Study Guide-Chapter 12--Santrock (1996)				Page 1

** Questions marked with asterisks are not necessarily answered directly in the text; you may need to expand on the information provided in the book.

1.  What is self-understanding?  (Use your OWN words!)  

2.  How is self-recognition in infancy studied?  When does it seem to begin, according to these studies?

3.  How is self understanding during early childhood studied differently than during infancy?  What are young children's primary conceptions of themselves?  

4.  How does self understanding change during middle and late childhood?  

5.  How are the following concepts of self important during adolescence:  abstract and idealistic, differentiated, contradictions within the self, the fluctuating self, real and deal, true and false selves, social comparison, self-conscious, self-protective, unconscious, and self-integration?

6.  How is perspective-taking important for self-understanding?  How did Selman (1980) study perspective-taking in children?  How does it change with development (see Table 12.1, p. 384)?
 
7.  How is perspective-taking important for children?  

8.  What is self-esteem?  (Again, in your OWN words!)

9.  How is self-esteem measured?  How is this different for children and adolescents?

10.  What factors of parenting are associated with high self-esteem in boys, according to Coopersmith (1967)?  

11.  How does social identity theory used to explain how group identity is related to self-esteem?  

12.  How is ethnocentrism related to self-esteem and prejudice?   (See also "Sociocultural Worlds of Children 12.1, p. 387).

13.  What are consequences of low self-esteem?  

14.  What are ways to increase children's self-esteem?

15.  What is Erikson's view of adolescence?

16.  What is the conflict during adolescence identified by Erikson?  How is this conflict resolved?

17.  Briefly describe the two core ingredients in Erikson's theory of identity development.

18.  What are current views of identity development?  

19.  What are the four identity statuses identified by Marcia?   HowHow 

20.  How did Erikson examine identity development in Hitler, Luther and Gandhi?  (See "Explorations in Child Development 12.1, pp. 392-393).

21.  What did Waterman believe about identity changes?  

22.  How does the family affect identity development?  

23.  How are culture and ethnicity important in determining identity?  What about gender?  (See also "Sociocultural Worlds of Children 12.2, p. 396).  

24.  How are education and work important in identity development?