CERFnet USER'S GUIDE Revised December 1992 1992 California Education and Research Federation Network ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CERFnet thanks the following people and organizations for their assistance and contributions to the CERFnet User's Guide: Dr. Vinton Cerf of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Gary Darling of the California Department of Water Resources, the Internet Society, staff of the NNSC, and the User Services Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. CONTENTS 1: Introduction 1.1: Purpose 1.2: History of CERFnet 2: How to Contact CERFnet 3: How to Use the Ftp and Telnet Programs 3.1: How to Use Anonymous Ftp 3.2: How to Use Telnet 4. Internet Compass for DIAL n' CERF users 4.1 About Internet Compass 4.2 Main menu screen listing 5: CERFnet Members and Topology 5.1: Members 5.2: CERFnet Topology 5.3: CERFnet Acceptable Use Policy 6: FrEdMail 6.1: About FrEdMail 7: Introducing the Internet 7.1: A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks 7.2: The Internet & NSFNET Topologies 7.3: Mid-level Network Topology Maps 7.4: NSFNET T3 Network 7.5: NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy 8: CERFnet Information Services 8.1: Network Information Center nic.cerf.net 8.2: Network Operations Center (NOC) 8.3: Publications 8.4: Electronic Mailing Lists 8.5: Hard-copy Mailing List 8.6: Education 8.7: Questions 9: NSFNET and MERIT Information Services 9.1: NSF Service Center 9.2: Users Introduction to the NSFNET 9.3: Merit 10: Other Network Information Services 10.1: Online Library Catalogs and Databases 10.2: Request For Comments (RFCs) 10.3: Special Interest Electronic Mailing Lists 10.4: Name Service 10.5: Network Information Centers 11: Bibliography of Suggested Readings 11.1: Books Available from CERFnet 11.2: Internet Resource Guide 11.3: Where to Start- A Bibliography of General Internetworking Info 11.4: Internet-Accessible Library Catalogs and Databases 11.5: Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet 11.6: Most Commonly Asked Questions 11.7: Tour of the Internet 12: Internet Organizations 12.1: California Internet Federation (Calinet) 12.2: The Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) 12.3: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 12.4: Federation of American Research Networks (FARNET) 12.5: Internet Society 13: CERFnet Awards 13.1: CERFnet Summer Research Fellowship Appendix A: CERFnet Members Appendix B: Commonly Used Unix Commands 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: Purpose CERFnet is an Internet network service provider that operates throughout the state of California and nationally. CERFnet membership is open to all organizations and individuals in the country, including any university, college, commercial enterprise, industrial or government facility, hospital, or library. Our goal is to promote collaboration among scientists, engineers, and educators in commercial, government, and academic sectors. CERFnet links you to a wealth of information and resources, such as databases, online library catalogs, public domain software, special- interest electronic mailing groups, supercomputers, online documentation, and over a million users worldwide. The CERFnet User's Guide represents a starting point for you. It provides you with general information about some of the resources available to you through your Internet connection. Among the sections in this guide are: a description of the various CERFnet electronic mailing lists; a description of the CERFnet Network Information Center which provides online documentation; instructions on how to use the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to retrieve information; an introduction and history of the Internet; the Internet and NSFNET topologies; an article about the NSFNET information services; and short descriptions of good publications to read for more information. How to Maintain the User's Guide The user's guide is intended to be used in a three-ring binder allowing updates to be easily inserted. Notices announcing the updates to the guide will be released over user-guide@cerf.net. Updates will be accessible via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the directory cerfnet/cerfnet_info/cerfnet_guide. Your opinions and recommendations for this guide will be very much appreciated. Please direct your comments to help@cerf.net. 1.2: History of CERFnet In June, 1988, a proposal was submitted by the San Diego Supercomputer Center and General Atomics to the National Science Foundation (NSF) to establish the California Education and Research Federation Network (CERFnet). Thirty-four of the leading research and education centers in California participated in the proposal effort. In March, 1989, $2.8 million was awarded by the NSF to initiate CERFnet. The institutions contributed additional funds in membership fees, support personnel for training, consultation, and documentation, and maintenance of equipment needed to connect and support their CERFnet link. Today, CERFnet links over 100 research and education centers with data transfer rates of up to 1.544 Megabits-per-second. CERFnet provides enhanced communication among researchers, educators and private industry. CERFnet also provides high-speed access to the resources available through the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) and the Internet, such as supercomputer centers, online library catalogs, and specialized databases. The Research Need Before CERFnet, some of the institutions had medium-speed access to the NSFNET backbone, but a substantial increase in bandwidth and connectivity was needed to encourage usage by making access easier, faster, and cost-efficient. The need for CERFnet was two-fold. The availability of high- speed networking and supercomputer power greatly expands computational possibilities. This stimulates a wider range of scientific explorations and makes projects more feasible. Complex projects frequently involve the sharing of databases, software, and results by researchers in different institutions and multiple disciplines. Project feasibility is enhanced by the integrated communications environment offered by the Internet by achieving better collaboration and interaction with distant colleagues and resources. Many of the institutions were already experienced in using NSF and other supercomputer centers, like the San Diego Supercomputer Center, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Center. Today, CERFnet allows convenient access to these state-of-the-art facilities. CERFnet also provides capabilities through the use of TCP/IP, which include remote logins, file transfers, and telnet sessions. Building the Network CERFnet was built on existing data communication links though some have since been upgraded to higher bandwidths. New links were installed between March and November 1989 to expand the network to all of the original research and education centers. CERFnets high-speed backbone nodes were installed between May and June 1989 at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California, Irvine (UCI), the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The backbone was expanded to the University of California Office of the President in Oakland in November, 1989, and to San Jose in December, 1990. CERFnet Phase II In March, 1990, CERFnet submitted a proposal to the NSF for Phase II. Phase II proposed to establish new Internet connections for three four-year colleges and two community colleges. CERFnet also proposed to establish gateways to fifteen FrEdMail (Free Educational Mail) Network sites. The FrEdMail Network is a grass-roots data-communications network that allows teachers and students at K-12 institutions around the country to exchange teaching materials, student assignments, and information on workshops, job opportunities, and national legislation affecting education. (Refer to section R5: FrEdMailS, in this guide for a detailed description of FrEdMail.) These institutions were be brought online between September, 1990, and March, 1991, at a cost of $226,000 over two years. Further Expansion Since March, 1989, the network has grown to include over 300 research and education centers. Several classes of memberships have been introduced since 1989. A ll of these memberships provide access to the Internet via a dedicated leased line service or by a dial up connection. The dedicated leased line services that CERFnet has provided are CERF 1544 (1.544 megabits-per-second); CERF 56 (56 kilobits-per-second); CERF 14.4 (14.4 kilobits-per-second); and CERF 9.6 (9.6 kilobi ts-per-second). The dial up connections include DIAL n' CERF, DIAL n' CERF AYC, and DIAL n' CERF Plus which all provide dialup SLIP access up to 19.2 kilobits -per-second. An additional dial up service that has recently been introduced is DIAL n' CERF USA, which uses an 800 number for toll-free connections any where in the United States. All of these memberships are supported by subscription fees. In 1991, CERFnet also established the first Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) in cooperation with PSInet and Alternet. The CIX has expanded to include several additional domestic and international networks. It permits the exchange of commercial traffic between these three networks. Adopt a School is a program that originated in September 1991 and it allows CERFnet users to connect a local K-12 school to DIAL 'n CERF. The CERFnet user help s the school use the connection and the available information on the Internet. The school or CERFnet user provides a terminal/PC and modem. Many staff members have already adopted schools their children attend or that are in their neighborhoods. Currently, there are about 22 schools involved in the program. CERFnet also established their first T3 connection near the end of 1991. This 45 megabits-per-second connection extends between two of CERFnet's backbone sites , UCI and California Institute of Technology. The success of this T3 prototype connection will pave the way for the upgrade of all CERFnet's backbone circuits. Three international links were also completed by the end of 1991. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) came on-line in December 1991. The connectio n between between CERFnet and UFRJ is intended to provide, among other things, Internet access to a regional network located within the state of Rio de Janeiro. Initially, nine institutions will be connected to this local network: Brazilian Center of Investigating Sciences (CBPF), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Institute of Mathematics Pure and Applied (IMPA), Polytechnic Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ), National Laboratory of Computer Science (LNCC), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Federal University Fluminense (UFF), and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Eventually the network will expand to include research institutions located in the state of Sao Paulo. Three of these institutions (CBPF, IMPA, and LNCC) are laboratories of the National Council of Scientific Development and Technology, which is the equivalent of the National Science Foundation. Two are federally funded universities (UFFO and UFRJ) and FIOCRUZ is the laboratory of the Federal Health Ministry. Also, the CICESE Institute located in Ensenada, Mexico was brought on-line in November 1991. The institute will have a 64 kbps satellite link to the SDSC via the Mexican satellite, Morelles II. And finally, the System Engineering Research Institute (SERI), Seoul Korea was brought on-line in March 1991. SERI is similar to the National Foundation sponsored supercomputers centers. SERI performs a large number of research and development products for both domestic and foreign clients through the application of its high level resources, such as supercomputers. The link between SERI and CERFnet will provide Internet access to the Korean National Research Network (KREONnet). In 1992, through the CERFnet Summer Fellowship program, a K-12 user's guide and Internet start-up package was developed for use by teachers and students. Designed by teachers, for teachers, CERF n' Safari provides everything needed to start using the Internet effectively in the classroom. Included is "A Classroom User's Guide to the Internet", a disk containing scripts for easier dial-in access, and a login and password good for 8 weeks of free CERFnet usage. The package is available to all educators. In 1992 CERFnet also introduced a new, easy to use network interface for DIAL n' CERF customers, called Internet Compass. By presenting dozens of Internet resources and tools to the user as menu items, Internet Compass makes using the Internet as easy as entering a few keystrokes. The Internet Compass is a menu driven system which offers direct access to information resources, Internet tools, Usenet News, games, and an easy to use electronic mail program. The tools menu includes both the basic Internet applications such as FTP and telnet, and popular new utilities such as Archie, Gopher, and WAIS. CERFnet's Internet Compass will dramatically shorten the learning curve of a new Internet user, since using the menus precludes the need to learn operating system commands. The new user simply chooses a menu item, and from there they are prompted for further commands. Having many helpful Internet tools at their finger tips encourages beginners and intermediate users to try new things. When questions arise they can use the extensive online help system to get back on course. The file management system and simple upload/download utilities are especially useful. Internet Compass is available with all CERFnet's dial-up accounts. 2: HOW TO CONTACT CERFnet Mailing Address California Education and Research Federation Network P. O. Box 85608 San Diego, CA 92186-9784 Shipping and Express Mail Address California Education and Research Federation Network 3483 Dunhill La Jolla, CA 92121 Telephone Numbers Trouble Reporting Hotline: (800) 876-CERF Information: (619) 455-3900 or (800) 876-CERF Fax: (619) 455-3990 Electronic Mail help@cerf.net 3: HOW TO USE THE FTP AND TELNET PROGRAMS 3.1: How to Use Anonymous FTP [Portions of the following section were extracted from the Where to Start- A Bibliography of General Internetworking Information document. See section 10:2, of this guide for a description of this document.] FTP stands for the File Transfer Protocol. It allows you to communicate with a remote host to transfer files between the remote host and your local host. Many of the documents and resources mentioned in this user's guide are available online and can be retrieved using FTP. Files can be retrieved in conjunction with an anonymous login often referred to "anonymous FTP". The following is an example of how to use anonymous FTP. Versions of the FTP program may vary from system to system, so the commands shown in this example may need to be modified to work on your system. Example Using FTP to retrieve an RFC document from the Network Information Center located at SRI International. prompt> ftp nic.ddn.mil --->Use ftp to connect to nic.ddn.mil The system should respond with a message to indicate that a connection has been made. Users on a Unix system will probably be prompted for a login name. Name (nic.ddn.mil:karen): anonymous 331 ANONYMOUS user ok, send real indent as password. Password: ---> Type in "guest" at the password prompt Other systems may require the use of a "login" or "user" command to send the username. Users unsure of the command should contact a local site representative for the specific commands. After the username and password are sent to the system, a message to indicate that the login has been made successfully should appear. You can then connect to the directory in which the documents to be retrieved reside. This is done with the "cd" command: ftp>cd RFC: You should now be connected to the RFC directory. The "dir" or "ls" command will list the files available in this directory: ftp>dir At this point a list of files available in the directory should appear. You can use the "get" or "mget" (multiple gets) to get any file in the directory: ftp>get RFC821.txt The system should respond with a message about the transfer status of the file. When this is complete, a copy of the file will exist in your local host. To leave FTP, use the "quit" command: ftp>quit 3.2: How to Use Telnet Telnet is the Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service. Telnet allows a user at one site to interact with a remote system at another site as if the user's terminal was connected directly to the remote computer. In order to log into another computer on the Internet, you must have the Internet address or name of the computer. Below is an example of a telnet session. Example: prompt>telnet nic.cerf.net Translating "NIC.CERF.NET". . . Trying NIC.CERF.NET (192.102.249.3) SunOS UNIX (nic) login: karen Password: Last login: Thu June 12 11:57:25 on console SunOS Release 4.1.1 (CERFnet) #2: Mon June 15 17:53:26 PDT 1992 To exit the telnet session, type "quit" or "exit". 4. Internet Compass 4.1 What is Internet Compass All DIAL n' CERF customers access their CERFnet accounts and the Internet through an easy to use network interface, called Internet Compass. By presenting dozens of Internet resources and tools to the user as menu items, Internet Compass makes using the Internet as easy as entering a few keystrokes. Internet Compass is automitacally invoked at the start-up of all CERFnet dial-up accounts, however at the user's request the default can be changed to remain at the UNIX shell account. In this case Internet Compass can be entered by typing 'compass' at the nic% prompt. The Internet Compass is a menu driven system which offers direct access to information resources, Internet tools, Usenet News, games, and an easy to use electronic mail program. The tools menu includes both the basic Internet applications such as FTP and telnet, and popular new utilities such as Archie, Gopher, and WAIS. CERFnet's Internet Compass will dramatically shorten the learning curve of a new Internet user, since using the menus precludes the need to learn operating system commands. The new user simply chooses a menu item, and from there they are prompted for further commands. Having many helpful Internet tools at their fingert ips encourages beginners and intermediate users to try new things. When questions arise they can use the extensive online help system to get back on course. The file management system and simple upload/download utilities are especially useful. 4.2 Internet Compass main menu Below is a copy of the Internet Compass main menu. Note that direct access is provided to both user account tools, and to Internet tools, as well as an exit to the UNIX command shell. Under each item on the main menu are additional options, including automatic connection to popular telnet and FTP sites. Send mail to help@cerf.net if you would like more information about Internet Compass. A Account Tools - User Account Tools C CERFnet Info - CERFnet Info and News F Files - File Transfers G Games - Electronic Entertainment I Internet - Internet Search Tools M Mail - Electronic Mail N News - USENET News T Telnet - Remote Login to Other Systems U UNIX Shell - Escape to UNIX Shell Commands Q Quit - Exit ? Help - Help using Internet Compass 5: CERFnet MEMBERS AND TOPOLOGY 5.1: Members Today, CERFnet has over 100 members. There are eight classes of membership. They are Backbone Memberships, CERF 1544, CERF 56, DIAL n' CERF Regular, DIAL n' CERF Plus, Special Memberships, Original or Regular Memberships, and Associate Memberships. CERF 1544 and CERF 56 connects a site with a 1.544 Megabits- per-second or 56 kilobits-per-second link to the nearest CERFnet backbone site. Gateways from Cisco Systems, Inc. are used at either end of the connection. An AGS+ is at the backbone site and an IGS is at the member's site. CERF SMDS provides access to the CERFnet backbone through an SMDS connection. Using SMDS as the connection method offers access to other SMDS sites statewide, and possible cost savings over a leased line option. DIAL n' CERF connects members through dialup ports on terminal servers located at the CERFnet backbone sites. Each DIAL n' CERF member chooses the most convenient node to dialup. The only hardware required is a modem and a terminal or workstation. Users can also run SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol) software to expand their dialup capabilities. DIAL n' CERF USA allows access to CERFnet through a toll-free 800 number line. DIAL n' CERF All You Can (AYC) offers unlimited usage for a flat monthly fee. DIAL n' CERF Plus members have the added convenience of a Telebit Netblazer which assists them with their dialup process. The Netblazer makes it simpler for many users to access the network with very little training. Appendix A lists the CERFnet members and the type of CERFnet connection each has. 5.2: CERFnet Topology CERFnet has a redundant backbone network at 1.544 Megabits- per-second in West Los Angeles, Pasadena, Oakland, Irvine, San Jose, Palo Alto and San Diego. Following is the key for the CERFnet Topology Map (Associate members and DIAL n' CERF members are not included on the map): (This map is available as a separate postscript file. It can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the cerfnet/cerfnet_info/cerfnet_guide and filename cerfnet-topology-6-92.ps) AGI The Agouron Institute AJA Aerojet Electronic Systems Division BIOSYM Biosym Technologies, Inc. Cadam CADAM CIT California Institute of Technology Clrmont The Claremont Colleges CISCO Cisco Systems, Inc. CSUCO The California State University's twenty campuses and Chancellor's Office CSUNET California State University Network Dataprod Dataproducts Disney Walt Disney Imagineering Emulex Emulex Corporation ESNET Energy Sciences Network Farallon Farallon Computing, Inc. FrEDMail Free Education Mail Network Full'ton Fullerton College GA General Atomics GD General Dynamics, San Diego Horizon Science Horizons, Inc. Hughes Hughes Aircraft Company ISX ISX Corporation Korea SERI KREONet Korea Research Environment Open Network Loma Linda Loma Linda University LOS NETTOS Los Nettos Network MTI Micro Technology NSFNET National Science Foundation Network OXY Occidental College Ppdine Pepperdine University Qlcom Qualcomm, Inc. Quotron Quotron Systems, Inc. SAIC Science Applications International Corporation SC AIR South Coast Air Quality Management District SDSC San Diego Supercomputer Center SMC Santa Monica College Sparta Sparta, Inc. UCI University of California, Irvine UCLA University of California at Los Angeles UCOP University of California Office of the President UCR University of California, Riverside UCSB University of California, Santa Barbara UCSD University of California, San Diego Unocal Unocal Science & Technology Division USD University of San Diego USIU United States International University XEROX Xerox Corporation 5.3: CERFnet Acceptable Use Policy This statement represents a guide to the acceptable use of the CERFnet facilities. (1) All use must be consistent with the purposes of CERFnet. (2) The intent of this policy is to make clear certain uses which are consistent with the purposes of CERFnet, not to exhaustively enumerate all such possible uses. (3) The Chairperson of CERFnet and his designees, may at any time make determinations that particular uses are or are not consistent with the purposes of CERFnet. Such determinations will be reported in writing to the Board of CERFnet for consideration and revision will be presented for discussion at the next meeting of the board. (4) If a use is consistent with the purpose of CERFnet, then activities in direct support of that use will be considered consistent with the purposes of CERFnet. (5) If data from any source leaves CERFnet and enters another network that data must follow the acceptable use rules of the entered network (including member networks, regional, or backbone networks). It is the responsibility of the member where this traffic enters CERFnet to meet this requirement. (6) Any traffic which is disruptive from any source is prohibited. Adopted May 30, 1991 6: FREDMAIL 6.1: About FrEdMail The FrEdMail (Free Educational Mail) Network is an informal, grass- roots telecommunications network that helps teachers and students exchange information freely and simply. With over 120 nodes, it lets teachers share experiences with student assignments, distribute teaching materials and curriculum ideas, and promote the development of effective reading and writing skills. FrEdMail also allows teachers to obtain information about workshops, job opportunities, legislation affecting education. It motivates students to become better learners and writers. FrEdMail was initiated by Al Rogers who is a computer specialist for San Diego County Schools. National Recognition The network has received nationwide recognition for its contributions to the pedagogy and practices of instructional telecommunications. In fact, the network has been so successful that it has influenced the development of commercial services such as the McGraw-Hill Information Exchange (MIX) and the AT&T Long Distance Learning Network. How FrEdMail Works The network consists of a number of electronic bulletin boards, each representing a "node" in the network. The bulletin boards are operated by individuals and institutions. Some boards are operated at universities and some are operated by district or county offices of education while others are operated at individual schools in school offices, classrooms, or even in teachers homes. This local ownership offers a number of advantages. Each node is able to tailor content to its local needs. Some districts use the boards for instructional and administrative purposes. Other sites promote use by students at school or at home. Another significant advantage to local control is that each node has a vested interest in promoting the service to its local constituents, and most are proactive in recruiting participants and training teachers. Finally, local ownership usually means a subsidized service, which allows free access to the network. FrEdMail and CERFnet In an effort to promote student and instructor participation in data telecommunications, CERFnet developed a prototype gateway between CERFnet and the FrEdMail Network. The gateway uses file-serving capabilities based on the USENET model of conferences and selected news feeds, allowing a great deal of flexibility in linking FrEdMail users with other networks and educators on other systems all over the world. The FrEdMail Foundation announced the introduction of SCHLnet in September of 1992. SCHLnet is a new distributed conferencing management service that meets the needs of K-12 educators and their students on the Internet. Because it is a distributed conference it effectively puts teachers in touch with one another throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America, Australia, the Orient, Russia, and many other countries... even where direct Internet access is not available. SCHLnet solves the problems of "noise control" on the internet. It moves your listserv and group mail topics out of your personal mail boxes into the SCHLnet conference area, organized by topic, and ready for browsing when you are ready. Your mailbox will once again be used only for personal correspondence. SCHLnet uses Usenet format newsgroups to create a "mini-usenet" aimed specifically at K-12 teachers and their students. SCHLnet creates an interactive flea-market of ideas, resources, opportunities, and information of specific relevance to teachers and their students, without the extraneous and sometimes offensive distractions (from the perspective of K-12 educators, children, parents, and local school boards) posed by Usenet netnews. For more information on FrEdMail and SCHLnet, look in the directory fredmail on nic.cerf.net. To contact the FrEdMail Foundation send mail to fred@acme.fred.org or contact Al Rogers, executive director, by electronic mail at alrogers@cerf.net. 7: INTRODUCING THE INTERNET 7.1: A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks [This section is courtesy of the Internet Society and was written by Dr. Vinton Cerf of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives.] Introduction In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting Project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet". The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 Megabits-per- second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 7 billion packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to tens of thousands of computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. "Regional" support for the Internet is provided by various consortium networks and "local" support is provided through each of the research and educational institutions. Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations. During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. The present emphasis in the system is on multiprotocol interworking, and in particular, with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, OSI protocol implementations also became available and, by the end of 1990, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over two dozen countries, serving over 315,000 host computers used by as many as 3,000,000 people. Much of the support for the Internet community has come from the U.S. Federal Government, since the Internet was originally part of a federally-funded research program and, subsequently, has become a major part of the U.S. research infrastructure. During the late 1980s, however, the population of Internet users and network constituents expanded internationally and began to include commercial facilities. Indeed, the bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities in educational and research institutions, businesses and in government organizations across the globe. The Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Networks (CCIRN), which was organized by the U.S. Federal Networking Council (FNC) and the European Reseaux Associees pour la Recherche Europeenne (RARE), plays an important role in the coordination of plans for government-sponsored research networking. CCIRN efforts have been a stimulus for the support of international cooperation in the Internet environment. Internet Technical Evolution Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. These were originally developed in the DARPA research program mentioned above, but in the last five or six years, this work has been undertaken on a wider basis with support from Government agencies in many countries, industry and the academic community. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 to guide the evolution of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and to provide research advice to the Internet community. During the course of its existence, the IAB has reorganized several times. It now has two primary components: the Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Research Task Force. The former has primary responsibility for further evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite, its standardization with the concurrence of the IAB, and the integration of other protocols into Internet operation (e.g. the Open Systems Interconnection protocols). The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies. A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board and Internet Engineering Task Force. IETF meets three times a year in plenary and its approximately 50 working groups convene at intermediate times by electronic mail, teleconferencing and at face-to-face meetings. The IAB meets quarterly face-to-face or by videoconference and at intervening times by telephone, electronic mail and computer-mediated conferences. Two other functions are critical to IAB operation: publication of documents describing the Internet and the assignment and recording of various identifiers needed for protocol operation. Throughout the development of the Internet, its protocols and other aspects of its operation have been documented first in a series of documents called Internet Experiment Notes and, later, in a series of documents called Requests for Comment (RFCs). The latter were used initially to document the protocols of the first packet switching network developed by DARPA, the ARPANET, beginning in 1969, and have become the principal archive of information about the Internet. At present, the publication function is provided by an RFC editor. The recording of identifiers is provided by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) who has delegated one part of this responsibility to an Internet Registry which acts as a central repository for Internet information and which provides central allocation of network and autonomous system identifiers, in some cases to subsidiary registries located in various countries. The Internet Registry (IR) also provides central maintenance of the Domain Name System (DNS) root database which points to subsidiary distributed DNS servers replicated throughout the Internet. The DNS distributed database is used, inter alia, to associate host and network names with their Internet addresses and is critical to the operation of the higher level TCP/IP protocols including electronic mail. There are a number of Network Information Centers (NICs) located throughout the Internet to serve its users with documentation, guidance, advice and assistance. As the Internet continues to grow internationally, the need for high quality NIC functions increases. Although the initial community of users of the Internet were drawn from the ranks of computer science and engineering, its users now comprise a wide range of disciplines in the sciences, arts, letters, business, military and government administration. Related Networks In 1980-81, two other networking projects, BITNET and CSNET, were initiated. BITNET adopted the IBM RSCS protocol suite and featured direct leased line connections between participating sites. Most of the original BITNET connections linked IBM mainframes in university data centers. This rapidly changed as protocol implementations became available for other machines. From the beginning, BITNET has been multi-disciplinary in nature with users in all academic areas. It has also provided a number of unique services to its users (e.g., LISTSERV). Today, BITNET and its parallel networks in other parts of the world (e.g., EARN in Europe) have several thousand participating sites. In recent years, BITNET has established a backbone which uses the TCP/IP protocols with RSCS-based applications running above TCP. CSNET was initially funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to provide networking for university, industry and government computer science research groups. CSNET used the Phonenet MMDF protocol for telephone-based electronic mail relaying and, in addition, pioneered the first use of TCP/IP over X.25 using commercial public data networks. The CSNET name server provided an early example of a white pages directory service and is still in use at numerous sites. At its peak, CSNET had approximately 200 participating sites and international connections to approximately fifteen countries. Today, CSNET still provides services to a number of industrial sites and small colleges. In 1987, BITNET and CSNET merged to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CRNE). A key feature of CREN and its predecessors is that they were entirely dependent on voluntary user fees; BITNET from the beginning and CSNET after the expiration of its initial five year NSF grant. 7.2: The Internet & NSFNET Topologies CERFnet is an NSFNET mid-level network and also offers access to the Internet nationally. The Internet is composed of many administratively and technically diverse networks that intercommunicate using a standard protocol, TCP/IP. Interactive communications, including remote login, file transfer and electronic mail, are everyday occurrences between the various computer networks. Currently, more than 6,000 networks, 1,000,000 computers and 4,000,000 users are part of the Internet. Below is a sampling of the networks which comprise the Internet. This is not a comprehensive list, but is included to provide a feel for the size and diversity of the Internet. DDN Sponsored by the U. S. Department of Defense MILNET Sponsored by the U. S. Department of Defense NSFNET Sponsored by National Science Foundation ESNET Sponsored by the Department of Energy NSI Sponsored by NASA The following is a list of NSFNET mid-level networks, many of which now also offer services nationally and internationally BARRNET Northern California CERFnet National and International CICNET Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin CSNet/CREN IP&X25 National and International JVNCNET Eastern US and International LOS NETTOS Los Angeles MichNet/Merit Michigan MIDNET Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma MRNET Minnesota NCSANET Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin NEARNET New England NEVADANET Nevada NORTHWESTNET Northwestern US NYSERNET New York OARNET Ohio PREPNET Eastern US PSCNET Eastern US SDSCNET San Diego Supercomputer Network SESQUINET Texas SURANET Southeastern United States THENET Texas USAN National VERNET Virginia WESTNET Western United States Additional Internet networks: Alternet US and International ANS US and International BITNET National network of primarily academic institutions (also NETNORTH, in Canada, and EARN in Europe) CA*NET Canada National Network CO Supernet Colorado CONCERT North Carolina CREN Phonenet International network of research institutions CREN International Affiliates are: AC.UK United Kingdom ASCNET Australia CHUNET Switzerland CSNNET Canada DFN Holland Finnish University Network Finland Inria France Israeli Academic Network Israel JUNET Japan New Zealand Academic New Zealand Network SUNET Sweden ICM International Connections Manager NETillinois Illinois PSI US and International USENET International electronic Rbulletin boardS service UUCP International electronic mail network WiscNet Wisconsin WVNET West Virginia 7.3: Mid-level Network Topology Maps Various topology maps can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to nis.nsf.net. They are located in the "maps" subdirectory. (For assistance is using FTP, refer to section R3.1: How to Use Anonymous FTPS, in this guide.) 7.4: NSFNET T3 Network A map of the T3 NSFNET is available as a separate postscript file. It can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to nis.nsf.net in the directory nsfnet/maps and filename backbone.t3.ps. As of this writing, a map of the T1 NSFNET is also available in the same directory, however the T1 NSFNET was dismantled in December of 1992, therefore this map may not remain available. 7.5: NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy THE NSFNET BACKBONE SERVICES ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY June 1992 GENERAL PRINCIPLE: (1) NSFNET Backbone services are provided to support open research and education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable. SPECIFICALLY ACCEPTABLE USES: (2) Communication with foreign researchers and educators in connection with research or instruction, as long as any network that the foreign user employs for such communication provides reciprocal access to US researchers and educators. (3) Communication and exchange for professional development, to maintain currency, or to debate issues in a field or subfield of knowledge. (4) Use for disciplinary-society, university-association, government-advisory, or standards activities related to the user's research and instructional activities. (5) Use in applying for or administering grants or contracts for research or instruction, but not for other fundraising or public relations activities. (6) Any other administrative communications or activities in direct support of research and instruction. (7) Announcements of new products or services for use in research or instruction, but not advertising of any kind. (8) Any traffic originating from a network of another member agency of the Federal Networking Council if the traffic meets the acceptable use policy of that agency. (9) Communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use. UNACCEPTABLE USES: (10) Use for for-profit activities, unless covered by the General Principle or as a specifically acceptable use. (11) Extensive use for private or personal business. This statement applies to use of the the NSFNET Backbone only. NSF expects that connecting networks will formulate their own use policies. The NSF Division of Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure will resolve any questions about this Policy or its interpretation. 8: CERFnet INFORMATION SERVICES 8.1: Network Information Center- nic.cerf.net Information is available online on the CERFnet Network Information Center (NIC) via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net. (See section R3:1 How to Use Anonymous FTP, in this guide for directions.) The following toplevel directories exist on the CERFnet NIC: /cerfnet/cerfnet_info cerfnet-acceptable-use-policy.txt CERFnet Acceptable Use Policy cerfnet-brochure CERFnet brochure cerfnet-general-info.txt Description of CERFnet cerfnet-history.txt History of CERFnet cerfnet-member-nets.txt Networks connected to CERFnet cerfnet-topology-6-92.ps CERFnet Topology Map directions-to-cerfnet-hq.txt Directions to CERFnet offices /cerfnet_guide CERFnet Users Guide /cerfnet_news CERFnet News newsletters, 1989 - present /cerfnet_stats CERFnet weekly network management reports /cerfnet/comic solutions to comic book puzzle and maze /cerfnet/dial-n-cerf dial-n-cerf-authorization.txt Dial n CERF user authorization form dial-n-cerf-agreement.txt Dial n CERF subscription agreement dial-n-cerf-general-info.txt Dial n CERF information dial-n-cerf-locations.txt Locations of CERFnet dial-up nodes dial-n-cerf-plus-info.txt Dial n CERF Plus information /internet/networking info guest-JANET-pad-service.txt /internet/nren National Education and Research Network info /internet/policy /internet/readings enrap-journal-vol1no2.txt Meckler Publishing monthly publication ethics-and-internet.txt Ethics and the Internet, produced by the IAB fredmail-network.txt FreDMail article, July 9, 1991 frequently-asked-questions-about-internet.txt Asked and answered, Internet questions produced by IETF, User Service FYI glossary-network.txt Glossary of networking terms hitchhikers-guide-to-internet.txt HitchhikerUs Guide to the Internet, RFC:1118 interest-groups-list-of-lists Popular electronic discussion groups internet-society-information.txt Internet Society information net-etiquette-sample.txt Summary of sample network etiquette policies network-reading-list Reading list (text and PostScript files) networking-bibliography.txt Bibliography of suggested readings related to networking RFC where-to-start-bibliography.txt Bibliography of General Internetworking Information, produced zen-and-the-art-of-internet Brief summaries of Internet component s and tools /internet/resources archie-directory-service.txt article describing archie internet directory service special-internet-connections-list.txt List of sample Internet resources business-resources.txt Listing of sample business related resources /irg Directory containing the Internet Resource Guide and updates /library_catalog Directory containing Internet-Accessible Library /nislist_archive network information services mailing list archives /cix Commercial/Internet Exchange documents /ietf /farnet Federation of American Research Networks directory The CERFnet NIC is a unix based workstations. Appendix C of this guide, contains a list of commands that will help you move through the directories and retrieve files. New documents are added frequently and announced to the user-guide@cerf.net mailing list. (See section 7.4 Electronic Mailing Lists, in this guide for a description of this list.) 8.2: Network Operations Center (NOC) The Network Operations Center (NOC) monitors the network 24- hours a day. The CERFnet operations staff is helped in this task by an SNMP-based (Simple Network Management Protocol) graphic display which runs independently on two Sun workstations. All equipment outages can be observed on these network management stations at one minute intervals. The CERFnet NOC is a Sun Sparcstation II and runs Cisco Systems, Inc. Network Management Systems monitoring software. CERFnet network analysts are either on-site or on-call 24-hours a day. Troubleshooting Procedures CERFnet operates a 24-hour hotline and an electronic mailing address, help@cerf.net, to report network connectivity problems. Any outage observed by the NOC staff, reported on the hotline, or reported via the mailing list is logged immediately into a trouble ticket system. Troubleshooting and resolution procedures are then initiated. If you experience a network connectivity problem, please contact your local CERFnet site representative who will in turn report the problem to the CERFnet NOC staff. You will find the name, telephone number, and electronic mailing address of your representative in Appendix B. If you cannot reach your representative, call the CERFnet hotline or send a message to the electronic mailing list to report the problem. Network Management Reports CERFnet produces weekly network management reports that summarize network activity for a particular week. Included in these reports are network statistics, site outages, circuit outages, and miscellaneous network activity. These reports are distributed via electronic mail over the ops@cerf.net mailer. Reports can also be retrieved via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the cerfnet_stat subdirectory. The filenames are in the format day-month-year.txt; for example, 18-Sept-89.txt. 8.3: Publications CERFnet produces a bi-monthly newsletter called CERFnet News. The newsletter includes such information as interviews with users, profiles of member institutions, network-related technical information, reports on the activity within the CERFnet organization, and information about online resources and access to those resources. The newsletter is distributed electronically and in hard-copy. Literary contributions to the newsletter are welcome. Back issues of the newsletters are available in electronic form via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the subdirectory cerfnet/cerfnet_info/cerfnet_news. (See 3.1: How to Use Anonymous FTP). The filenames for the postscript and text versions are in the format month-monthyear.txt (text version) and month-monthyear.ps (for postscript version). For back issues in hard-copy contact the CERFnet office. The second edition of the CERFnet comic book "Raiders of the Lost ARP", featuring Captain Internet and CERFboy, is available on request by calling the CERFnet hotline or sending mail to help@cerf.net. In 1992, through the CERFnet Summer Fellowship program, a K-12 user's guide and Internet start-up package was developed for use by teachers and students. Designed by teachers, for teachers, CERF n' Safari provides everything needed to start using the Internet effectively in the classroom. Included is "A Classroom User's Guide to the Internet", a disk containing scripts for easier dial-in access, and a login and password good for 8 weeks of free CERFnet usage. The package is priced at $49.00 and is available to all educators. CERFnet hardcopy brochures are available upon request. Electronic versions of CERFnet brochures and miscellaneous information are available via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the subdirectory cerfnet/cerfnet_info. 8.4: Electronic Mailing Lists CERFnet operates several electronic mailing lists. A description of each follows. To subscribe to any of these lists, send mail to listserv@cerf.net in the body of the message, type subscribe for example: subscribe nis Bill Clinton Note that the listserv software will automatically use the e-mail address you are sending the mail from as the address it will send messages to from the list. Your local site may operate CERFnet mailing list reflectors, for example cerf-ops@your.site reflects mail from ops@cerf.net. To avoid receiving duplicate messages, contact your local CERFnet site representative to see if these reflectors exist CERFnet mailing lists: cerf-news@cerf.net Is used to distribute the electronic copy of the CERFnet newsletter, CERFnet News. help@cerf.net Is used to subscribe to any of the CERFnet mailers, to obtain information on CERFnet, and to reach CERFnet personnel for reporting and discussing operational problems with CERFnet. info@cerf.net Is used to distribute miscellaneous information, such as meeting and seminar announcements. Anyone at your site who may be interested in this type of information should be on this list. nis@cerf.net Used to distribute information about resources on the Internet and the tools to access them. A moderated announcements list, not a discussion list, intended to be low volume, and directed at network information services staff and end users. ops@cerf.net Is used to distribute and discuss technical and operational information about CERFnet. It is also used to distribute management reports. Anyone at your site who is technically involved with your CERFnet connection should be on this list. user-guide@cerf.net Is used to distribute announcements about updates to this user's guide. 8.5: Hard-copy Mailing List CERFnet also has a hard-copy mailing list that is used to distribute the newsletter and announcements about upcoming seminars. To be added to this list, send a message to help@cerf.net or call the information hotline. 8.6: Education CERFnet sponsors quarterly seminars/workshops on network related issues, such as Hands-on Introduction to Internetting. Information about CERFnet seminars is distributed over info@cerf.net and is announced in the CERFnet News. 8.7: Questions If you need assistance or you have a question, call the CERFnet hotline at (800) 876-CERF or (619) 455-3900. Any CERFnet staff member can be reached from this number. 9: NSFNET AND MERIT INFORMATION SERVICES The NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) is located at the BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation and is a project of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) under contract to the National Science Foundation. The NNSC provides information services and technical assistance to NSFNET end-users. How to reach NNSC: Telephone Hotline: (617) 873-3400 Electronic Mail Address: nnsc@nnsc.nsf.net Mailing Address: NSF Network Service Center BBN Systems Technologies Corporation 10 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02138 The NNSC Network Information Center NNSC operates a Network Information Center (NIC). The NNSC NIC contains Internet-pertinent documents that can be retrieved via anonymous FTP. For more information on the NNSC NIC, send a message via electronic mail to nnsc@nnsc.nsf.net. The address for the NNSC NIC is nnsc.nsf.net. Online information is also available from the Info-Server, an automated program which distributes documents in response to specially formatted messages. For instructions about the Info-Server, send a message to info-server@nnsc.nsf.net with "HELP" in the body of the message. Newsletter The NNSC publishes a newsletter, NSF Network News, four times a year. To request this newsletter send a request to nnsc@nnsc.nsf.net. 9.2: Users Introduction to the NSFNET [This section is courtesy of the NNSC staff.] In theory, computer networks should behave like telephone networks. They both provide communication services, but a user does not need to understand how these networks operate to use their services. Nonetheless, people are often curious about how a network is put together, or, in less benign cases, they find themselves trying to figure out why they canUt connect to another machine. This article attempts to answer some of those questions and explain network concepts and buzzwords. How the Network Is Constructed NSFNET is part of a larger network of networks, called the Internet. The Internet comprises several interconnected wide-area networks such as ARPANET, the MILNET, and the various local area networks like Ethernets, that are attached to them. The term NSFNET is generally used to refer to the portion other than the Internet that relies on the NSF backbone network, a wide-area network that links the national supercomputing centers. Various regional networks also called mid-level networks, such as SURAnet (the Southeastern Universities Research Association Network) and NYSERNet (the New York State Educational and Research Network) link institutions in a geographical area. These regional networks are interconnected by the NSF Backbone. Many of the NSFNET sites have connections to other wide-area networks. Each component network of NSFNET supports IP, the Internet Protocol; i.e., each component network has a mechanism that permits IP packets to be passed between hosts on the network. These component networks are linked together using gateways (also called routers), which are special (often dedicated) hosts that know how to move IP packets from one component network to another. The method by which the system decides how to move packets between component networks is called RroutingS. Each packet contains a certain amount of information about how to reach machines on other networks, and each network has a distinct IP network number (for example, the ARPANET is net 10). Some machines keep more information than others. Hosts reach a gateway that will handle IP packets destined for hosts on other networks. Gateways tend to know how to reach most networks in the Internet. Special gateways, known as Rcore gatewaysS, are required to know how to reach all networks on the Internet, and are used as references by other, less well-informed gateways. Routing information is maintained dynamically; it changes in response to changes in the network, such as gateway crashes and changes in traffic load. One of the most common network problems is that corrupted routing information can get passed around the network and effectively disconnect some parts of the networks (because no one knows how to reach them). Another common problem is that non-optimal routing information may be circulated, causing IP packets to take circuitous routes to their destination. Even after the routing information is right and the packets are correctly and efficiently routed to their destinations, reliable data delivery still remains an issue. IP is not a complete data transfer protocol (and is not intended to be). IP only promises Rbest effortS delivery, which means that while IP will do its best to get the packet to its destination, the packet may be lost, damaged, or discarded in transit. That level of reliability is not good enough for many applicationsQwe usually want to be sure that all the data gets to its destination. In addition, IP only moves data between hosts (the computer to which your terminal is connected and the computer to which the senderUs terminal is connected), while we want to move data between applications (your mail program, for example, and the senderUs mail program). IP thus acts like the zip code on a letter, ensuring only that the letter arrives at the right post office; it doesnUt ensure that the letter will reach the right person in the town served by that post office. Transport protocols are used to provide the reliability and application-to-application services not provided by IP. Examples of transport protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Data Protocol (UDP). More than one transport protocol can be used on an IP network at the same time. Each IP packet contains a field indicating which transport protocol is being used so that the receiving host can figure out how the packet should be processed. All transport protocols allow us to indicate unambiguously which application is sending a packet and which application is receiving it. To provide this service, each transport protocol includes a piece of information, called the protocol header, in front of the data in the packet. Among other values, the header contains information (typically a unique identifying number called a RportS) about which applications sent the packet and which one should receive it. Thus, when an IP packet arrives at a host, the host "readsS the protocol field in the IP header plus the port field in the transport protocol header to figure out which application should get the data. Some transport protocols, such as UDP, provide nothing more than this service. UDP is designed to simply allow applications to send packets to each other. It does not ensure that a packet will get through (indeed, they often get lost), and it only checksums the packet if the sender or receiver requests it. [Ed. note: a checksum is a value that a computer generates by running a specific function on your data. Each transport protocol has its own checksum function. Thus, a sender using UDP would run the UDP checksum on his data, generate a checksum value, and incorporate that value in the transport protocol header. The receiver would run the same UDP checksum on the data at this end and check to be sure that the resulting checksum value was the same as the one in the header.] This service is primitive but has a surprising number of applications, such as synchronizing clocks across a network or implementing distributed file systems. At the other end of the service spectrum is TCP. In addition to providing application-to-application delivery, TCP promises that any data sent will be reliably delivered without errors to the remote end (or, if this is not possible, that the connection will be severed, the idea being that all data should get through or the exchange should fail). Furthermore, TCP promises to deliver all data in the order in which they were sent. To provide this service, TCP uses a system of checksums, acknowledgments, flow-control, and packet-loss discovery mechanisms. Currently, these mechanisms are the subject of active research as computer scientists continue to discover ways to make TCP perform substantially better. Applications use transport protocols to provide useful services to network users. For example, telnet, the remote virtual terminal service, allows users to log into a remote host on the network and use their terminals as if they were physically connected to that remote machine. To use telnet, users run the telnet program (often called telnet or tn) on their local machine and specify the remote host to which they want to connect. The telnet program then establishes a TCP connection to the remote host. This connection can be thought of as a virtual wire stretched from your terminal, through your machine, and across the network to the terminal driver on the remote machine. While real wires use some simple protocols to ensure that data are properly exchanged between your terminal and your host, telnet provides similar services over a virtual wire. Services such as remote or local echo of characters are negotiated over the TCP connection between the two telnet peers. Readers interested in a more comprehensive overview are encouraged to look at Andrew TanenbaumUs RComputer NetworksS, which, while somewhat out of date, is still a good general introduction to computer networks. Those interested in detailed information can read the specifications for the various network protocols and applications mentioned here. These specifications are called Internet Request For Comments (RFCs) and are available from the Network Information Center (NIC) at SRI International and the NNSC, and from information centers on many of the regional networks. 9.3: Merit Merit, Inc. manages and operates the NSFNET along with its partners IBM and MCI. Merit provides operations and network consulting to the NSFNET community. How to Reach Merit You can reach Merit at: Telephone: 800-66 MERIT Electronic Mail: nsfnet-info@merit.edu U. S. Mailing Address: Information Services The Merit Computer Network 1075 Beal Ave Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2112 Merit Information Services Online information is available via anonymous FTP from nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48). (Refer to section R3.1: How to Use Anonymous FTP,S of this guide for directions.) Newsletter Merit publishes a monthly newsletter called RLink LetterS which provides information about NSFNET along with a variety of current networking topics. To subscribe to this newsletter send your request by electronic mail to nsfnet-linkletter-request@merit.edu. 10: OTHER NETWORK INFORMATION SERVICES 10.1: Online Library Catalogs and Databases Available via the Internet are hundreds of online library catalogs and databases. Practically every university library in the United States allows users to log on to its catalog(s) and databases. RThe Internet- Accessible Library Catalogs and DatabasesS is a document that lists such catalogs and databases available via the Internet and it gives instruction on how to access them. Most are free of charge. (Refer to section 10:3 of this guide for more information on this document.) Below is an example of an online catalogQORION, the UCLA online catalog system. ORION, UCLA Library Online Information System ORION, the UCLA Library Online Information System, contains over three million bibliographic records for materials owned, in process, or on order in the eighteen UCLA libraries, including, for many libraries, information about whether items have been charged out and when they are due back in. ORION also supports separate databases with records of other campus information resources. All records are keyword Boolean searchable. Access to ORION requires an account and password and is subject to usage charges, with a $25/month minimum for non-UCLA users. For more information, including a fact sheet and account application form, contact ORION User Services at (213) 825-7557 or ecl1tcr@oac.ucla.edu. 10.2: Request for Comments (RFCUs) RFCs stands for Request for Comments. RFCs are documents that are working notes of the Internet research and development community. RFCs address any subject related to computer communication. Many RFCs are descriptions of network protocols or services, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP). An RFC may be improved and re- documented often and made into several new RFCs. How to get RFCs RFCs can be obtained via anonymous FTP from nic.cerf.net in the directory pub/infomagic_cd/doc/rfc. If you know the number of the RFC, you can retrieve it by typing get rfcxxxx.txt* where xxxx = number of the RFC If you would like to see an index of the RFC's, type: get index.txt A set of special RFC's, called FYI's, are in a separate directory and are frequently asked question documents aimed a specific topics or audiences. FTP to pub/infomagic_cd/doc/fyi to get an index of these documents, using the command: get fyindex.txt The RFC's and FYI's are available in both text and postscript format from nic.ddn.mil in the directory rfc as RFC####.txt or RFC####.ps, where #### refers to the number of the RFC Additionally, RFCs may be requested through electronic mail from the automated NIC mail server by sending a message to service@nic.ddn.mil with a subject line of RRFC ####S for text versions or a subject line of "RFC####.ps" for postscript versions. 10.3: Special Interest Electronic Mailing Lists On the Internet there are hundreds of electronic mailing groups that you can subscribe to. The popular interest groups Tlist of listsU describes various discussion groups that are available to users. For example, it includes a mailing list called RAcademic Software DevelopmentS. This list is used for discussing all aspects of academic software development, for example, courseware development and research tool development. This list can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to ftp.nisc.sri.com: netinfo/interest-groups Three lists that are useful for new Internet users who would like more technical information about the Internet are the TCP-IP list, the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) list, and the RFC list. To be added to these mailing lists, send a message to the appropriate address: tcp-ip-request@nic.ddn.mil ietf-request@isi.edu rfc-request@nic.ddn.mil The RFC list is an announcement service used by the RFC editor. The TCP-IP list and IETF list are discussion groups. Other lists which may be of interest: nis@cerf.net resources and tools on the network (see section 7.4 above for instructions) kidsnet k-12 networking issues, discussion, projects send to kidsnet-request@vms.cis.pitt.edu compriv commercialization & privatizaion of Internet compriv-request@psi.com 10.4: Name Service How do you send electronic mail to a colleague if you don't know his/her address? There are several electronic mail information services available to help you: NIC WHOIS database, the CSNET WHOIS database, the PSI White Pages Pilot Project, the NYSERNET X.500 database, MCI Mail, and the Knowbot Information Service. The Knowbot Information Service, operated by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, is a master directory that contains electronic mail address information from all of the information services. Knowbot is easy to use and access. To access Knowbot from the Internet, type telnet nri.reston.va.us 185. Type MAN for a list of commands, but this is not really necessary because the system is very easy to use. To find information on a user, simply type in the name of the user at the prompt. In a few seconds the system will generally respond with a list including the name, mailing address, electronic mail address, and the system a user is on. 10.5: Network Information Centers A Network Information Center is a system that provides users with information about services available on the network as well as miscellaneous information, such as articles. A NIC can usually be accessed via anonymous FTP. The California Department of Water Resources manages a list of FTP sites. For more information on this list, please contact Gary Darling by electronic mail at gary@water.ca.gov. "The NIC" DDN Network Information Center The DDN NIC assists Defense Data Network (DDN) users and potential subscribers in obtaining pertinent information about the DDN and the Internet. The DDN is often referred to as "the NIC". It is the primary repository for RFCs and Internet Drafts. The DDN can be accessed via anonymous FTP to nic.ddn.mil. (Refer to the RInternet Resource Guide,S described in section R10.1: Bibliography of Suggested Readings,S in this guide, for more information on the DDN NIC and other NICs.) 11: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUGGESTED READINGS Following are descriptions of documents and books that are excellent sources for more information about the Internet and its resources. The books are available from CERFnet by calling the hotline number (800) 876-2373. The documents are available via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the directory indicated for each. (Refer to section R3.1: How to Use Anonymous FTP, for directions.) 11.1: Books Available from CERFnet TCP/IP Network Administration Craig Hunt Price: $27.00 471 pages This book is a good place to start if you are the person who has to administer a TCP/IP network. Craig covers subjects such as: Overview of TCP/IP Delivering the Data Name Service Concepts Getting Started and Basic Configuration Configuring Interfaces, Routing, and DNS Network Applications sendmail Troubleshooting TCP/IP Network Security Internet Information Resources Get this if you need a starter book for network administration. __________________________________________________________ DNS and Bind Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu Price: $27.00 381 pages Since DNS and Bind seem to the bane of most Internet users, this book is a great start at making the process a little easier. Paul and Cricket cover subjects such as: How Does DNS Work Where to Start Setting up BIND DNS and Electronic Mail ( including MX records) Configuring Hosts Maintaining BIND Growing your Domain Parenting (aka subdomains) nslookup Troubleshooting BIND and DNS As the book jacket says, this "is one of the darker, more obscure areas of network administration." This book is good for administrators involved with DNS or those who want to learn about DNS. __________________________________________________________ Zen and the Art of the Internet, First Edition Brendan P. Kehoe Price: $7.50 Free Online at nic.cerf.net FTP archive - login as ftp. 96 pages This is a handy beginner's guide to the Internet. Brendan covers: Network Basics Electronic Mail Anonymous FTP Usenet News Telnet Various Tools This book is recommended to anyone that has to support new users and for new users. It is written in a very friendly format and doesn't dwell on the UNIXese. CERFnet is only charging for the cost of printing it and binding it, or you can use FTP to retrieve it at no cost. 11.2: Internet Resource Guide The NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) produces the RInternet Resource GuideS, which educates users and others on the resources available on the Internet. Included in this document are descriptions of computational resources (such as the San Diego Supercomputer Center), regional networks and library catalogues (such as MELVYL(). The guide is available via electronic mail and anonymous FTP. To receive it by e-mail, send a request to resource-guide- request@nnsc.nsf.net. The resource guide can be retrieved from the CERFnet NIC via anonymous FTP from nic.cerf.net in the directory internet/resources. CERFnet maintains the resource guide on a regular basis. Users are notified about updates through announcements on the user-guide@cerf.net electronic mailing list. The resource guide is also available via anonymous FTP from nnsc.nsf.net in the subdirectory resource_guide. Follow directions to receive updates. 11.3: Where to Start- A Bibliography of General Internetworking Information RWhere to Start-A Bibliography of General Internetworking InformationS, contains useful information about the Internet for end- users and those who help end-users. The bibliography contains online and hard-copy documents, (ie: articles, books, guides, newsletters) reference materials, and multimedia training tools (ie: conferences and conference tapes) that address general networking information and Thow to use the InternetU. This bibliography is an excellent resource especially for users who are new to the Internet. The bibliography even describes how to retrieve online documents via anonymous FTP. In the introduction, the authors have also composed a list of readings for new users who are unsure of what to read first. This bibliography is available on the CERFnet NIC via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the directory internet/readings. 11.4: Internet-Accessible Library Catalogs and Databases RInternet-Accessible Library Catalogs and DatabasesS is coauthored by Dr. Art St. George of the University of New Mexico and Mr. Ron Larsen of the University of Maryland. Dr. St. George says this document Rbegan as an effort to provide additional service to the network community locally. However, it became apparent that the library resources were of broader appeal than that.S It contains a listing of over 100 online library catalogs and databases available within the United States and internationally. The majority of the document is organized by state, and then by catalog and database source. Each listing gives a brief description of the resource and instructions on how to access it, as well as places to contact for more information. Listings include such material as Columbia UniversityUs online library catalog (CLIO), PennsylvaniaUs State University online card catalog system (PENpages), and the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL) and its 25 individual resource listings of libraries and information databases, such as the Metro Denver Facts database. Portions of this document appear in the RInternet Resource GuideS, produced and distributed by the National Network Service Center (NNSC). This catalog is an ongoing project. If you have any suggestions, comments, or additions, please direct them to Dr. St. George by electronic mail to stgeorge@unmb.bitnet. This catalog can be retrieved from the CERFnet NIC via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net from the directory internet/resources. 11.5: Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet RThe Hitchhikers Guide to the InternetS is an RFC (Request for Comments). This guide is RFC 1118 and is a beginnerUs introduction to how the Internet is organized and operated. 11.6: Most Commonly Asked Questions RFYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to Commonly asked TNew Internet UserU QuestionsS, is produced by the User Services Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. It is one of a series of For Your Information(FYI): RFCs on questions and answers. This document aims to answer the most commonly asked questions and answers in the Internet. It is an excellent source for new Internet users. It also contains a glossary of networking terms and Internet- related acronyms. This document can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to nic.cerf.net in the directory pub/infomagic_cd/doc/fyi. 11.7: Tour of the Internet [This section by Karen Roubicek of the NNSC.] The NNSC, has also developed a RTour of the InternetS, in HyperCard* format for novice network users. The stack has basic information including history, sample e-mail, FTP and Telnet sessions, and a glossary. The tour is intended to be a fun and easy way to learn about the Internet. There is a RLocal InfoS section in the Tour. This section is a place where an organization can add information relevant to its own group of users, for example a listing of resources at that site, or other specialized information. In order to run this stack, a user needs to have HyperCard 2. HyperCard 2 requires Macintosh system 6.0.5 or higher. The Tour is available via anonymous FTP on nnsc.nsf.net in the directory internet- tour. The Internet Tour files have been compressed using RStuffIt 1.5.1,S and converted to binhex format. To use the files, the process must be reversed using the Macintosh application RStuffIt 1.5.1S. The files take up about 760k when converted to their original format. For more information about the Tour, contact the NNSC at nnsc@nnsc.nsf.net or (617) 873-3400. The NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) is located at the BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation and is a project of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) under contract to the National Science Foundation. 12: INTERNET ORGANIZATIONS Several organizations are associated with the Internet. Following are descriptions of a few of them. 12.1: California Internet Federation (Calinet) The California Internet Federation of computer network organizations has the purpose of providing coordination and support of educational and research networking in California. California is recognized as a leader in high technology. To maintain this leadership, however, CaliforniaUs educational and research institutions require the communication tools to share information, resources and ideas. Isolated facilities can no longer compete in todayUs fast paced age of information. The California Internet Federation has been formed to insure that high quality communication tools are available for education and research to keep California in its position of leadership in these areas. California Internet Federation Objectives 1) Coordinate interconnection of educational and research networks in California. Areas of coordination include: a) Design of cost-effective and reliable interconnection among these computer networks. b) Assist with agreements among network administrations in support of interconnections. c) Implementation of connections and routing strategies. d) Management schemes for the connection of interconnected networks. 2) Provide coordination for the connection of California networks with national and international networks. 3) Support of educational and research networking by promoting: a) Use of standards and compatibility of networks. b) The understanding of internetwork technologies. c) Dissemination of information about resources available via the Internet. d) Development of new resources available via the Internet. e) Collaboration between private and public sectors. 4) Increase visibility of internetworking and demonstrate its importance to California. Chairperson: Russ Hobby, University of California at Davis 12.2: Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) The Commericial Internet Exchange (CIX) was formed in 1991 as a trade association open to all commercial Internet carriers. The purpose of the CIX Association is to broaden the nase of national and international cooperation and coordination among existing and emerging networking service providers within the industry. The organization provides a neutral forum for decisions to be made as the global Internet miegrates toward commercialization. All members agree to exchange traffic at a fixed and equal cost set by the association. The primary goal of CIX is to provide connectivity among cooperating carriers, with no restrictions on the type of traffic allowed. As of December 1992 the following competing firms are currently members of the CIX and provide commercial TCP/IP and OSI internetworking services in the United States and Europe: CERFnet EUNET Norduframe Pipex PSINet Sprint UUNet Additional information about the CIX can be obtained in the following files on nic.cerf.net in the directory cix. CIX-BYLAWS.TXT - CIX Bylaws as approved by the Board of Directors CIX-INCORPORATION.TXT - CIX Articles of Incoporation CIX-INFO.TXT - This file CIX.NETS - CIX Member routes announced to/from CIX members CIX-MEMBER-AGREEMENT.TXT - CIX Membership agreement CIX-PRESS-RELEASE.TXT - CIX Press Release - August 2, 1991 Interested parties should contact: The CIX Association 3110 Fairview Park Drive, Suite 590 Falls Church, VA 22042 Tel: +1 703 876 5050 Fax: +1 703 876 5059 info@cix.org 12.3: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a subsidiary of the Internet Activities Board, deals primarily with engineering the TCP/IP Internet, improving its performance, and analyzing problems that arise as a consequence of the InternetUs rapid growth. This task force is charged with addressing nearer term Internet problems and protocol evolution such as the coordination of the development of an internet network management framework, a new set of internet gateway routing protocols, electronic mail and internet host name servers among a number of other parallel efforts. There are currently approximately 50 working groups within the IETF, comprised of volunteer researchers (industry and university), government agency representatives, government contractors, vendors, and users (managers of both campus and wider area nets). Plenary meetings are held quarterly and the ambiance is like that of a Usenix conference that focuses solely on networking. The group has grown from what was originally a purely technical group of approximately 25 DARPA contractors (organized and chartered by DARPA) to an attending membership of 120-160. Membership is open and at no cost to the participant. The IETF is now endorsed and sponsored by the Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee (FRICC), a consortium of government agencies whose goal is to sponsor national networking infrastructure for scientific research. For more specific details on IETF contact ietf- request@venera.isi.edu. Chairperson: Phill Gross 12.4: Federation of American Research Networks (FARNET) FARNET is an organization currently consisting of 25 "midlevel" networks, such as CERFnet, who provide access from local networks to the national research and education network community (the Internet). The purpose of the Federation is the advancement of science and education through the aiding of communication among research and educational organizations. The Federation endorses the coordination and interconnection of regional and backbone networks to encourage the formation of a unified network environment, thus providing enhanced access to scientific and educational resources, both nationally and internationally. For more information contact, Chairperson: Laura Breeden at breeden@farnet.org or (617) 890-5120. 12.5: The Internet Society Abstract The purpose of this document is to provide a brief description of the Internet Society and its goals and objectives. It will function as a professional society to facilitate, support and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure. The suggestions and recommendations of all parties interested in the Internet are solicited to assist in making the Internet Society robust, productive and structured to meet the needs of its members. The Internet Society The Internet, is a collection of cooperating, interconnected, multiprotocol networks which supports international collaboration among thousands of organizations. Because of its current scope and rapid rate of growth, the Internet will benefit from a more organized framework to support its objectives. To this end, an Internet Society is being formed to foster the voluntary interconnection of computer networks into a global research and development communications and information infrastructure. The Internet Society will not operate the Internet. Internet operation will continue to be a collaborative activity which the Society will seek to facilitate. The Society will provide assistance and support to groups and organizations involved in the use, operation and evolution of the Internet. It will provide support for forums in which technical and operational questions can be discussed and provide mechanisms through which interested parties can be informed and educated about the Internet, its function, use, operation and the interests of its constituents. Membership The Internet Society will be a membership organization with voting individual members and non-voting institutional members. There will be several classes of institutional members. The Society will produce a newsletter on a regular basis and hold an annual meeting to which all members and other interested parties will be invited. The topics of the annual meeting will vary, but are expected to focus on current research in networking, Internet functionality and growth, and other interests of the Society constituency. All members will receive the newsletter and an invitation to attend the annual meeting of the Internet Society. Membership dues will vary according to class of membership. The amounts of these dues and the basis on which they are set will be determined by the Board of Trustees of the Society and may be revised from time to time as set forth in the by-laws. Charter The Society will be a non-profit organization and will be operated for academic, educational, charitable and scientific purposes among which are: A. To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the Internet as a research and education infrastructure and to stimulate involvement of the academic, scientific and engineering communities, among others in the evolution of the Internet. B. To educate the academic and scientific communities and the public concerning the technology, use and application of the Internet. C. To promote scientific and educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of educational institutions at all grade levels, industry and the public at large. D. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications and to foster collaboration among organizations in their operation and use of the Internet. Activities of the Society a. Support for Internet Technical Evolution The Internet Activities Board (IAB) has been concerned with the development and evolution of architectures supporting the use of multiple protocols in a networked environment. The Internet Society will incorporate the IAB and its functions into the operation of the Internet Society. The Internet Society will work with other interested organizations to support and assist efforts to evolve the multiprotocol Internet. The Internet Society will use the Internet Engineering and Research Task Forces to stimulate networking research and facilitate the evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the integration of new protocol suites (e.g. OSI) into the Internet architecture. The Internet Society will work actively with parties and organizations interested in fostering improvement in the utility of the Internet for its constituent users. b. Meetings and Conferences Internet Society will convene an annual meeting and will organize and facilitate workshops and symposia, jointly with other organizations where appropriate, on specific topics of interest to the Society membership. The annual meeting will address issues of global and regional importance to the evolution and growth of the Internet. In particular, future INET conferences will be incorporated into the Society's annual meetings. c. Information and Infrastructure Services The Internet Society will publish an Internet Newsletter providing members with information about the international activities of Internet constituents. In addition, the Society will also provide assistance to and support for organizations responsible for maintaining the databases crucial to Internet function (e.g. the Domain Name System, X.500 Directory Services, etc.) and organizations concerned with the security of the Internet (e.g. the Software Engineering Institute Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) and its CERT- System). The Society will assist in the development of educational, advisory and informative materials of use to Society members. Where appropriate, the Society will organize or support activities which aid in the coordination among the organizations operating components of the Internet. The Society will refer members to appropriate parties involved in operating the various parts of the Internet where they may be helpful with specific questions. Where possible, the Society would seek to provide access to its information on-line, but would also offer hard copy and, perhaps eventually, CD-ROM-based information resources. Plans The initial organizers of the Internet Society include the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), EDUCOM and the Internet Activities Board. During the six month period from June - December 1991, the organizers will work with interested parties to prepare for beginning operation of the Society by the end of 1991. Computer networking has become a critical infrastructure for the research and development community and has the potential to become the basis for world-wide collaboration and cooperation in every field of human endeavor. The Internet Society will seek to solidify, enhance and encourage further international collaborative networking. Individuals joining the Society during its formation will receive special recognition as Society pioneers and will have the opportunity to shape the early agenda of Society activities. Opportunities for organizational and institutional participation are also available. It is time. The technology is available. A global renaissance of scientific and technical cooperation is at hand. You are cordially invited to take part in an enterprise without precedent and an adventure without boundary. The Internet Society sets sail in January of 1992 on a voyage of internetwork discovery. 13: CERFnet AWARDS 13.1: CERFnet Summer Research Fellowship CERFnet sponsors the CERFnet Summer Research Fellowship Annually. Up to two $5,000 fellowships are awarded each year for the development of tools and techniques to further this goal. Proposals are particularly encouraged in the following areas: * Tools for network configuration and management. * Models of network traffic for prediction of bottlenecks and forecasting resource needs. * Tools and techniques for detection and tracing of network security violations. * Dynamic addressing and routing techniques for restricting access of particular network nodes. * NSFnet compatible protocols and techniques for very low cost connection of nodes. * Introduction of network services to K-12 schools and instructors. As part of the fellowship, participants must submit an article to the RCERFnet NewsS describing their work and its availability and submit a technical report to an appropriate academic journal or conference. Eligibility Fellows must be full-time graduate students during the spring term of applicable year at a CERFnet member university or college. Fellows are expected to devote their effort full-time to their project during the summer. Selection A selection committee will review the application materials and make awards. The selection committee will not make awards if it determines that there are no qualified candidates. The selection committee will be made up of representatives from CERFnet member institutions. Application The following application materials are required: * A completed CERFnet Fellowship Information Form. * A recommendation from the supervising professor at the applicantUs school. The recommendation must include a commitment to supervise the proposed research, and discuss the applicantUs ability to conduct the research. * A vita of the applicant including related coursework and grades earned, and previous research projects. * A narrative describing the research problem, approaches to its solution, and specific tools or techniques that should result from this research. The narrative must be no longer than four pages. Application materials should be sent to Dr. Brent Auernheimer by February 9, of the applicable year. Dr. Brent Auernheimer CERFnet Fellowship Committee Department of Computer Science California State University Fresno, CA 93740-0109 (209) 294-4373 brent@csufresno.edu ---------------- APPENDIX A: CERFnet MEMBERS (as of December 17, 1992) CERF 1544 Agoruon Institute (CERF 1544) Apple Computer (CERF 1544) Biosym Technologies, Inc. (CERF 1544) CSU, Chancellor's Office (CERF 1544) California Institute of Technology (CERF 1544 Backbone) Cisco Systems, Inc. (CERF 1544) General Dynamics, San Diego (CERF 1544) Hughes Aircraft (CERF 1544) J. Paul Getty Trust (CERF 1544) Loma Linda University (CERF 1544) McDonnell Douglas (CERF 1544) San Diego Supercomputer Center (CERF 1544 Backbone) Science Applications International Corp. (CERF 1544) SeaSpace (CERF 1544) University of California at Irvine (CERF 1544) University of California Office of the President (CERF 1544 Backbone) University of California at Los Angeles (CERF 1544) University of California at Riverside (CERF 1544) University of California at San Diego (CERF 1544 Backbone) Western Digital (CERF 1544) CERF 56 Aerojet (CERF 56) Agouron Pharmaceuticals (CERF 56) Beckman Instruments (CERF 56) CADAM (CERF 56) CICESE (CERF 56) CMD Technology Inc. (CERF 56) Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CERF 56) City of Hope National Medical Center (CERF 56) Claremont Colleges, The (CERF 56) Coast Community College (CERF 56) dassault systemes of America (CERF 56) Dataproducts (CERF 56) Emulex Corp. (CERF 56) Farallon Computing, Inc. (CERF 56) Fullerton College (CERF 56) GTE Federal Systems (CERF 56) General Atomics (CERF 56) Hughes Aircraft Company (CERF 56) ISX Corporation (CERF 56) Irvine Compiler Corporation (CERF 56) Intel Co. (CERF 56) La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation (CERF 56) LSI Logic Corporation (CERF 56) Litton Computer Services (CERF 56) Metropolitan Water District (CERF 56) Micro Technology (CERF 56) NetLabs Inc. (CERF 56) Network General (CERF 56) Occidental College (CERF 56) Pagesat (CERF 56) Pepperdine University (CERF 56) Qualcomm, Inc. (CERF 56) Quarter Deck (CERF 56) Quotron Systems, Inc. (CERF 56) SERI/Korea (CERF 56) San Diego Gas & Electric (CERF 56) Santa Monica College (CERF 56) Science Horizons, Inc. (CERF 56) South Coast Air Quality Management District (CERF 56) Sparta, Inc. (CERF 56) Symbol Technologies (CERF 56) United States International University (CERF 56) University of California at Santa Barbara (CERF 56) University of San Diego (CERF 56) Unocal Corporation (CERF 56) Walt Disney Imagineering (CERF 56) CERF 14.4 C. Itoh Technologies (CERF 14.4) Comptons New Media (CERF 14.4) Expersoft (CERF 14.4) Mark V Systems (CERF 14.4) Peregrine Systems (CERF 14.4) RDI Computer Corp. (CERf 14.4) Reed College (CERF 14.4) DIAL n' CERF Plus Anacomp (DIAL n' CERF Plus) Colorsystem Technology (DIAL n' CERF Plus) Cyberspace Station, The (DIAL n' CERF Plus) ISIS Pharmaceuticals (DIAL n' CERF Plus) Logicon Ultrasystems (DIAL n' CERF Plus) NDC Systems (DIAL n' CERF Plus) Pt. Loma Nazarene College (DIAL n' CERF Plus) Talaris Systems (DIAL n' CERF Plus) DIAL n' CERF A.G.E. ABB HAFO, Inc. AMCC ASCD ASJ Support Service, Inc. Aaron Smith Associates Adaptive Sensors Adler, Bruce Advanced Technology Center Aerojet Allied Signal Alpha Microsystems Alpha Pacific Alsys, Inc. Altadena Instruments Corp. Andrew Corporation Applied Digital Access Applied Neurodynamics Art Center College of Design Auernheimer, Brent Aurum Software Autologic, Inc. Avatar Consultants Avery, David Baber, Marc Ball Systems Balthazar, Brian Bannister, Preston Basye, Stephen Bear River Associates Beeman, Al Berger, Robert Betheltronix, Inc. Bhumbla, Ravinder Biosis Blue Marble Partners Blume, Erik Books for Libraries Bray Engineering Breyer, Larry Brooktree Corp. Brown, Bruce Buddhist Computer Bulletin Board CACI Products CBE Technologies, Inc. CLASS Cahill, Maggie Califa, Murshid Campbell, George Canon Computer Systems, Inc. Cantus Computing, Inc. Carah, Peter Carvell Education Management Cedars-Sanai Medical Center Chandler, Christopher Chao, Francis W. Chen, Charles Chen, Chi Childs, Jeremiah Chipsoft, Inc. City of Beverly Hills City of Hope National Medical Center City of Riverside Classic Advanced Development, Inc. Clinicomp International Collin County Community College Colombia College Colossal Pictures Columbia College Computer Directions Computer Network Technology Cooper, Duane Cooper/Iverson Marketing Cost Care, Inc. DISCOS Dames and Moore Data Integration, Inc. Data Management Systems Data Trek, Inc. DataPool Database Management Technology, Inc. Dewees, Derek Diatek Medical Technologies, Inc. Dietrich, Alfred Dill, Richard Donegan, Steven P. Dowling, Richard Downing, John Downs, Michael Duflock, Walt Duran, Carlos Dynatem E-Mail, Inc. EMCOM Corp. EOS Technologies, Inc. ESIX ESSCOR, Inc. ESSJAY Systems, Inc. Earth Imaging Earth Resource Mapping Eidetics Elfin Systems Elkins, Mike Emerson Computer Power Emulex Corporation Equifax National Decision Systems Excellon Automation Expert Knowledge Systems, Inc. Faircom Corporation Fasano Christopher Fine Pitch Technology First Boston First Quadrant Fleischner, Jerry Foresight Technologies International Forte Fraser, Jody Frazier, Richard Fujitsu Systems of America, Inc. GOAL/QPC Garcia, Manuel D. GemSoft, Inc. Gen-Probe Gensia Pharmaceuticals GeoDynamics Corp. GeoSphere Project, The Griffin, Claire Gulbenkian, John Gyer, Maurice S. Hantke & Ford Harmer, Craig Harris & Jeffries Hartley, Alex Harvey, Wilbur Hawthorne, Joseph Michael Henretta, Eric Henstell, Bruce Hermann, Clive Hibbitts, Daniel Hillburn, Jerry Hirbawi, Jacob Hitachi Data Systems Holtz, Greg Horne, Al Hutchinson Technolgy, Inc. IMSI Computer Corp. INT 15H INTEVEP, S.A. IRT Corporation ISA ISICAD, Inc. ITT Aerospace Information Access Technologies Innova Tech Corp. Integrated Systems & Comm. Interlinear Technology International Chemical Company International Documentation International Marketing Ventures, Ltd. International Network Services Interventional Technologies, Inc. Irvine Sensors J. Paul Getty JLB Industries, Inc James M. Montgomery Engineering Jesson, Joe Jost, David Jostens Learning Center Kauai Software, Inc. Kenne, Peter E. Kevlahan, Chris Knowledge Works, Inc. Koch, Michael Kouzlo, Inc. LANtel, Inc. La Jolla Pharmaceuticals Laser Production Corp. LifeFleet Ligand Pharmaceuticals Lindrgren, Bert Litton Data Systems Logicon, Inc. Logicon, Inc. - San Pedro Loo, David Loral Instrumentaion Los Angeles County Public Library Lyons, Martin MAT WEST Company, The MEC Analytical Systems Macoby Group, Inc. Mance, Ford Marcus, Ari Mark V Systems Marley, Conall Matalus, Andrew McClatchy Newspapers McKenzie, James MediaShare Megatek Corporation Mercer, William Mesa Ridge Technology Miles, Inc. Miller, Richard Minimed Technology Mitchell International Monox Morefield, Charles Mournian, Anthony MultiSpectra Engineering Murata Communications Research, Inc. National Customer Engr. Nchor, Joseph NeXt WORLD Netrologic Network Architecture Group Network Software Assoc. Network Telesis, Inc. New York Times Newman, Gerard Nicholas-Applegate Nokia-Mobira, Inc. Nutter, Edward A. Nygren, John Nystrom, Chris OAK Communications OMNIGON OR Concepts Applied Ocean Beach Communications Ohio State University Onsite Systems Open Mind Open Systems Computer Consulting Open Systems Consulting Optigraphics Corporation Orbit Semiconductor Oregon Innovation Center OutSource, Inc. PC User Friendly PCI Microservice Pacific Communications Sciences, Inc. Pacific Data Images Pacific Numerix Pacific Sierra Research Corp. Parallel Performance Group, Inc. Parker, M.D. Patton, Charles Paulhan International, Inc. Performance Awareness Peritek Corporation Petersen, Nancy Popowski, Steve Power Assist, Inc. Pre-Press Technology PsiTech, Inc. Puritan Bennett Purkayastha, Dev Qua, Derick Quance, George Questrel Incorporated RAVEN Computer Systems RD Labs, Inc. RITI Rankin, Monty Rathmann, Raul Reed, Chris Register News Research Center Research and Development Laboratories Resource Management International, Inc. Resource Strategies, Inc. Reticular Systems, Inc. Richardson, Bill Richter, Adam Rising Star Research Robinson, Alan Rubin Company, The SDW Systems Co. SGI International SLADE Sailaway Systems Santiago Technology Scholar Computer Scientific Atlanta Scientific Visualization Associates, Inc. Scott, Randy Seaman, James F. Sente Software Siegel, Howard Silicon Technology Labs, Inc. Silverman, Jonathan Simpact Associates, Inc. Simpson Paper Company Sirius Technologies, Inc. Sisson, Glenn Sklar, Bob Smith Automation Systems SolTech Systems Corp. Sorensen, Lee Ann Source-Comm Corp. Space Computer Corporation Speak Easy Software Spectragraphics Spirit Systems Co. Spottisworth, James Stac Electronics Stardent Computer Steir, Amy Story, David Structured Systems and Software Sunburst Computers, Inc. Surprise, David SysKonnect Systech Corporation Systems Engineering Association Systems Exploration TARDIS Tan Telecom Research Taylor, Scott Technology Modeling Associates, Inc. Technology Transfer Institute Telesis Technologies Lab. The Capital Group The National Research Group Thomas Aquines College Tiernan Communications, Inc. Todd, Anthony Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. Troyton Computers UBS Securities, Inc. UC Los Angeles UC San Diego UCONX Corporation Ultra Systems Unicon Universidad Autonoma de Baja CA Unocal Corporation Upstanding Systems VMX, Inc. VOXEL VSI Corporation Van Horn, Robert Vertical Systems Vestek Systems Vulpe, Christian Walden Environment, Inc. Wallace, John Walsh, Geoff Walt Disney Computer Software Way Forward Technology Webber, William Wegryn, Chuck Werner Frei Associates Wescom Incorporated Whittier Institute Williams, Steve Wolfe, John Woodward Clyde Consultants Wright, Robert Wu, Garvin XIRCOM XLNT Designs Xcelerated Systems, Inc. Xontech, Inc. Xylogics, Inc. Yale Technology Yggdrasil Computing Infrastructure Corp. Young, Carl L. cd ../design/associates de Graf, Brad ASSOCIATES Able Computer Communications (Associate, UCI) Advanced Computer Communication (Associate, UCSB) ATC (Associate, UCI) Beckman Instruments (Associate, UCI) CSU Bakersfield (Associate, CSU) CSU Chico (Associate, CSU) CSU Dominguez Hills (Associate, CSU) CSU Fresno (Associate, CSU) CSU Fullerton (Associate, CSU) CSU Hayward (Associate, CSU) CSU Humboldt (Associate, CSU) CSU Long Beach (Associate, CSU) CSU Los Angeles (Associate, CSU) CSU Northridge (Associate, CSU) CSU Sacramento (Associate, CSU) CSU San Bernardino (Associate, CSU) CSU San Francisco (Associate, CSU) CSU San Jose (Associate, CSU) CSU San Marcos (Associate, CSU) CSU Sonoma (Associate, CSU) CSU Stanislaus (Associate, CSU) California Polytechnic State University, Pomona (Associate, CSU) California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Associate, CSU) Chapman College (Associate, UCI) Communications Machinery Corp. (Associate, UCSB) D-Link Systems (Associate UCI) Gordian (Associate, UCI) La Sierra University (Associate UCR) Netix (Associate, UCI) Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Associate, Caltech) Parasoft Corp. (Associate, Caltech) San Diego State University (Associate, CSU) SmartStar (Associate, UCSB) Tenon (Associate, UCSB) Teracons (Associate Cisco Systems, Inc.) University of Redlands (Associate UCR) Val Verde School (Associate UCR) Wavefront Technologies (Associate, UCSB) APPENDIX B: COMMONLY USED UNIX COMMANDS Command Description vi create or edit a file with the visual editor cp copy file1 to file2, or copy one or more files to specified directory under same name rm remove file grep p outputs lines containing matching pattern p in file cd changed to the specified directory mkdir create a new directory ls list the files in the current working directory ls list files in the specified directory man gives the UNIX Programmer's Manual entry for the given command pwd present working directory history lists commands executed during current login session DISCLAIMER Any opinions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author's and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF, other funders, General Atomics, SDSC or CERFnet. CERFnet is operated under grant number NCR 8819851.