms" because: a. red lights stimulated their cones which allowed them to see better. b. red lights enhanced their ability to concentrate on the maps they had to read. c. red lights allowed the pilots to maintain their dark adaptation. d. red lights have longer wavelengths which increase visual acuity. 16. Tameka believes that there are three kinds of color receptors in the retina (for processing red, green, and blue color sensations). She is advocating the _______________ theory. a. Land b. opponent-process c. subtractive d. Young-Helmholtz 17. The ________________ theory explains hearing tones between 20 and 300 cycles per second as a direct result of the number of firings of a single neuron. a. place b. volley c. frequency d. amplitude 17. The ________________ theory explains hearing tones between 300 and 5000 cycles per second as a result of the combined firings of multiple neurons. a. place b. volley c. frequency d. amplitude 17. The __________________ theory states that high frequencies stimulate stereocilia near the oval window, while the intermediate frequencies stimulate stereocilia away from the oval window. a. place b. volley c. frequency d. amplitude 18. The __________________ perceptual pathway processes color and figure versus ground information about the environment. a. parvo-interblob. b. magno c. invariant d. blob 18. The __________________ perceptual pathway processes information about motion in one's environment. a. parvo-interblob. b. magno c. invariant d. blob 18. The __________________ perceptual pathway processes information about location of an object in one's environment. a. parvo-interblob. b. magno c. invariant d. blob 19. In which theory of perception are important characteristics of objects such as their distances, shapes, or sizes perceived as the result of innate "built-in" mechanisms possessed by all healthy members of a species? a. image and cue b. direct perception c. functional perception d. psychological 19. Which of the following is NOT true of the Muller-Lyer illusion? a. it can be explained by our experience with the near side and far side of a floor in a room. b. it has been the focus of a lot of controversy. c. the two long lines appear to be of different lengths although they are actually the same length. d. the illusion takes place in the retina of the eye. 19. The family cat is several hundred yards away and looks no bigger than a cricket, and its seems to grow as it run toward you. You know that the cat is really not getting larger because of the operation of: a. perceptual consistency. b. your retina. c. size constancy. d. visual consonance. 20. The moon illusion may be best explained by: a. atmospheric distortion. b. the actual change in size of the moon at dusk and midnight. c. relative size and overlap. d. accommodation and convergence. 20. What accounts for the fact that the size of the moon is perceived differently when it is directly overhead than when it is just appearing at the horizon? a. there are few depth perception cues operating when the moon is directly overhead. b. the moon is farther away and thus cases a smaller retinal image when it is directly overhead. c. the moon is surrounded by pinpoints of light which, by comparison, diminish its perceived size when it is directly overhead. d. optics of the atmosphere are less operative directly overhead than at the horizon. 20. Which of the following depth cues is NOT likely to be operating as one perceives the rising moon illusion? a. relative size. b. height on a plane. c. overlap. d. optics of the atmosphere. Section B. Short essay. Use complete sentences. MAKE SURE TO ANSWER ONLY 10 OF THE 12 QUESTIONS!! (6 points each). 1. Why can't causal statements about two variables be made with correlational study results? 1. What does it mean for two variables to be correlated? 1. A recent correlational study showed that children who ate more than two hot dogs a week were more likely to get leukemia than those who ate fewer hot dogs. Can the researchers say that eating hot dogs causes leukemia? Why or why not? 2. What is the mind-body problem? 2. What is the view of materialists in relation to the mind-body problem? 2. What is the view of dualists in relation to the mind-body problem? 3. What is an antagonist? Give an example of one. 3. What is an agonist? Give an example of one. 3. Why are neuroleptics considered antagonists of dopamine? Why are they used to treat schizophrenic symptoms? 4. How does acupuncture work to relieve pain? Provide evidence for your answer. 4. Do placebos work the same way as acupuncture to relieve pain? Provide evidence for your answer. 4. What is one piece of evidence that supports the notion that acupuncture releases beta- endorphins to relieve pain? 5. What is the point of the nature-nurture controversy in developmental psychology? 5. What is the point of the nature-nurture controversy in developmental psychology? 5. What is the point of the nature-nurture controversy in developmental psychology? 6. What is gender constancy? When does it develop? 6. What is gender understanding? When does it develop? 6. What is gender typing? When does it develop? 7. What is Alzheimer's disease? Why is it confused with multi-infarct dementia occasionally? 7. What are two factors associated with high intellectual performance during late adulthood? 7. What is organ reserve? How does it change with age? 8. What is post-formal operational thought? 8. What is post-formal operational thought? 8. What is post-formal operational thought? 9. What is kinesthesis? What is evidence for its flexibility? 9. How does Aristotle's illusion show about receptive fields? 9. Can astronauts detect balance when in space? Explain your answer. 10. What are pheromones? Do they exist in humans? Provide evidence for your answer. 10. What is kin recognition? Does it exist in humans? Provide evidence for your answer. 10. How does the sense of smell work? 11. How do top-down and bottom-up processing differ? 11. How do top-down and bottom-up processing differ? 11. How do top-down and bottom-up processing differ? 12. What is the purpose of the visual cliff experiments? What have they shown about human depth perception? 12. How does peripheral vision detect motion differently from foveal vision? 12. How does the rotary-drum room experiment demonstrate the difference between peripheral vision and foveal vision?