_@_Turkmenistan Geography

Total area:
    488,100 km2
Land area:
    488,100 km2
Comparative area:
    slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
    3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,
    Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
    0 km
  note:
    Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
    none - landlocked
Disputes:
    none
Climate:
    subtropical desert
Terrain:
    flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west
Natural resources:
    petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium
Land use:
    NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
    and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
    NA
Note:
    landlocked

:Turkmenistan People

Population:
    3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
    36 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    59 years male, 66 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    4.5 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen
Ethnic divisions:
    Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10%
Religions:
    Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5%
Languages:
    Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Literacy:
    NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
    1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%,
    other 37% (1990)
Organized labor:
    NA

:Turkmenistan Government

Long-form name:
    none
Type:
    republic
Capital:
    Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
Administrative divisions:
    4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou,
    Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic
    jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center
    except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag
Independence:
    27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist
    Republic)
Constitution:
    adopted 18 May 1992
Legal system:
    NA
National holiday:
    Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Executive branch:
    president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
    Majlis
Judicial branch:
    NA
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992)
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta
    CHARYYEV (since NA 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
    Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman
  opposition:
    Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  President:
    last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad
    NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)
  Majlis:
    last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of
    vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but
    Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats
Communists:
    renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990
Other political or pressure groups:
    Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement
Member of:
    CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
Diplomatic representation:
    NA
  US:
    Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat
    (Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011)
    7-3630-24-49-08

:Turkmenistan Government

Flag:
    green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpet
    pattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in the
    upper left corner to the right of the carpet gels

:Turkmenistan Economy

Overview:
    Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous
    problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central
    planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, local
    government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process
    requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and
    monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily
    weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas
    and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet
    republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,
    where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya.
GDP:
    purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6%
    (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    85% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
    20-25% (1991 est.)
Budget:
    NA
Exports:
    $239 million (1990)
  commodities:
    natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets
  partners:
    Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports:
    $970 million (1990)
  commodities:
    machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles
  partners:
    NA
External debt:
    $650 million (end of 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
    growth rate 4.1% (1991)
Electricity:
    3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita
    (1990)
Industries:
    oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles
Agriculture:
    cotton, fruits, vegetables
Illicit drugs:
    illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
    status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
    points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
    NA
Currency:
    As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
Exchange rates:
    NA
Fiscal year:
    calendar year

:Turkmenistan Communications

Railroads:
    2,120 km all 1.520-meter gauge
Highways:
    23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth
Inland waterways:
    NA km
Pipelines:
    NA
Ports:
    inland - Krasnovodsk
Civil air:
    NA
Airports:
    NA
Telecommunications:
    poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave to
    other CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscow
    international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -
    Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)

:Turkmenistan Defense Forces

Branches:
    Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
    Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense)
Manpower availability:
    males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
    annually
Defense expenditures:
    $NA, NA% of GDP

_@_Turks and Caicos Islands Geography

Total area:
    430 km2
Land area:
    430 km2
Comparative area:
    slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
    none
Coastline:
    389 km
Maritime claims:
  Exclusive fishing zone:
    200 nm
  Territorial sea:
    12 nm
Disputes:
    none
Climate:
    tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Terrain:
    low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
Natural resources:
    spiny lobster, conch
Land use:
    arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and
    woodland 0%; other 98%
Environment:
    30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
Note:
    located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean

:Turks and Caicos Islands People

Population:
    12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)
Birth rate:
    16 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    22 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    73 years male, 77 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    2.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    no noun or adjectival forms
Ethnic divisions:
    majority of African descent
Religions:
    Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,
    other 19.9% (1980)
Languages:
    English (official)
Literacy:
    98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
    (1970)
Labor force:
    NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence
    agriculture
Organized labor:
    Saint George's Industrial Trade Union

:Turks and Caicos Islands Government

Long-form name:
    none
Type:
    dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
    Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
Administrative divisions:
    none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence:
    none (dependent territory of the UK)
Constitution:
    introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional
    Commission is currently reviewing its contents
Legal system:
    based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica
    and The Bahamas
National holiday:
    Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Executive branch:
    British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister
Legislative branch:
    unicameral Legislative Council
Judicial branch:
    Supreme Court
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael
    J. BRADLEY (since 1987)
  Head of Government:
    Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
    People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National
    Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel
    MISSICK
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  Legislative Council:
    last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
    party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5
Member of:
    CDB
Diplomatic representation:
    as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos
    Islands are represented in the US by the UK
  US:
    none
Flag:
    blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
    colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow
    and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy

Overview:
    The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only
    subsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that
    most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.
GDP:
    purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth
    rate NA% (1986)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    NA%
Unemployment rate:
    12% (1989)
Budget:
    revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital
    expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)
Exports:
    $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84)
  commodities:
    lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells
  partners:
    US, UK
Imports:
    $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84)
  commodities:
    foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing
  partners:
    US, UK
External debt:
    $NA
Industrial production:
    growth rate NA%
Electricity:
    9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
    fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
Agriculture:
    subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more
    important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
    Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
    $110 million
Currency:
    US currency is used
Exchange rates:
    US currency is used
Fiscal year:
    calendar year

:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications

Highways:
    121 km, including 24 km tarmac
Ports:
    Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
Civil air:
    Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airports:
    7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
    2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
    fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,
    no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
    station

:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces

Note:
    defense is the responsibility of the UK

_@_Tuvalu Geography

Total area:
    26 km2
Land area:
    26 km2
Comparative area:
    about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
    none
Coastline:
    24 km
Maritime claims:
  Exclusive economic zone:
    200 nm
  Territorial sea:
    12 nm
Disputes:
    none
Climate:
    tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly
    gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Terrain:
    very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
Natural resources:
    fish
Land use:
    arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
    woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
    severe tropical storms are rare
Note:
    located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean

:Tuvalu People

Population:
    9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992)
Birth rate:
    28 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    61 years male, 64 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    3.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions:
    96% Polynesian
Religions:
    Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i
    1%, other 0.6%
Languages:
    Tuvaluan, English
Literacy:
    NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
Labor force:
    NA
Organized labor:
    none

:Tuvalu Government

Long-form name:
    none
Type:
    democracy
Capital:
    Funafuti
Administrative divisions:
    none
Independence:
    1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)
Constitution:
    1 October 1978
National holiday:
    Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Executive branch:
    British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
    Cabinet
Legislative branch:
    unicameral Parliament (Palamene)
Judicial branch:
    High Court
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General
    Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986)
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime
    Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)
Political parties and leaders:
    none
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  Parliament:
    last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results
    - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)
Member of:
    ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU
Diplomatic representation:
    Ambassador (vacant)
  US:
    none
Flag:
    light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the
    outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
    five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

:Tuvalu Economy

Overview:
    Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.
    The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence
    farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too
    small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government
    revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker
    remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international
    trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and
    supported also by Japan and South Korea.
GNP:
    exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate
    NA% (1989 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    3.9% (1984)
Unemployment rate:
    NA%
Budget:
    revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital
    expenditures of $NA (1989)
Exports:
    $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)
  commodities:
    copra
  partners:
    Fiji, Australia, NZ
Imports:
    $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)
  commodities:
    food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
  partners:
    Fiji, Australia, NZ
External debt:
    $NA
Industrial production:
    growth rate NA
Electricity:
    2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
    fishing, tourism, copra
Agriculture:
    coconuts, copra
Economic aid:
    US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)
    countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million
Currency:
    Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar
    ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
    Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March
    1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267
    (1987)
Fiscal year:
    NA

:Tuvalu Communications

Highways:
    8 km gravel
Ports:
    Funafuti, Nukufetau
Merchant marine:
    1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT
Civil air:
    no major transport aircraft
Airports:
    1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
    broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;
    108 telephones

:Tuvalu Defense Forces

Branches:
    Police Force
Manpower availability:
    NA
Defense expenditures:
    exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP

_@_Uganda Geography

Total area:
    236,040 km2
Land area:
    199,710 km2
Comparative area:
    slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
    2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,
    Zaire 765 km
Coastline:
    none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
    none - landlocked
Disputes:
    none
Climate:
    tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June
    to August); semiarid in northeast
Terrain:
    mostly plateau with rim of mountains
Natural resources:
    copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
Land use:
    arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and
    woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
    straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion
Note:
    landlocked

:Uganda People

Population:
    19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)
Birth rate:
    51 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    50 years male, 52 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    7.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - Ugandan
Ethnic divisions:
    African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%
Religions:
    Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs
Languages:
    English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
    languages
Literacy:
    48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
    4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)
Organized labor:
    125,000 union members

:Uganda Government

Long-form name:
    Republic of Uganda
Type:
    republic
Capital:
    Kampala
Administrative divisions:
    10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,
    Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western
Independence:
    9 October 1962 (from UK)
Constitution:
    8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision
Legal system:
    government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary
    law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ
    jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday:
    Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Executive branch:
    president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
    Cabinet
Legislative branch:
    unicameral National Resistance Council
Judicial branch:
    Court of Appeal, High Court
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice
    President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
    only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda Patriotic
    Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and
    Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political
    activities
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  National Resistance Council:
    last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -
    NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210
    members elected without party affiliation
Other political or pressure groups:
    Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army
    (UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement
Member of:
    ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
    IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,
    OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
    Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington,
    DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102
  US:
    Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing
    address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793,
    259795

:Uganda Government

Flag:
    six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and
    red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested
    crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side

:Uganda Economy

Overview:
    Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular
    rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has
    been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and
    civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita
    income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as
    does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the
    economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export
    crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government
    has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency
    reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum
    prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially
    aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and
    boosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, the
    economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the
    rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and
    exports, and gradually improving domestic security.
GDP:
    exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate
    4.5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    35% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
    NA%
Budget:
    revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital
    expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)
Exports:
    $208 million (f.o.b., 1990)
  commodities:
    coffee 97%, cotton, tea
  partners:
    US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
Imports:
    $209 million (c.i.f., 1990)
  commodities:
    petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation
    equipment, food
  partners:
    Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
External debt:
    $1.9 billion (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
    growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP
Electricity:
    175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
    sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
Agriculture:
    mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;
    cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,
    corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;
    self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
    US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)
    countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC
    bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169
    million

:Uganda Economy

Currency:
    Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
    Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991),
    428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987)
Fiscal year:
    1 July - 30 June

:Uganda Communications

Railroads:
    1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track
Highways:
    26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and
    laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways:
    Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria
    Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,
    both on Lake Victoria
Merchant marine:
    1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT
Civil air:
    6 major transport aircraft
Airports:
    35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over
    3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
    fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast
    stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1
    Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

:Uganda Defense Forces

Branches:
    Army, Navy, Air Force
Manpower availability:
    males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military service
Defense expenditures:
    $NA, NA% of GDP

_@_Ukraine Geography

Total area:
    603,700 km2
Land area:
    603,700 km2
Comparative area:
    slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
    4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km,
    Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west)
    362 km, Russia 1,576 km
Coastline:
    2,782 km
Maritime claims:
  Contiguous zone:
    NA nm
  Continental shelf:
    NA meter depth
  Exclusive fishing zone:
    NA nm
  Exclusive economic zone:
    NA nm
  Territorial sea:
    NA nm
Disputes:
    potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and
    southern Odessa oblast
Climate:
    temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;
    precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,
    lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to
    cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the
    country, hot in the south
Terrain:
    most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains
    being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsula
    in the extreme south
Natural resources:
    iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,
    titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber
Land use:
    56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
    and woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigated
Environment:
    air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around
    Chernobyl nuclear plant
Note:
    strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest
    country in Europe

:Ukraine People

Population:
    51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
Birth rate:
    14 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    65 years male, 75 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    2.0 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - Ukrainian
Ethnic divisions:
    Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
Religions:
    Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian
    Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish
Languages:
    Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish
Literacy:
    NA%
Labor force:
    25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%,
    health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and
    communication 7%, other 7% (1990)
Organized labor:
    NA

:Ukraine Government

Long-form name:
    none
Type:
    republic
Capital:
    Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions:
    24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*
    (avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk,
    Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev,
    Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava,
    Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod),
    Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as its
    administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
    following in parentheses)
Independence:
    24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly the
    Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union
Constitution:
    currently being drafted
Legal system:
    based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
National holiday:
    Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
Executive branch:
    president, prime minister
Legislative branch:
    unicameral Supreme Council
Judicial branch:
    being organized
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First Deputy
    Prime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May
    1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since
    21 May 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
    Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, Yuriy
    SHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman;
    Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party,
    Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH,
    Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Party
    of Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, Jerhiy
    PLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  President:
    last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid
    KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,
    Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57%
  Supreme Council:
    last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late
    1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total)
    number of seats by party NA

:Ukraine Government

Communists:
    Communist Party of Ukraine was banned by decree of the Supreme Council on 30
    August 1991
Other political or pressure groups:
    Ukraninan People's Movement for Restructuring (RUKH)
Member of:
    CIS, CSCE, CE, ECE, IAEA, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
    UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
    Ambassador Oleh H. BILORUS; Embassy at 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 711,
    Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 296-6960
  US:
    Ambassador Roman POPADIUK; Embassy at ;10 Vul. Yuriy Kotsubinskoho, Kiev
    (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone (044) 244-7349; FAX (044)
    244-7350
Flag:
    two horizontal bars of equal size: azure (sky blue) top half, golden yellow
    bottom half (represents grainfields under a blue sky)

:Ukraine Economy

Overview:
    Because of its size, geographic location, Slavic population, and rich
    resources, the loss of Ukraine was the final and most bitter blow to the
    Soviet leaders wishing to preserve some semblance of the old political,
    military, and economic power of the USSR. After Russia, the Ukrainian
    republic was far and away the most important economic component of the
    former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the
    next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth
    of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
    of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its
    well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw
    materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the USSR. In
    early 1992 the continued wholesale disruption of economic ties and the lack
    of an institutional structure necessary to formulate and implement economic
    reforms preclude a near-term recovery of output.
GDP:
    $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    83% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
    NA%
Budget:
    not finalized as of May 1992
Exports:
    $13.5 billion (1990)
  commodities:
    coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery
    and transport equipment, grain, meat
  partners:
    Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan
Imports:
    $16.7 billion (1990)
  commodities:
    machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles
  partners:
    none
    *** No entry for this item ***
External debt:
    $10.4 billion (end of 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
    growth rate -4.5% (1991)
Electricity:
    NA kW capacity; 298,000 million kWh produced, 5,758 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
    coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport
    equipment, chemicals, food-processing
Agriculture:
    grain, vegetables, meat, milk
Illicit drugs:
    illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
    status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment
    points for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
    $NA

:Ukraine Economy

Currency:
    as of August 1992 using ruble and Ukrainian coupons as legal tender; Ukraine
    plans to withdraw the ruble from circulation and convert to a coupon-based
    economy on 1 October 1992; Ukrainian officials claim this will be an interim
    move toward introducing a Ukrainian currency - the hryvnya - possibly as
    early as January 1993
Exchange rates:
    NA
Fiscal year:
    calendar year

:Ukraine Communications

Railroads:
    22,800 km all 1.500-meter gauge; does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
    273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth
Inland waterways:
    NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
    NA
Ports:
    maritime - Berdyansk, Il'ichevsk Kerch', Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly
    Zhdanov), Nikolayev, Odessa, Sevastopol', Yuzhnoye; inland - Kiev
Merchant marine:
    338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,117,595 GRT/5,403,685 DWT; includes
    221 cargo, 11 container, 9 barge carriers, 59 bulk cargo, 9 petroleum
    tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 24 passenger
Civil air:
    NA major transport aircraft
Airports:
    NA
Telecommunications:
    inheriting part of the former USSR system, Ukraine has about 7 million
    telephone lines (13.5 telephones for each 100 persons); as of 31 January
    1990, 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied;
    international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS
    countries, and through the Moscow international switching center; satellite
    earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik

:Ukraine Defense Forces

Branches:
    Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS
    Forces (Ground Navy, Air, and Defense)
Manpower availability:
    males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)
    annually
Defense expenditures:
    $NA, NA% of GDP

_@_United Arab Emirates Geography

Total area:
    83,600 km2
Land area:
    83,600 km2
Comparative area:
    slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries:
    1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km
Coastline:
    1,448 km
Maritime claims:
  Continental shelf:
    defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line
  Exclusive economic zone:
    200 nm
  Territorial sea:
    3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)
Disputes:
    boundary with Qatar is unresolved; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no
    defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north;
    claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e
    Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims
    island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu
    Musa or Abu Musa,)
Climate:
    desert; cooler in eastern mountains
Terrain:
    flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert
    waste- land; mountains in east
Natural resources:
    crude oil and natural gas
Land use:
    arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest
    and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
    frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being
    overcome by desalination plants; desertification
Note:
    strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital
    transit point for world crude oil

:United Arab Emirates People

Population:
    2,522,315 (July 1992), growth rate 5.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
    29 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    3 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    27 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    70 years male, 74 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    4.7 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Emirian(s), adjective - Emirian
Ethnic divisions:
    Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other
    expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the
    population are UAE citizens (1982)
Religions:
    Muslim 96% (Shi`a 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
Languages:
    Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
    Urdu
Literacy:
    68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not
    available (1980)
Labor force:
    580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%,
    government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign
Organized labor:
    trade unions are illegal

:United Arab Emirates Government

Long-form name:
    United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE
Type:
    federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and
    other powers reserved to member emirates
Capital:
    Abu Dhabi
Administrative divisions:
    7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), `Ajman, Al
    Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
Independence:
    2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)
Constitution:
    2 December 1971 (provisional)
Legal system:
    secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several
    member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential
National holiday:
    National Day, 2 December (1971)
Executive branch:
    president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy
    prime minister, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
    unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)
Judicial branch:
    Union Supreme Court
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971),
    ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since
    8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990),
    ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since
    20 November 1990)
Political parties and leaders:
    none
Suffrage:
    none
Elections:
    none
Other political or pressure groups:
    a few small clandestine groups may be active
Member of:
    ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
    IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
    (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
    UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
    Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New
    Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500
  US:
    Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi
    (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691,
    afterhours 338730; FAX [971] (2) 318441; there is a US Consulate General in
    Dubayy (Dubai)
Flag:
    three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker
    vertical red band on the hoist side

:United Arab Emirates Economy

Overview:
    The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per
    capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and
    the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities.
    Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound
    transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to
    a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of
    production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.
GDP:
    exchange rate conversion - $33.7 billion, per capita $14,100 (1990); real
    growth rate 11% (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    5.5% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
    NEGL (1988)
Budget:
    revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital
    expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
Exports:
    $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
  commodities:
    crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
  partners:
    Japan 35%, Singapore 6%, US 4%, Korea 3%
Imports:
    $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
  commodities:
    food, consumer and capital goods
  partners:
    Japan 14%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 9%
External debt:
    $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
Industrial production:
    NA
Electricity:
    5,800,000 kW capacity; 17,000 million kWh produced, 7,115 kWh per capita
    (1991)
Industries:
    petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat
    building, handicrafts, pearling
Agriculture:
    accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food
    products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25%
    self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
    donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries
    (1979-89)
Currency:
    Emirian dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils
Exchange rates:
    Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year:
    calendar year

:United Arab Emirates Communications

Highways:
    2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
Pipelines:
    crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km
Ports:
    Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal `Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid,
    Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid
Merchant marine:
    55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,866 GRT/1,772,646 DWT; includes
    18 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 20 petroleum tanker, 4 bulk, 1
    refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier
Civil air:
    10 major transport aircraft
Airports:
    37 total, 34 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over
    3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
    adequate system of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi
    and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV;
    satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2
    Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain,
    India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave to Saudi
    Arabia

:United Arab Emirates Defense Forces

Branches:
    Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force
Manpower availability:
    males 15-49, 974,288; 533,673 fit for military service
Defense expenditures:
    exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)

_@_United Kingdom Geography

Total area:
    244,820 km2
Land area:
    241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
Comparative area:
    slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
    360 km; Ireland 360 km
Coastline:
    12,429 km
Maritime claims:
  Continental shelf:
    as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon
    boundaries
  Exclusive fishing zone:
    200 nm
  Territorial sea:
    12 nm
Disputes:
    Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain;
    Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South
    Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego
    Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute
    involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a
    boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica
    (British Antarctic Territory)
Climate:
    temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic
    Current; more than half of the days are overcast
Terrain:
    mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and
    southeast
Natural resources:
    coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,
    gypsum, lead, silica
Land use:
    arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and
    woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
    pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily
    indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
Note:
    lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now
    being linked by tunnel under the English Channel

:United Kingdom People

Population:
    57,797,514 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
Birth rate:
    14 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
    11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
    NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
    8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
    73 years male, 79 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
    1.8 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
    noun - Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective - British
Ethnic divisions:
    English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West
    Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
Religions:
    Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million,
    Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000
Languages:
    English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
    (about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy:
    99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.)
Labor force:
    26,177,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government
    8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1991)
Organized labor:
    40% of labor force (1991)

:United Kingdom Government

Long-form name:
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK
Type:
    constitutional monarchy
Capital:
    London
Administrative divisions:
    47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands
    areas
  England:
    39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,
    Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset,
    Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater
    Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle
    of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,
    Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford,
    Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and
    Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire
  Northern Ireland:
    26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,
    Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,
    Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt,
    Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane
  Scotland:
    9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,
    Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,
    Western Isles*
  Wales:
    8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South
    Glamorgan, West Glamorgan
Independence:
    1 January 1801, United Kingdom established
Constitution:
    unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Dependent areas:
    Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands,
    Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey,
    Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and
    the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
Legal system:
    common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no
    judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
    with reservations
National holiday:
    Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)
Executive branch:
    monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
    bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a
    lower house or House of Commons
Judicial branch:
    House of Lords
Leaders:
  Chief of State:
    Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES
    (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948)
  Head of Government:
    Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)

:United Kingdom Government

Political parties and leaders:
    Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH;
    Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party,
    Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster
    Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist
    Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party
    (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party
    (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry
    ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Democratic Left,
    Nina TEMPLE
Suffrage:
    universal at age 18
Elections:
  House of Commons:
    last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results -
    Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats
    - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24
Communists:
    15,961
Other political or pressure groups:
    Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers'
    Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Member of:
    AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE,
    EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10,
    GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
    IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,
    NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN
    Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
    Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
    Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates
    General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New
    York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle
  US:
    Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London,
    W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO AE 09498-4040); telephone [44] (71)
    499-9000; FAX 409-1637; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and
    Edinburgh
Flag:
    blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in
    white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint
    of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint
    Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
    the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a
    number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and
    others
Note:
    Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in
    1997

:United Kingdom Economy

Overview:
    The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and
    its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is
    essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare
    programs and government ownership. Prime Minister MAJOR has continued the
    basic thrust of THATCHER's efforts to halt the expansion of welfare measures
    and promote extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector.
    Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European
    standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor
    force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing
    about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an
    energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary
    energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any
    industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight
    years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one
    quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above
    those of her major trading partners, declined significantly in 1991. Between
    1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but crept back up to
    8% in 1991 because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the
    UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings
    in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry,
    and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds.
GDP:
    purchasing power equivalent - $915.5 billion, per capita $15,900; real
    growth rate -1.9% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
    5.8% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
    8.1% (1991)
Budget:
    revenues $435 billion; expenditures $469 billion, including capital
    expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
Exports:
    $186.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
  commodities:
    manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,
    transport equipment
  partners:
    EC 53.2% (FRG 12.7%, France 10.5%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 12.4%
Imports:
    $211.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
  commodities:
    manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer
    goods
  partners:
    EC 52.2% (FRG 15.6%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.5%
External debt:
    $10.5 billion (1990)
Industrial production:
    growth rate 0% (1991)
Electricity:
    98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita
    (1991)

:United Kingdom Economy

Industries:
    production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment,
    equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment,
    shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and
    communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and
    paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer
    goods
Agriculture:
    accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and
    efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced;
    about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000
    metric tons (1987)
Economic aid:
    donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion
Currency:
    British pound or pound sterling (plural - pounds); 1 British pound (#) = 100
    pence
Exchange rates:
    British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603
    (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987)
Fiscal year:
    1 April-31 March

:United Kingdom Communications

Railroads:
    Great Britain - 16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km
    1.435-meter (standard) gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or
    multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge
    lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR)
    operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, including 190 km double track
Highways:
    UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km
    limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved,
    592 km gravel)
Inland waterways:
    2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km;
    other, 979 km
Pipelines:
    crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km,
    natural gas 12,800 km
Ports:
    London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe,
    Southampton
Merchant marine:
    224 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,905,571 GRT/4,840,862 DWT; includes
    7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 27 container, 14
    roll-on/roll-off, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar
    carrier, 66 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1
    combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 26 bulk, 1 combination bulk
Civil air:
    618 major transport aircraft
Airports:
    498 total, 385 usable; 249 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
    over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
    technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000
    telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems;
    excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525
    (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine
    cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean
    and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large
    international switching centers

:United Kingdom Defense Forces

Branches:
    Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force
Manpower availability:
    males 15-49, 14,462,820; 12,122,497 fit for military service; no
    conscription
Defense expenditures:
    exchange rate conversion - $42 billion, 4.3% of GDP (FY91)