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But this (say they) was the effect of War, and in the heighth of our Contentions. No, it was a late and cold deliberation, and long after all had been subdu'd to them; nor could the most implacable of Enemies have expres'd a more barbarous Resolution.  X_4dWe read of the great Xerxes,) _  X4 x4 Ѝ King of Persia (519465 BC). E may mean Herodotus, Histories VII.197 where Xerxes  xagreed to leave the sacred land at Halos in Achaea untouched. However, earlier, he had not hesitated to allow his armies to cut a swathe through the Macedonian forests (VII.131).) that passing Conquerour through Achaia, he would not suffer his Army to violate so much as a Tree of his Adversaries; it being observ'd by the Ancients, that the Gods did never permit him to escape unpunish'd who was injurious to Groves,  X 4tanquam sacros ex vetustate: What became of Agamemnons Host after his spoil of the Woods  X 4at Aulis? x M  X4 x 4 Ѝ Seaport in Botia from where the Greeks departed for the siege of Troy. Agamemnon also  x_sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia here, mentioned by Lucretius, and translated by E (see also above page 41): Thus when the Grecian chief's of prime repute The unwed Trivian altar did pollute  X4With Iphigenias blood at Aulis ... Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, I, 85. Histories tell us Cleomenes died mad;   XC4 x4 Ѝ Cleomenes I, King of Sparta (d.490 BC), killed himself by selfmutilation (see Herodotus,  X,4Histories VI.75). the Tamassaean Genius  )  X4 x4 Ѝ E's note 'Temess%us Genius aderit.' It refers to the 'Spirit of Temesa', a town in Italy (see  X4Ovid Metamorphoses XV, 52 and 707). became proverbial; and the Mighty Caesar himself carried ('tis thought) the malediction of the  X 4incensed Gauls to his Funeral Pile, for the havock he committed at Massilia,J   XO44 Ѝ Seaport in Gallia Narbonensis, see C%sar, Bellum Civile, II.1.J when he fell'd down those goodly Oaks before the face of the suppliant Priests, and the cursing People:  V4d44MMMMMMMMMM Quis enim l%sos impune putaret  X{4d44Esse Deos?{z  X"44 Ѝ Lucan, Pharsalia III.4478. dBut lest this be charg'd with Superstition, because the Instances are heathen; It was a more noble and remarkable, as well as recent Example, when at the Siege of Breda, the late famous"8-0*}((c@"  X4General Spinola@  Xy44 Ѝ Ambrosio Sp1nola (15711630), to whom Breda surrendered in 1625.@ commanded his Army not to violate a Tree of Wood belonging to the  X4Prince of Orangey  X44 Ѝ Maurice (15841625). there, though a reputed Traytor, and in open defiance with his Master. To  X4be short, we read, That when Mithridates4*  X44 Ѝ Mithridates VI 'the Great', King of Pontus (12063 BC).4 but deliberated about the cutting down of some stately Trees which grew neer Patara, a City of Lycia, though necessitated to it for the building of Warlike Engines with them, being terrified in a Vision, he desisted from his purpose. It were to be wished These, or the like Examples, might have wrought some Effects upon the sacrilegious Purchasers, and disloyal Invaders, in this Ironage amongst us, who have lately made so prodigious a spoil of those goodly Forests, Woods, and Trees (to satisfie an impious and unworthy Avarice) which being once the Treasure and Ornament of this Nation, were doubtless reserv'd by our more prudent Ancestors for the repairs of our floating Castles, the safeguard and boast of this renouned Island, when Necessity, or some imminent Peril should threaten it, or call for their Assistance; and not to be devour'd by these Improvident Wretches, who, to their eternal Reproach, did (with the Royal Patrimony) swallow likewise Gods own Inheritance; but whose Sons and Nephews we have liv'd to see as hastily disgorge them again; and with it all the rest of their Purchases, which otherwise they  X 4might securely have enjoy'd:E   X344 Ѝ E's note 'Qu% tibi factorum Pnas instare tuorum Vaticinor:'E But this in terrorem only, and for caution to Posterity; whiles I  X4leave the Guilty to their proper Scorpions, and to their Erisichthonian fate,  X4 x4 Ѝ Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII.471, where Erysichthon felled a sacred oak, shouting to his  xhesitant servants, that he would do so whether the tree was beloved of the goddess, or even a goddess itself. See note below. or that of the  X{4inexorable Par%bius,{  X?4 x}4 Ѝ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica II.456, where Phineus tells the story of his best friend Par%bius who was cursed by a Hamadryad for felling her oak tree home.   VM4d44Prosternit Quercum funestam quam sibi Nympha  X64d44Pignoribusque suis fecitMMMMMMM26  X!44 Ѝ Erysichthon's exclamation, Ovid op. cit. above.2 the vengeance of the Dryads, and to their Tutelar better Genius, if any yet remain, who love the solid Honour and Ornament of their Country: For what could I say less, * {s, and"b0*}((c@"  X4Woodborn@  Xy44 Ѝ E's note: 'At Wotton in Surrey'. The Greek word means 'woodborn'.@ as I am, in behalf of those sacred Shades, which both grace our Dwellings, and protect our Nation? dBut to turn this just indignation into Prayers, and address my self to our betternatur'd Countrymen: May such Woods as do yet remain intire be carefully Preserv'd, and such as are destroy'd, sedulously Repair'd. It is what every Person who is Owner of Land may contribute to, and with infinite delight, who are touch'd with that laudable Ambition of imitating their most illustrious Ancestors, whose Names we find mingl'd amongst Kings and Philosophers,  X_4Patriots and good CommonwealthsMen:_y  X 4 xc4 Ѝ Francesco Petrarca (130474), De remedii utriusque fortun% (first published 1366), li.1.  Xt 4dial.57. First published 1473. For such were of old Solomon, Cyrus, and Numa; Licinius sirnamed Stolo, Cato, and Cincinnatus; the Pisoes, Fabii, Cicero, Plinies, and a thousand more whom I could ennumerate, that disdain'd not to exercise themselves in these Rusticities, as esteeming it the greatest accession of Honour to dignifie their lasting Names with such Rural marks as have consecrated their Memories, and transmitted them to us through so many Ages and Vicissitudes of the World. dLet none therefore repute this Industry beneath him, or as the least indignity to the rest of his Qualities, which so great Persons have honour'd and cultivated with that affection and ingenuity.  X4dThe famous Answer which Cyrus gave to Lysander|  XX4 xt4 Ѝ E's note: 'Mult% etiam istarum Arborum mea manu sunt sat%: Cyrus ad Lysand. Cicer. ex  xXenoph.' Lysander, Spartan admiral, described in Xenophon's histories. Cyrus is Cyrus the  x}Younger (c.430401 BC) in command of Persian forces in Asia Minor during the Peloponnesian  xWar. Lysander (d.395 BC) is the Spartan general who conquered Athens and is being told by  X4 xCyrus that he has laid out the trees himself in his own design. The quote is from Cicero's De  X4Senectute XVI.59, where he refers to Xenophon's On Estate Management. will sufficiently justifie that which I  Xy4have said, and what I farther recommend to such Gentlemen as resolve to be Planters, viz. That they do not easily commit themselves to the sole Distastes of their ignorant Hinds and  XM4Servants, who are (generally speaking) more fit to Learn then to Instruct.%M[  XY44 Ѝ E's note 'Vide & Curtium, l.7 &c.'% Male agitur cum  X84Domine quem Villicus docet, was an Observation of old Cato's;W8  X 4 x"4 Ѝ The observation is actually quoted by Columella (De Re Rustica XI.1.4) who attributes it  X!4 xto Cato. Cato himself, in his De Re Rustica V.3, observes Ne plus censeat sapere se quam  X"4dominum, which means 'He [the vilicus] must not assume to know more than his master'.W and 'twas Ischomachus who told Socrates (discoursing one day upon a like subject) That it was far easier to Make then to Find a good Husbandman: I have often prov'd it so in Gard'ners; and I believe it will hold in most of our Country Employments: We are to exact Labour, not Conduct and Reason, from the greatest part of them; and the business of Planting is an Art or Science (for so Varro has" 0*}((c@:"  X4solemnly defin'd it)  Xy4 x4 Ѝ E's note 'Marcus Terentius Varro, De Re Rustica'. Varro uses a dialogue between a number  x_of characters to introduce his work on agriculture. This view on planting is expressed by his  XM4 xcharacter Scrofa to Agrasius and Stolo in I.3, Ille non gravatus, Primum, inquit, non modo est  X84ars, sed etiam necessaria ac magna; eaque est scientia.... and That exceedingly wide of Truth, which (it seems) many in his time  X4accounted of it; facillimam esse, nec ullius acuminis Rusticationem, an easie and insipid Study. It was the simple Culture only, with so much difficulty retriv'd from the late confusion of an intestine and bloody War like Ours, and now put in Reputation again, which made the noble Poet write  Xx4d44MMMMMMM Verbis ea vincere magnum  Xc4d44Quam sit, & angustis hunc addere rebus honorem.c:  XN 44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg., III.289.  X74Seeing, as the Orator does himself express it, Nihil est homine libero dignius; There is  X" 4nothing more becoming and worthy of a Gentleman.t"   X4 x84 Ѝ E's marginal note In agris erant Senatores, 'Senators were in the fields' . Cicero, De  X4 xSenectute XVI.56. The quote in the text is from Cicero, De Officiis I.151, at which point Cicero  X4then also refers to the passage in De Senectute (Cato Major) which E has placed in his own note.t dAnd thus you have in part what I had to produce in extentuation of this my Adventure, that Animated with a Command, and Assisted by divers Worthy Persons (whose Names I am prone to celebrate with all just Respects) I have presumed to cast in my Symbol; and which, with the rest that are to follow, may (I hope) be in some degree serviceable to him (who e're the happy Person be) which shall oblige the World with that compleat Systeme of  X4Agriculture, which as yet seems a desiderate, and wanting its perfection. It is (I assure you) what is one of the Principal Designs of the ROYAL SOCIETY, not in this Particular only, but through all the Liberal and more useful Arts; and for which (in the estimation of all equal Judges) it will merit the greatest of Encouragements; that so at last what the Learned Columella has wittily reproach'd, and complain'd of, as a defect in that Age of his, concerning Agriculture in general, and is applicable here, may attain its desired Remedy and Consummation in This of Ours.  V4dSola enim Res Rustica, quae sine dubitatione proxima, & quasi consanguinea Sapientiae est, tam dicentibus egeat, quam magistris: Adhuc in Scholis Rhetorum, & Geometrarum, Musicorumque; Vel quod magis mirandum est, contemptissimorum vitiorum officinas, gulosius condiendi cibos, & luxuriosius fercula struendi, capitumque & capillorum concinnatores non" v 0*}((c@" solum esse audivi, sed & ipse vidi; Agricolationis neque Doctores qui se profiterentur, neque  X4Discipulos cognovi.  Xb4 x 4 Ѝ E's note 'Pr%fat. ad P. Sylvium; which I earnestly recommend to the serious perusal of our  XM4 xGentry. Et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxim/ videntur accedere. Cicero, De Senectute'. The latter  X84 xquote is from Cicero De Senectute, XVI.51, meaning, 'and to me they appear to approach closest  X#4a life of wisdom'. The text quote is from Columella De Re Rustica I, preface, 5.  But this I leave for our Gallants to Interpret, and should now apply my self to the Directive Part, which I am all this while bespeaking, if after what I have said in the several Paragraphs of the ensuing Discourse upon the Argument of Wood, it might not seem superfluous to have pr%mised any thing here for the Encouragement of so becoming an Industry: Let me be permitted to say, There is sufficient for Instruction, and more then is extant in any Collection  XJ4whatsoever (absit verbo invidia) upon this subject; abstracting things Practicable, of solid use, and material, from the Ostentation and impertinences of Writers; who receiving all that came to hand on trust, to swell on their monstrous Volumes, have hitherto impos'd upon the credulous World, without conscience or honesty. I will not exasperate the Adorers of our  X 4ancient and late Naturalists, by repeating of what our Verulamsx <  X4 x4 Ѝ Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (15611626) lord chancellor, philosopher and author (DNB),  xy'As for the history of nature wrought or formed, we have some collections of agriculture and  xVmanual arts, but commonly with a rejection of familiar and vulgar experiments, which are yet of  xcmore service in the interpretation of nature than the uncommon ones: an inquiry into mechanical  xhmatters being reputed a dishonour to learning; unless such as appear secrets, rarities, and  Xj4subtilties.' The Advancement of Learning, II.2.s has justly pronounc'd concerning their Rhapsodies (because I likewise honour their painful Endeavours, and am  X 4oblig'd to them for much of that I know) nor will I (wth some) reproach Pliny, Porta,= |  X44 Ѝ Giovanni Battista della Porta, Neapolitan physicist (15401615).=  X 4Cardan,I! -  X44 Ѝ Girolamo Cardano, Italian physician, mathematician and astrologer (150176).I Mizaldus,5"   X:44 Ѝ Presumably Antoine Mizauld, French astrologer (151078).5 Cursius,<#   X44 Ѝ Benedictus Curtius, see note for Chap. XXIV, The Cork, 2.< and many others of great Names (whose Writings I have diligently consulted) for the Knowledg they have imparted to me on this Occasion; but I must deplore the time which is (for the most part) so miserably lost in pursuit of their Speculations, where they treat upon this Argument: But the World is now advis'd, and (blessed be God) infinitely redeem'd from that base and servile submission of our noblest Faculties to their blind Traditions. This, you will be apt to say, is a haughty Period; but whiles I affirm it of the Past, it justifies and does honor to the Present Industry of our Age, and of which there cannot be a greater and more emulous Instance, then the Passion of His Majesty to encourage His Subjects in all that is laudable and truly emolumental of this nature." B#0*}((c@C"ԌdIt is not therefore that I here presume to instruct Him in the management of that great and august Enterprise of resolving to Plant and repair His ample Forests, and other Magazines of Timber, for the benefit of His Royal Navy, and the glory of His Kingdoms; but to present to His Sacred Person, and to the World, what Advises I have received from others, observed my self, and most Industriously Collected from a studious propensity to serve as one of the least Intelligences in the ampler Orb of our Illustrious Society, and in a Work so Important and Necessary.  pHNd44 J. E.  X 4  ` 4`(#gS Y L V A:ă " #0*}((c@"  b4    $ (   (  *   ( "  $ă ~4    "        Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  d44 N*%3 -#7 !)#'    %% u!7+' d44 N*6%3 u!5 %% f#%) :)  3#3 d44 M+#7 )' f# ){ #+' f+)' u#1 , d44  !)!3      #3  %  d44 M4)3 : %)' v  -  # )  ', d44 P %/  { 5 # -7' !#!7  %% u  3#, d44 ,+' )Mf#%'  #' #+' u%) -3); d44 M3 ' g#%)' v   7 ' f#, d44 N'#7 5 #3 )5 %  -#5 + %, d44 N* {', !+#', ! #/', ' 5M #, d44 M #4% u%% '  7 !++9) #  X4d44 +%7)  !)!9# #+ :! %%'.$M  X4 x4 Ѝ Poem by E's third son John Evelyn (165599), dedicated to the author. It first appeared  X4 xin the second edition of Sylva (1670), and its content indicates it was composed after the first was published in 1664. It appeared in all subsequent editions of the book. 7To my Father's Dendrology I shall hymn with songs the praises of a wise father, I shall hymn in words a paragon among fathers, He himself wrote of the heavenly virtue of the tall oak, And the lineage of various trees throughout the shady forest, The most honoured of the immortals, Zeus, the cloudgatherer, He had a longing for a tree in his own dear heart And was wreathed in the imperishable leaves of the sturdy oak, He who was the best of Englishmen, a godlike man, Completed a history of trees with a noble mind, A child of the forest, a superb gardener, who has brought great profit To men who hasten over the allnourishing earth, And for those who sail in ships on the deep roaring sea. Trans. RCA Carey (1992). Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   b\4 Oe  Oe `(#BJo. Evelyn, Fil. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe " $0*}((c@"  b4 Amico charissimo Johanni Evelyno Armigero, / Societate Regali Londini. J. Beale, S.P.D.  b$4`In Sylvam. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   XH4 Oe 4  Oe Fare age quid caus% est quod tu Sylvestria pangis, sInter Sylvanos, capriped)sque Deos? Inter Hamadryadas l%tus, Dryadsque pudicas, sCum tua Cyrrh%is sit Chelys apta modis! Scilicet hoc cecinit numerosus Horatius olim, sScriptorum Sylvam quAd Chorus Omnis amat. Est locus ille Sacer Musis, & Apolline dignus, sPrima dedit Summo Templa Sacranda Jovi. Hinc quoque nunc Pontem Pontus non respuit ingens, sStringitur Oceanus, corripitCrque Salum.  Xb 4Hinc novus Hesperiis emersit mundus in oris,9%b { X4Ѝ E's note 'Gen. 1. c.2'; .i.e. Genesis I.2.9 sEffuditque auri flumina larga probi. Hinc exundavit distento Copia cornu, sQualem & Amalth%% non habuere sinus. Sylva tibi cur% est, grata & Pomona refundit sAuriferum, roseum, purpureImque nemus. Illa fam)mque, sit1mque abigens expirat odores, sQuales nec Medus, nec tibi mittit Arabs. Ambrosiam pr%bent modA cocta Cydonia, Tantum sComprime, Nectareo poma liquore fluunt. Progredere, O Scli Cultor memorande futuri,  Xe4sFelix Horticolam sic imitere Deum.& e{{ X4 xNЍ 'Come tell the reason why you write of woodland topics amid woodland deities and  x<goatfooted gods, happily amongst the Hamadryads and modest Dryads, while your lyre is tuned  xIto Cyrrh%an melodies. True, Horace of old sang songs of the wood which the whole chorus of  x<writers loves. This place is sacred to the Muses and worthy of Apollo; it gave the first temples consecrated to most high Jupiter.  x<From here too now the huge Black Sea does not spit back its bridge, the Ocean is confined, the  x&Salt Sea held in check. From here the new world emerged from western shores, and poured forth  xwide rivers of fine gold. From here poured forth abundance such as not even the hollow of  xAmalthea's horn contained. Trees are your care and their fruitful goddess brings forth golden,  xcrosy and scarletblossomed trees. Quenching both hunger and thirst she breathes out fragrance such as neither Mede nor Arab [trader] can supply.  xQuinces provide ambrosia when they are cooked; do but press fruits and they flow with nectar (fit for consumption by the gods)."}&%0*}((&"Ԍ xMarch on, you Cultivator, to be remembered by a future age. Blessed in so doing to imitate your  Xy4Gardener God.' trans. RCA Carey, 1994."ed&0*}((c@K"   xp  b46 A T A B L E Of the C H A P T E R S.ă  XX4CHAPppPag.  X 4xxlIntroductionpp231  X4IxxlOf the Seed.pp234  X42xxlOf the Seminary.pp236  Xx43xxlOf the Oak.pp238  X@44xxlOf the Elm.pp248  X45xxlOf the Beech.pp252  X46xxlOf the Ash.pp254  X47xxlOf the Chessnut.pp256  X` 48xxlOf the Wallnut.pp258(#x  X( 49xxlOf the Service.pp260  X 410ppOf the Maple.261  X 411ppOf the Sycamore.261  X 412ppOf the Hornbeam.||262  XH 413ppOf the Limetree.263  X414ppOf the Quickbeam.264  X415ppOf the Birch.265  X416ppOf the Hasel.268  Xh417ppOf the Poplar.269  X0418ppOf the Alder,271  X419ppOf the Withy, Sallow, Ozier, and Willow.273(#p  X420ppOf Fences, Quicksets, &c.  279  XP421ppOf the Fir, Pine, Pinaster, Pitch X4tree, &c.pp287  X422ppOf the Larch, Platanus, Lotus, &c.""293  Xp423ppOf the Cypresstree, and Cedar.!!295  X8424ppOf the Cork, Alaternus, Phillyrea,  X4xxlGranad, Myrtil, Jasmine, &c.pp299  X425ppOf the Acacia, Arbutus, Bays, Box, Eugh  XX4xxlHolly, Juniper, and Laureltrees.pp302  X 426ppOf the Infirmities of Trees.# # 307  X427ppOf Copses.310  X428ppOf Pruning.00312  Xx429ppOf the Age, Stature, and Felling of  X@4Trees.pp318  X 430ppOf Timber, the Seasoning and Uses;  X 4of Fuel.pp336  X!431ppAphorisms, or certain general Pr%cepts,  X(#4xxlof use to the foregoing Chapters.pp350  X#432ppOf the Laws and Statutes for the"#d&0*}((c@'"Ԍ X4xxlPreservation and Improvement of Woods, &c.pp352  X4xxlThe Par%nesis, and Conclusion.pp357 xxl"&0*}((c@"  #l[AM  X4xp3-A Discourse of ForestTrees.`!(#=AIM  X4xp=3-A Discourse of ForestTrees.Ixp4 PSYLVA:  b4pOR, AÃ IDISCOURSE  bX4S|OFÃ JForestTrees,  b4uAND  b4 The Propagation of Timber in His MAJESTIES  bx4NDominions, &c.ă  V444 Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem, 44 O decus, = fam% meritA pars maxima nostr%, 44 CAROLIDE, pelag;q; volans da vela petenti, 44 Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus annue cptis, 44 Ignau;sque vi% mecum miseratus agrestes,  V 444 Ingredere, & votis iam nunc assuesce vocari.  X 4`(#(#ă (UThe Introduction. I. Since there is nothing which seems more fatally to threaten a Weakning, if not a Dissolution of the strength and of this famous and flourishing Nation, then the sensible and  X04notorious decay of her Woodenwalls,'0ݕ X44 Ѝ Ships of the Royal Navy. when either through time, negligence, or other accident, the present Navy shall be worn out and impair'd; it has been a very worthy and seasonable Advertisement in the Honourable the principal Officers and Commissioners, what they have lately suggested to this Illustrious Society, for the timely prevention and redress of this intollerable defect. For it has not been the late increase of Shipping alone, the multiplication of Glassworks, IronFurnaces, and the like, from whence this impolitick diminution of our Timber has proceeded; but from the disproportionate spreading of Tillage, caused through that prodigious havock made by such as lately professing themselves against Root and Branch (either to be reimbours'd of their holy purchases, or for some other sordid respect) were tempted, not only to fell and cut down, but utterly to grub up, demolish, and raze, as it were, all those many goodly Woods, and Forests, which our more prudent Ancestors left standing, for the Ornament, and service of their Country. And this devastation is now become so Epidemical, that unless some favourable expedient offer it self, and a way be seriously, and speedily resolv'd upon, for the future repair of this important defect, one of the most glorious, and considerable Bulwarks of this Nation, will, within a short time be totally wanting to it. 2. To attend now a spontaneous supply of these decay'd Materials (which is the vulgar, and natural way) would cost (besides the Inclosure) some entire Ages repose of the Plow: Therefore the most expeditious, and obvious Method, would (doubtless) be by one of these two ways, Sowing, or Planting. But, first, it will be requisite to agree upon the Species; as what Trees are likely to be of greatest Use, and the fittest to be cultivated; and then, to consider of the Manner how it may best be effected. Truly, the waste, and destruction of our Woods, has been so universal, that I conceive nothing less then an universal Plantation of all the sorts of Trees will supply, and well encounter the defect; and therefore, I shall here adventure to speak something in general of them all; though I chiefly insist on the propagation of such only as seem to be the most wanting, and serviceable."$y'0*}((c@D+"Ԍ3. I distribute them, therefore, into these two Classes, the Dry, and the Aquatic; both of them applicable to the same civil uses of Building, Utensils, Ornament and Fuel; for to dip into their Medicinal virtues is none of my Province. Among the dry, I esteem the more principal, and solid to be the Oak, Elme, Beech, Ash, Chessnut, Wallnut, &c. The less principal, the Service, Maple, Limetree, Hornbeam, Quickbeam; Birch, Hasel, &c. together with all their subalternate, and several kinds.  Vx444Sed neque quam mult% species, nec nomina qu% sint  X@444Est numerus,(@ݕ X44 Ѝww'Which of how many sorts they are,  X 4sWe can't stand here at present to declare.' Virgil, Georg., II, 1034. Of the Aquatical, I reckon the Poplars, Asp, Alder, Willow, Sallow, Osier, &c. Then I shall add a word or two, for the encouragement of the planting of Fruittrees, together with  X` 4some less vulgar, but no less useful Trees, which, as yet are not endenizon'd)` dݕ Xu4 x4 Ѝ Literally 'naturalised' in the sense of being made a citizen; E is using the metaphor to describe trees to which people are not accustomed or used. amongst us, or (at least) not much taken notice of: And in pursuance hereof, I shall observe this order: First, to shew how they are to be Raised, and then to be Cultivated: By Raising, I understand the Seed and the Soil; by Culture the Planting, Fencing, Watering, Dressing, Pruning and Cutting; of all which briefly. And first for their Raising, some there are  X444MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM nullis hominum cogentibus, ips%  X444Sponte sua veniunt+*ݕ X44 Ѝ 'Spring of themselves unforc't by human care.'+ MMMMMMMM Specifying according to the various disposition of the Air, and Soil.  Xh444Pars autem posito surgunt de femine.+hݕ X44 Ѝ 'Some from their Seeds arise.' As the Oak, Chessnut, Ash, &c.  X0444Pullulat ab radice aliis densissima Sylva.3,0` ݕ XA44 Ѝ 'Some to thick Groves from their own Roots do spring.'3 As the Elme, Alder, &c. and there are others  X444Nil radicis egent- ݕ X44 Ѝ 'Grow without Root.' MMMMMMMM Growing without any such Roots; as Willows, and all the Vimineous kinds, which are raised of Sets only.  XP444Hos natura modos primum dedit.P ݕ X"44 Ѝ 'These ways first Nature gave.' MMMM For thus we see there are more ways to the Wood then one; and Nature has furnish'd us with variety of expedients. 4. But it has been stifly controverted by some, whether were better to raise Trees for Timber, and the like uses, from their Seeds and first Rudiments; or to Transplant such as we find have either rais'd themselves from their Seeds, or spring from the Motherroots. Now, that to produce them immediately of the Seed is the better way, these Reasons may seem to evince."s.0*}((c@V"ԌFirst, because they take soonest. Secondly, because they make the straightest, amd most uniform shoot. Thirdly, because they will neither require Staking, nor watering (which are two very considerable Articles) and lastly, for that all transplanting (though it much improve Fruittrees) unless they are taken up the first Year, or two, is a considerable impediment to the growth of Foresttrees. And, though it be true that divers of those which are found in Woods, especially Oaklings, young Beeches, Ash, and some others, spring from the selfsown mast and keys; yet, being for the most part dropp'd, and disseminated amongst the halfrotten sticks, musty leaves, and perplexities of the motherroots, they grow scraggy; and being overdripp'd become squalid and mossie, which checks their growth, and causes them to dwindle:  X444 Crescentique adimunt ftus, uruntque ferentum.Q/ݕ X 44 Ѝ 'Which checks their Growth, and makes their Bodies pine.' Virgil, Georg. II.56Qփ Nor can their roots expand, and spread themselves as they would do if they if they were sown, or had been planted in a more open, free, and ingenuous Soil. And that this is so, I do affirm upon Experience, that an Acorn sown by hand in a Nursery, or ground where it may be free from these encumbrances, shall in two or three Years outstrip a Plant of twice that age, which has either been selfsown in the Woods, or removed; unless it fortune, by some favourable accident, to have been scatter'd into a more natural, penetrable, and better qualified place: But this disproportion is yet infinitely more remarkable in the Pine, and the Wallnuttree, where the Nut set into the ground shall certainly overtake a Tree of ten years growth which was planted at the same instant; and this is a Secret so generally misrepresented by most of those who have treated of these sort of Trees, that I could not suffer it to pass over without a particular remark; so as the noble Poet (with pardon for receding from so venerable Authority) was certainly mistaken, when he delivers this observation as universal, to the prejudice of Sowing, and raising Woods from their Rudiments:  V444Iam qu% seminibus iactis se sustulit arbos  X444Tarda venit; seris factura nepotibus umbram.0{ݕ X 44 Ѝ 'Trees which from scattered Seeds to spring are made,  X4sCome slowly on; for our Grandchildrens shade.' Virgil, Georg. II.578.   Xp4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe mkCHAP. I.  X4aOf the Seed. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. But to commence with the Method propos'd: Chuse your Seed of that which is perfectly mature, ponderous and sound; commonly that which is easily shaken from the boughs, or gathered about November, immediately upon its spontaneous fall, is best, and does (for the most part) direct to the proper season of interring, &c. according to the Institution of Nature her self:  V 444Nam specimen sationis, & insitionis origo 44Ipsa fuit rerum primum natura creatrix: 44Arboribus quoniam bacc%, glandesque caduc%"`"00*}((c@0&"Ԍ X444Tempestiva dabant pullorum examina subter, &c.1ݕ Xy44 Ѝ 'Nature her self who all Created first, sInvented Sowing, and the wild Plants Nurs't: sWhen Mast and Berries from the Trees did drop,  X44sSucceeded under by a numerous Crop.' Lucretius, De Rerum Natura V.1361. Yet this is to be consider'd, that if the place you sow in be too cold for an Autumnal semination, your Acorns, Mast, and other Seeds may be prepared for the Vernal by being barrell'd, or potted up in moist Sand or Earth stratum S.S. during the Winter; at the expiration whereof you will find them sprouted; and being committed to the Earth, as apt to take as if they had been sown with the most early: by this means, too, they have escaped the Vermine (which are prodigious devourers of Winter sowing) and will not be much concern'd with the increasing heat of the Season, as such as being crude, and unfermented are newly sown in the beginning of the Spring; especially in hot and loose Grounds; being already in so fair a progress by this artificial preparation; and which (if the provision to be made be very great) may be thus manag'd. Chuse a fit piece of Ground, with boards (if it have not that position of it self) design it three foot high; lay the first foot in fine Earth, another of Seeds, Acorns, Mast, Keys, Nuts, Haws, Hollyberries, &c. promiscuously, or separate, with (now, and then) a little Mould sprinkled amongst them: The third foot wholly Earth: Of these preparatory Magazines make as many, and as much largerones as will serve your turn, continuing it from time to time as your store is brought in. The same may you also do by burying your Seeds in Sand, Barrelling them (as I said) in Tubs, or laid in heaps in some deep Cellar where the rigour of the Winter may least prejudice them; and I have fill'd old Hampers, Beehives, and Boxes with them, and found the like advantage, which is to have them ready for your Seminary, as before hath been shew'd, and exceedingly prevent the season. 2. But to pursue this to some further Advantage; as to what concerns the election of your Seed, It is to be consider'd, that there is vast difference in Trees even of the same growth and bed, which I judge to proceed from the variety and quality of the Seed: This, for instance, is evidently seen in the heart, procerity and stature of Timber; and therefore chuse not your Seeds always from the most Fruitfultrees, which are commonly the most Aged, and decayed; but from such as are found most solid and fair: Nor, for this reason, covet the largest Acorns, &c. (but as Husbandmen do their Wheat) the most weighty, clean and bright: This Observation we deduce from Fruittrees, which we seldom find to bear so kindly, and plentifully, from a sound stock, smooth Rind, and firm Wood, as from a rough, lax, and untoward Tree, which is rather prone to spend it self in Fruit, the ultimate effort, and final endeavour of its most delicate Sap, then in solid and close substance to encrease the Timber. And this shall suffice, though some haply might here recommend to us a more accurate Microscopical examen, to interpret their most secret Schematismes, which were an over nicity for these great Plantations. 3. As concerning the medicating, and insuccation of Seeds, or enforcing the Earth by rich and generous Composts, &c. for Trees of these kinds, I am no great favourer of it; not only, because the charge would much discourage the Work; but for that we find it unnecessary, and for most of our Foresttrees, noxious; since even where the Ground is too fertile, they thrive not so well; and if a Mould be not proper for one sort it may be fit for another: Yet I would not (by this) hinder any from the trial, what advance such Experiments will produce: In the mean time, for the simple Imbibition of some Seeds and Kernels, when they prove extraordinarily dry, and as the Season may fall out, it might not be amiss to macerate them in Milk, or Water only, a little impregnated with Cowdung, &c. during the"!610*}((c@9%" space of twenty four hours, to give them a spirit to sprout, and chet the sooner; especially, if you have been retarded in your sowing without our former preparation. 4. Being thus provided with Seeds of all kinds, I would advise to raise Woods by sowing them apart, in several places destin'd for their growth, where the Mould being prepar'd (as I shall shew hereafter) and so qualified (if election may be made) as best to suit with the nature of the Species, they may be sown promiscuously, which is the most natural and Rural; or in straight and even lines, for Hedgerows, Avenues, and Walks, which is the more Ornamental: But because some may chuse rather to draw them out of Nurseries; that the Culture is not much different, for the hinderance considerable (provided they be early, and carefully Removed) I will finish what I have to say concerning these Trees in the Seminary, and shew how they are there to be Raised, Transplanted, and Govern'd till they can shift for themselves.  X( 4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe ejCHAP. II  XH 48SOf the Seminary. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X4 Oe  Oe Qui Vineam, vel Arbustum constituere volet, Seminaria prius facere debebit, was the precept  X4of Columella, l. 3.c. 5.'2ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ This quote is, in fact, from Columella's De Arboribus, 1.3 (see the Loeb edition, no.408,  X4 xVof Columella's works, vol.III, p.342), although the general subject matter is referred to in De Re  X4Rustica at the reference E gives.' speaking of Vineyards and Fruittrees: and, doubtless, we cannot pursue a better Course for the propagation of Timbertrees: For though it seem but a trivial design that one should make a Nursery of Foresters; yet is it not to be imagin'd, without the experience of it, what prodigious Numbers a very small spot of Ground well Cultivated, and destin'd for this purpose would, be able to furnish towards the sending forth of yearly Colonies into all the naked quarters of a Lordship, or Demeasnes; being with a pleasant Industry liberally distributed amongst the Tenants, and dispos'd of about the Hedgerows, and other Waste, and uncultivated places, for Timber, Shelter, Fuel, and Ornament, to an incredible Advantage. This being a cheap, and laudable Work, of so much pleasure in the execution, and so certain profit in the event; to be but once well done (for, as I affirm'd, a very small Nursery will in a few Years people a vast extent of Ground) hath made me sometimes in admiration at the universal negligence. 2. Having therefore made choice of some fit place of Ground, well Fenced, respecting the Southeast, rather than the full South, and well protected from the North and West; let it be Broken up the Winter before you sow, to mellow it, especially if it be a Clay, and then the furrow would be made deeper; or so, at least, as you would prepare it for Wheat: Or you may Trench it with the Spade, by which means it will the easier be cleaned of whatsoever may obstruct the putting forth, and insinuating of the tender Roots: Then having given it a second Stirring, immediately before you sow, cast, and dispose it into Rills, or small narrow Trenches of four, or five inches deep, and in even lines, at two foot interval, for the more commodious  X@4Runcation, Hawing, and dressing the Trees: Into these Furrows (for a Conseminea Sylva) throw your Oak, Beech, Ash, Nuts, all the Glandiferous Seeds, Mast, and Keybearing kinds, so as they lye not too thick, and then cover them very well with a Rake, or fine tooth'd Harrow, as they do for Pease: Or, to be more accurate, you may set them as they do Beans (especially, the Nuts and Acorns) and that every Species by themselves, which is the better"`"Q20*}((c@&" way: This is to be done at the latter end of October, for the Autumnal sowing; and in the lighter ground, about February for, the Vernal. 3. Your Plants beginning now to peep should be earthed up, and comforted a little; especially, after breaking of the greater Frosts, and when the swelling mould is apt to spue them forth; but when they are about an inch above the ground you may, in a moist season, draw them up where they are too thick, and set them immediately in other lines, or Beds prepared for them; or you may plant them in double fosses, where they may abide for good and all, and to remain till they are of a competent stature to be Transplanted; where they should be set at such distances as their several kinds require; but if you draw them only for the thinning of your Seminary, prick them into some empty Beds at one foot interval, leaving the rest at two or three. 4. When your Seedlings have stood thus till June, bestow a half digging upon them, and scatter a little mungy, half rotten Litter, Fearn, Beanhame, or old Leaves, among them, to preserve the Roots from scorching, and to entertain the moisture; and then in March following (by which time it will be quite consum'd and very mellow) you shall chop it all into the earth, and mingle it together: Continue this process for two or three years successively, and then (or before, if the stature of your young Impes invite) you may plant them forth, carefully taking up their Roots, and cutting the Stem within an inch of the ground (if the kind, of which hereafter, suffer the knife) set them where they are to continue: Some repeat this, the second Year, and after March (the Moon decreasing) recut them at half a foot from the surface; and then meddle with them no more: but this (if the process be not more severe then needs) must be done with a very sharp Instrument, and with care, lest you violate, and unsettle the Root; which is likewise to be practis'd upon all those which you did not Transplant, unless you find them very thriving Trees; and then it shall suffice, to prune off the Branches, and spare the Tops; for this does not only greatly establish your Plants, by diverting the Sap to the Roots; but likewise frees them from the injury and concussions of the Winds, and makes them to produce handsome, straight shoots, infinitely preferable to such as are abandon'd to Nature, and Accident, without this Discipline: By this means the Oak will become excellent Timber, shooting into straight and single stems: The Chessnut, Ash, &c. multiply into Poles, which you may reduce to standards at pleasure. 5. The Author of the Natural History, Pliny, tells it was a vulgar Tradition, in his time, that no Tree should be Removed under two years old, or above three: Cato would have none  X4Transplanted less then five fingers in diametre;3ݕ Xy4 x<4 Ѝ Cato, De R. R. XXVIII, actually says that tops of trees more than five fingers in diameter be lopped off before transplanting. E repeats this below, p.250. but I have shew'd why we are not to attend so long, for such as we raise of Seedlings: In the interim, if these directions appear too busie, or operose, or that the Plantation you intend be very ample, a more Compendious method will be, the confused sowing of Acorns, &c. in Furrows, two foot asunder, covered at three fingers depth, and so for three years cleansed, and the first Winter cover'd with fearn, without any further culture, unless you Transplant them; but, as I shewed before, in Nurseries they would be cut an inch from the Ground, and then let stand till March the second year, when it shall be sufficient to disbranch them to one only shoot; whether you suffer them to stand, or remove them elsewhere. But to make an Essay what Seed is most agreeable to the Soil, you may by the thriving of a promiscuous Semination make a judgement of it, Transplanting those which you find least agreeing with the place; or else, by Copsing the starvling in the places where they are new sown, cause them sometimes to overtake even their untouch't contemporaries. But I now proceed to particulars.  X#4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ"#d30*}((c@'"Ԍ Oe  Oe  Oe ԙ Oe  Oe +fCHAP. III.  X4 cOf the Oak. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. I have sometimes consider'd it very seriously, what should move Pliny to make a whole Chapter of one only Line, which is less then the Argument of most of the rest in his huge Volumn: but the weightiness of the matter does worthily excuse him, who is not wont to  Xx4spare his Words, or his Reader. Glandiferi maxime generis omnes, quibus honos apud  X@4Romanos perpetuus. "Mastbearing trees were they principally which the Romans held in  X4chiefest reputation", li.6 cap. 3.4ݕ X 44 Ѝ The correct reference is XVI.6. And in the following where he treats of Chaplets, and the dignity of the Civic's Coronet, it might be compos'd of the Leaves or Branches of any Oak, provided it were a bearing Tree, and had Acorns upon it. It is for the esteem which these wise, and glorious people, had of this Tree above all others, that I will first begin with the Oak.  X 42. The Oak is of four kinds; two of which are most common with us; the Quercus  X 4urbana, which grows more upright, and being clean, and lighter is fittest for Timber: And the  X 4Robur or Quercus Sylvestris, which is of an hard, black grain, bearing a smaller Acorn, and affecting to spread in branches, and to put forth his Roots more above ground; and therefore  X4in the planting, to be allowed a greater distance; viz. from twenty five, to forty foot; whereas the other shooting up more erect will be contented with fifteen: This farther kind is to be distinguish'd by his fullness of leaves, which tarnish, and becoming yellow at the fall, do commonly clothe it all the Winter, the Roots growing very deep and stragling. The Author of  X04Britannia BaconicaK50yݕ XZ44 Ѝ Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam and Viscount St Albans (15611626), author (DNB).K speaks of an Oak, in Lanhadron Park in Cornwall, which bears constantly leaves speckl'd with White; and of another call'd the Paintedoak, which I only mention here, that the variety may be compar'd by some ingenious person thereabouts, as well as the truth of the fatal pr%admonition of Oaks bearing strange leaves, &c. 3. It is in the mean time the propagation of this large spreading Oak, which is especially recommended for the excellency of the Timber, and that his Majesties Forests were well and plentifully stor'd with them; because they require room, and space to amplifie and expand themselves, and would therefore be planted at more remote distances, and free from all encumbrances: And this upon consideration how slowly a fullgrown Oak mounts upwards, and how speedily they spread, and dilate themselves to all quarters, by dressing and due culture; so as above forty years advance is to be gain'd by this only Industry: And, if thus his  X4Majesties Forests, and Chases, were stor'd; viz. with this spreading Tree at handsome Intervals, by which Grazing might be improv'd for the feeding of Deer and Cattel under them, benignly visited with the gleams of the Sun, and adorn'd with the distant Landskips appearing through the glades, and frequent Vallies  V444C%rula distinguens inter plaga currere posset 44Per tumulos, & convalles, camposque profusa: 44Ut nunc esse vides vario distincta lepore 44Omnia, qu% pomis intersita dulcibus ornant  V 444Arbustisque tenent felicibus obsita circum. As the Poet incomparably describes his Olivegroves, "(#*50*}((c@ '"Ԍ X4 44MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM betwixt 44Whose rows the azure Skie is seen immix'd, 44With Hillocks, Vales, and Fields, as now you see 44Distinguish'd with a sweet variety; 44Such places which wild Appletrees throughout  X444Adorn, and happy shrubs grow all about.&6ݕ Xa44 Ѝ Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, V.1374.& (For so we might also sprinkle Fruittrees amongst them (of which hereafter) for Cider and many singular uses) we should find such goodly Plantations the boast of our Rangers, and Forests infinitely preferrable to any thing we have yet beheld, rude, and neglected as they are: I say, when his Majesty shall proceed (as he hath design'd) to animate this laudable pride into fashion, Forests, and Woods (as well as Fields and Inclosures) will present us with another face then now they do. And here I cannot but applaud the worthy Industry of old Sir  X( 4Harbotle Grimstone,x7( {ݕ XT4 xc4 Ѝ Sir Harbottle Grimstone, second baronet (160385), speaker and judge, one of commission trying regicides (DNB).x who (I am told) from a very small Nursery of Acorns which he sow'd in the neglected corners of his ground, did draw forth such numbers of Oaks of competent growth; as being planted about his Fields in even, and uniform rows, about one hundred foot from the Hedges; bush'd, and well water'd till they had sufficiently fix'd themselves, did  XH 4wonderfully improve both the beauty, and the value of his Demeasnes.8H ݕ X44 Ѝ Demesnes, his lands. But I proceed. 4. Both these kinds would be taken up very young, and Transplanted about October; and though they will grow tolerably in most grounds; yet they do generally affect the sound, black, deep and fast mould, rather warm then over wet and cold, and a little rising; for this produces the firmest Timber; and so our former Naturalist  X444 MMMMMMMMM in montem succedere sylvas  X444Cogebant.&9ݕ X744 Ѝ Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, V.1370.& though my L. Bacon prefer that which grows in the moister grounds for Shiptimber, as the most tough, and less subject to rift: but let us hear Pliny. This is a general Rule, saith he; "Whatever Trees soever they be which grow tolerably either on Hills, or Vallies, arise to greater stature, and spread more amply in the lower ground: But the Timber is far better, and of a finer grain, which grows upon the Mountains: excepting only Apple, and Peartrees".  X84And in the 39.cap. lib. 16. "The Timber of those Trees which grow in moist and shady places is not so good as that which comes from a more expos'd situation, nor is it so close, substantial and durable"; upon which he much prefers the "Timber growing in Tuscany,  X4before that towards the Venetian side, and upper part of the Gulph"::yݕ X$44 Ѝ XVI.196 (Pliny's chapter LXXVI). And that Timber so growing was in greatest esteem long before Pliny, we have the spear of Agamemnon"X* :0*}((c@"Ԍ X444 MMMMMMMMM v/3 f o)# -t' v/o'. I .;ݕ Xy4 x4 Ѝ Homer, Iliad, not book XXX ( = 30), which does not exist, but XI.256, 'brandishing his spear made from a tree reared by the wind'. from a Tree so expos'd; and  X4Dydimus<dݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Didymus Kalkenteros (fl. 40 BC), a Homeric scholar whose works were published in Venice in 1528, and Paris in 1530. gives the reason. (a a#  f53 (says he) ! o + os 5 #, % # 4, &c. For that being continually weatherbeaten they become hardier and tougher. 5. But to discourage none, Oaks prosper exceedingly in gravel, and moist Clays, which most other Trees abhor; yea, even the coldest clay grounds that will hardly graze: I have read, that there grow Oaks (some of which have contain'd ten loads apiece) out of the very Walls  X4of Silcester in Hantshire,=ݕ Xa 4 x4 Ѝ Silchester, the RomanoBritish Calleva Atrebatum. Until recently the remains of the  xdefensive walls still featured large numbers of these trees. They have now been cleared and the walls consolidated. which seem to strike root in the very Stones. It is indeed observ'd, that Oaks which grow in rough, stony grounds, and obstinat clays, are long before they come to any considerable stature; for such places, and all sort of Clay, is held but a stepmother to Trees; but in time they afford the most excellent Timber, having stood long, and got good rooting: The same we may affirm of the lightest sands, which produces a smoothergrain'd Timber, of all other the most useful for the Joyner. What improvement the stirring of the ground about the roots of Oaks is to the Trees I have already hinted; and yet in Copses where they stand warm, and so thickn'd with the underwood, as this culture cannot be practis'd, they prove in time to be goodly Trees. 6. That the Transplanting of young Oaks gains them ten years Advance some happy persons have affirmed: from this belief, I have desir'd to be excused, and produc'd my Reasons for it: Nor less are they mistaken, who advise us to plant Oaks of a great bigness, which hardly make any considerable progress in an Age: Yet if any be desirous to make trial of it, let their Stems be of the smoothest, and tenderest Bark; for that is ever an indication of youth, as well as the paucity of their Circles, which in disbranching, and cutting the head off, at five or six foot height (a thing, by the way, which the French usually spare when they Transplant this Tree) may (before you stir their Roots) serve for the more certain Guide; and then plant them immediately, with as much Earth as will adhere to them, in the place destin'd for their station; abating only the taproots, which is that downright, and stubby part of the Roots (which all the Trees rais'd of Seeds do universally produce) and quickning some of the rest with a sharp knife (but sparing the Fibrous, which are the main Suckers and Mouths of all Trees) spread them in the foss, or pit which hath been prepar'd to receive them. I say in the foss, unless you will rather trench the whole Field, which is incomparably the best; and infinitely to be preferr'd before narrow pits and holes (as the manner is) in case you plant any number considerable, the Earth being made hereby loose, easier and penetrable for the Roots; about which you are to cast that Mould which (in opening of the Trench) you took from the Surface, and purposely laid apart; because it is sweet, mellow, and better impregnated: But in this Work, be circumspect never to inter your Stem deeper then you found it standing; for profound buryings very frequently destroys a Tree; though an Errour seldom observed: If therefore the Roots be sufficiently cover'd to keep the Body steady and erect, it is enough; and the not minding of this trifling Circumstance does very much deceive our ordinary Wood X4men: For most Roots covet the Air (though that of the Quercus urbana least of any: " =0*}((c@!"Ԍ X444MMMMMMMMM quod quantam vertice ad auras  X444$thereas, tantum radice ad tartara tendit2>ݕ XA44 Ѝ 'How much to Heaven her towring head ascends,  X*4 MsSo much towards Hell her piercing Root extends.' Virgil, Aeneid, IV.4456. but note that in  X4Silva 1706 E gives Qu% for Quod but in the Loeb edition et is given.2 And the perfection of that does almost as much concern the prosperity of a Tree, as of Man  X 4himself; since Homo is but Arbor inversa; which prompts me to this curious but important Advertisement; That the Position be likewise sedulously observed. 7. For, the Southern parts being more dilated, and the pores expos'd (as evidently appears in their Horizontal Sections) by the constant Excentricity of their Hyperbolical  X@4Circles;?@Oݕ X@ 4 x4 Ѝ E means that the treerings are wider on the side facing the south producing concentric ellipses, rather than circles. being now on the sudden, and at such a season converted to the North, does sterve, and destroy more Trees (how careful soever men have been in ordering the Roots; and preparing the ground) then any other Accident whatsoever (neglect of staking, and defending from Cattle excepted) the importance whereof caused the best of Poets, and most experienc'd in this Argument, giving advice concerning this Article, to add  V 444Quin etiam Cli regionem in cortice signant, 44Ut quo qu%que modo steterit, qua parte calores 44Austrinos tulerit, qu% terga obverterit axi  XH 444Restituant: Adeo in teneris consuescere multum est.@H ݕ X44 Ѝ 'The Card'nal points upon the Bark they sign, sAnd as before it stood, in the same Line, sPlace to warm South, or the obverted Pole,  X4sSuch force has custom, in each tender Soul.' Virgil, Georg. II. 26972. Which Monition, though Pliny, and some others think good to neglect, or esteem Indifferent; I can confirm from these frequent losses of my own, and by particular trials; having sometimes Transplanted great Trees at Midsomer with success (the Earth adhering to the Roots) and miscarried in others where this Circumstance only was omitted. To observe therefore the Coast, and side of the stock (especially of Fruittrees) is not such a trifle as by some pretended: For if the Air be as much the Mother or Nurse, as Water and Earth, (as more then probable it is) such blossoming Plants as court the motion of the Meridian Sun, do as 'twere evidently point out the advantage they receive by their position: And the frequent mossiness of most Trees on the opposite side does sufficiently note the unkindness of that Aspect; and which is most evident in the bark of Oaks, white and smooth; The Trees growing more kindly on the South side of an Hill, then those which are expos'd to the North, with an hard, dark, rougher, and more mossie Integument. I have seen (writes a worthy Friend to me on this occasion) whole Hedgerows of Apples and Pears that quite perish'd after that shelter was remov'd: The good Husbands expected the contrary, and that the Fruit should improve, as freed from the predations of the Hedge; but use and custom made that shelter necessary; and therefore (saith he) a stock for a time is the weaker, taken out of a Thicket, if it be not well protected from all sudden and fierce invasions either of crude Air or Winds: Nor let any be deterr'd, if being to remove many Trees, he shall esteem it" W @0*}((c@b" too consumptive of time; for with a Brush dipped in any white colour, or Oaker, a thousand may be marked as they stand, in a moment; and that once done, the difficulty is over. I have been the larger upon these two Remarks, because I find them so material, and yet so much neglected. 8. There are other Rules concerning the situation of Trees; the former Author commending the Northeastwind both for the flourishing of the Tree, and advantage of the Timber; but to my observation, in our Climates, where those sharp winds do rather flanker then fully blow opposite upon our Plantations, they thrive best; and there are as well other Circumstances to be considered, as they respect Rivers and Marshes obnoxious to to unwholsom and poysonous Fogs; Hills, and Seas, which expose them to the weather; and  X4those sylvifragi venti,<Aݕ XI 4 x4 Ѝ This phrase, 'forestcrushing winds', is conflated from Lucretius De Rerum Natura, I.2715.  X4 4 xIn E's own edition (see An Essay on the First Book of Lucretius, 1656, 28) his translation is 'mighty winds...rushing through fields, sometimes tall trees they crack...'.< our cruel, and tedious Western winds; all which I leave to observation, because these accidents do so universally govern, that it is not easie to determine farther then that the Timber is commonly better qualified which hath endur'd the colder Aspects without these prejudices: And hence it is, that Seneca observes Woods most expos'd to the Winds to be the most strong and solid, and that therefore Chiron made Achilles's Spear of a Mountaintree; and of those the best which grow thin, not much shelter'd from the North. Again, Theophrastus seems to have special regard to places; exemplifying many of Greece, which exceeded others for good Timber, as doubtless do our Oaks in the Forest of Dean all others of England: and much certainly there may reasonably be attributed to these advantages for the growth of Timber, and of almost all other Trees, as we daily see by their general improsperity where the ground is a hot gravel, and a loose earth: An Oak or Elme in such a place shall not in an hundred years overtake one of fifty planted in its proper soil; though next to this, and (haply) before it, I prefer the good Air: But thus they have such vast Junipers in Spain; and the Ashes in some parts of the Levant (as of old neer Troy) so excellent, as it was after mistaken for Cedar, so great was the difference; as now the Cantabrian or Spanish exceeds any we have else in all Europe. 9. But before we take leave of this Paragraph, concerning the Transplanting of great Trees, and to shew what is possible to be effected in this kind, with cost, and industry; Count Maurice (the late Governour of Brasil for the Hollanders) planted a Grove neere his delicious Paradise of Friburge, containing six hundred Cocotrees of eighty years growth, and fifty foot high to the nearest bough: these he wafted upon Floats, and Engines, four long miles, and planted them so luckily, that they bare abundantly the very first year; as Gaspar Barl%us hath  X4related in his elegant Description of that Princes expedition:BOݕ X4 x34 Ѝ Rerum per Octennium in Brasilia et Alibi Nuper Gestarum, sub Prafectura ... Comitis I.  X4 xRMauritii Nassovi% ... Historia, Caspar Barl%us, Amsterdam, 1647. E's own copy (Lot 94,  X 4 x&Christie's Sale Part I, 1977) bears the inscription 'E Libris Evelynus, emptus Parisiis. Ano. 1650.  X!4 xuOmnia Explorate. Meliora Retinete. Pretium 27 li. in the hand of E's amanuensis and calligrapher Richard Hoare.  Nor hath this only succeeded in the Indies alone; Monsieur de Fiat (one of the Marshals of France) hath with huge Oaks done the like at de Fiat: shall I yet bring you neerer home? My Lord Hopton planted Oaks as big as twelve Oxen could draw, to supply some defect in an Avenue to one of his houses in  X 4Devonshire;;C  ݕ X}'44 Ѝ Presumably Ralph Hopton, first Baron Hopton (15981652) (DNB).; as the Right Honourable Sir Charles Barclay, Treasurer of His Majesties" ] C0*}((c@H" Household, assur'd me; who had himself likewise practis'd the Removing of great Oaks by a  X4particular address extreamly ingenious, and worthy the communication.Dݕ XA4 x4 Ѝ Sir Charles Berkeley (15991668), cr. second Viscount Fitzhardinge 1665. E had dined with him on January 23 1663, see K. (de Beer, III, 352). 10. Chuse a Tree as big as your thigh, remove the earth from about him; cut through all the collateral Roots, till with a competent strength you can enforce him down upon one side, so as to come with your Axe at the taproot; cut that off, redress your Tree, and so let it stand cover'd about with the mould you loosen'd from it, till the next year, or longer if you think good; then take it up at a fit season; it will likely have drawn new tender Roots apt to take, and sufficient for the Tree, wheresoever you shall transplant him: Pliny notes it as a common thing, to reestablish huge Trees which have been blown down, part of their Roots torn up, and the body prostrate; and, in particular, of a Fir, that when it was to be transplanted  X4had a taproot which went no less then eight cubits perpendicular;Ebݕ X 44 Ѝ XVI.131. and to these I could superadd, but I proceed. To facilitate the Removal of such monstrous Trees, for the Adornment of some particular place, or the rarity of the Plant, there is this expedient. A little before the hardest Frosts surprize you, make a square Trench about your Tree, at such distance from the Stem as you judge sufficient for the Root; dig this of competent depth, so as almost quite to undermine it; by placing blocks, and quarters of wood, to sustain the Earth; this done, cast in as much Water as may fill the Trench, or at least sufficiently wet it, unless the ground were very moist before. Thus let it stand, till some very hard Frost do bind it firmly to the Roots, and then convey it to the pit prepar'd for its new station; but in case the mould about it be so ponderous as not to be remov'd by an ordinary force; you may then raise it with a Crane or Pully hanging between a Triangle, which is made of three strong and tall Limbs united at the top, where a Pully is fastned, as the Cables are to be under the quarters which bear the earth about the Roots: For by this means you may weigh up, and place the whole weighty Clod upon a Trundle to be convey'd, and Replanted where you please, being let down perpendicularly into the place by the help of the foresaid Engine. And by this Address you may Transplant Trees of a wonderful stature, without the least disorder; and many time without topping, or diminution of the head, which is of great importance where  X4this is to be practis'd to supply a Defect, or remove a Curiosity.VFݕ X44 Ѝ E supplies an illustrative woodcut in later editions, for example Silva, 1706, 34.V 11. Some advise, that in planting of Oaks, &c. four, or five be suffer'd to stand very neer to one another, and then to leave the most prosperous, when they find the rest to disturb his growth; but I conceive it were better to plant them at such distances, as they may least incommode one another: For Timbertrees, I would have none neerer then forty foot where they stand closest; especially of the spreading kind. 12. Lastly, Trees of ordinary stature Transplanted (being first well water'd) must be sufficiently staked, and Bush'd about with thorns, or with some thing better, to protect them from the concussions of the Winds, and from the casual rubbing, and poysonous brutting of Cattle and Sheep, the oyliness of whose Wooll is also very noxious to them; till being well grown, and fixed (which by seven years will be to some competent degree) they shall be able to withstand all accidental invasions, but the Axe; for I am now come to their Pruning and Cutting, in which work the seasons are of main importance. 13. Therefore, if you would propagate Trees for Timber, cut not off their heads at all, nor be too busie with lopping: but if you desire Shade, and Fuel, or bearing of Mast alone, lop of their Tops, sear, and unthriving Branches only; If you intend an outright felling," F0*}((c@$" expect till November; for this pr%mature cutting down of Trees before the Sap is perfectly at rest will be to your exceeding prejudice, by reason of the Worm, which will certainly breed in the Timber which is felled before that period: But in case you cut only for the Chimney, you need not be so punctual as to the time; yet for the benefit of what you let stand observe the Moons increase. The Reason of these differences is; because this is the best season for the growth of the Tree which you do not fell, the other for the durableness of the Timber which you do: Now that which is to be burnt is not so material for lasting, as the growth of the Tree is considerable for the Timber. 14. The very stumps of Oak, especially that part which is dry, and above ground being well grubb'd, is many times worth the pains and charge, for sundry rare, and hard works; and where Timber is dear: but this is to be practis'd only where you design a final extirpation; for some have drawn suckers even from an old stubroot; but they certainly perish by the Moss which invades them, and are very subject to grow rotten. Pliny speaks of one Root which  X( 4took up an entire Acre of Ground;&G( ݕ X 44 Ѝ XVI.130. It had been exposed by a storm.& if so, his Argument may hold good, for their growth after the Tree is come to its period. 15. There is not in nature a thing more obnoxious to deceit, then the buying of Trees standing, upon the reputation of their Appearance to the eye, unless the Chapman be extraordinarily judicious; so various are their hidden, and conceal'd Infirmities, till they be fell'd, and sawn out: so as if to any thing applicable, certainly there is nothing which does  X4more perfectly confirm it then the most flourishing outside of Trees, Fronti nulla fides. A Timbertree is a Merchant Adventurer, you shall never know what he is worth, till he be dead. 16. Oaks are in some places (where the soil is specially qualified) ready to be cut for Cops in fourteen years and sooner; I compute from the first semination; though it be told as an instance of high encouragement (and as indeed it merits) that a Lady in Northamptonshire sowed Acorns, and liv'd to cut the Trees produc'd from them, twice in two and twenty years; and both as well grown as most are in sixteen or eighteen. This yet is certain, that Acorns set in Hedgerows have in thirty years born a stem of a foot diametre. Generally, Coppswood should be cut close, and at such Intervals as the growth requires; which being seldom constant, depends much on the places, and the kinds, the mould and the air, and for which there are extant particular Statutes to direct us, of all which more at large hereafter. Oak for  X84Tanbark may be fell'd from April to the last of June, by a Statute in the I Jacobi.$H8yݕ Xb44 Ѝ Year I of the reign of James I, 16034.$ 17. To enumerate now the incomparable Uses of this Wood, were needless: But so precious was the esteem of it, that of old there was an express Law amongst the Twelve Tables concerning the very gathering of Acorns though they should be found fallen into another mans Ground: The Land and the Sea do sufficiently speak for the improvement of this excellent material; Houses, and Ships, Cities and Navies are built with it; and there is a kind of it so tough, and extreamly compact, that our sharpest Tools will hardly enter it, as scarcely the very Fire it self, in which it consumes but slowly, as seeming to partake of a ferruginous, and metallin shining nature proper for sundry robust Uses. That which is twin'd, and a little wreathed (easily to be discern'd by the texture of the Bark) is best to support Burthens, for Posts, Columns, Summers, &c. for all which our English Oak is infinitely preferrable to the French, which is nothing so useful, nor comparably so strong; insomuch as I have frequently admir'd at the sudden failing of most goodly Timber to the Eye, which being imploy'd to these Uses does many times most dangerously flie in sunder, as wanting that native spring, and toughness, which our English Oak is indu'd withall. For Shingles, Pales,"(#*H0*}((c@ '" Lathes, Coopers ware, Clapboard, &c. the smallest and straightest is best; discover'd likewise by the upright tenor of the Bark, as being the most proper for cleaving: The knottiest for Waterworks, Piles, and the like; because 'twill drive best, and last longest. Were planting of these Woods more in use, we should banish our hoops of Hasel, &c. for those of good Oak, which being made of the younger shoots, are exceeding tough and strong: One of them being of GroundOak will outlast six of the best Ash. The smaller trunchions, and spray, make Billet, Bavine and Coals; and the very Bark is of price with the Tanner and Dier, to whom the very Sawdust is of use, as are the Ashes and Lee to cure the roapishness of Wine. The GroundOak while young is used for Poles, Cudgels and Walkingstaffs, not to forget the Galls, Missletoe, and many other useful Excrescencies: Pliny affirms that the Galls do break out altogether in one night about the beginning of June, and arrive to their full growth in one  X4day;Iݕ X 44 Ѝ XVI.267. this I recommend to the experience of some extraordinary vigilant Woodman. What benefit the Mast does universally yield for the fatting of Hogs and Deer I shall shew upon another occasion, before the conclusion of this Discourse; in the mean time, the very Acorns themselves were heretofore the Food of Men (as well as other Productions of the earth) till their luxurious Palats were debauched; and even in the Romans time, the custom was in Spain to make a second service of Acorns and Mast, (as the French now do of Marrons, and Chessnuts) which they likewise used to rot under the embers. Oaks bear also a knur, full of a Cottony matter, of which they Antiently made Wick for their Lamps and Candles; and among  X4the Selectiora Remedia of Jo. Pr%votius+Jyݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Jean Prevost (15831631), his Selectoria remedia multiplicii usu comprobata, Frankfurt,  X4 xI1659, edited by his sons JeanBaptiste and Thibant Prevost. Republished as Hortulus medicus  X4selectoribus remedius, Patavia 1666 and 1681.+ there is mention of an Oyl / querna glande Chymically extracted, which he affirmes to be of the longest continuance, and least  Xh4consumptive of any other whatsoever, for such lights, ita ut uncia singulis mensibus vix  X04absumatur continuo igne. To conclude, M.Blith9K0ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ The English Improver Improved or the Survey of Husbandry Surveyed, Walter Blith, 1652,  X4 xpreviously issued 1649. E's copy Lot 180, with inscription in E's hand Catalogo JEvelyni  X4inscriptus: 1652. Meliora Retinete. Pressmarks M.10 and O.6.9 makes Spars and small building Timber of Oakes of eleven years growth; this is indeed a prodigious Advance, but I suspect the figure.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe >gCHAP. IV  X4eOf the Elm. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. Of the Elm there are four, or five sorts, and from the difference of the Soil and Air divers  X4spurious: Two of these kinds are most worthy of our culture, viz. the Mountain Elm, which is  X4taken to be the Oriptelea of Theophrastus; being of a less jagged and smaller leaf; and the Vernacula or French Elm, whose leaves are thicker, and more florid, delighting in the lower, and moister grounds, where they will sometimes rise to above an hundred foot in height, and a prodigious growth, in less then an Age; my self having seen one planted by the hand of a Countess yet living which is neer twelve foot in compass, and of an height proportionable; notwithstanding the numerous progeny which grows under the shade of it, some whereof are" K0*}((c@!" at least a foot in Diameter, that for want of being seasonably transplanted must needs have hindered the procerity of their ample and indulgent Mother. 2. Both these sorts are rais'd of Appendices or Suckers (as anon we shall describe) but this latter comes well from the Samera or Seeds, which being ripe about the beginning of March will produce them; as we see abundantly in the Gardens of the Thuylleries, and that of  X4Luxembourg, at Paris,Lݕ Xa4 x4 Ѝ E had visited both, see K. April 1 1644 (de Beer, II, 129); and January 20, October 1 1650, p.77 (de Beer, III, 1 & 2021) where they usually sow themselves, and come up very thick; and so do they in many places of our Country, though so seldom taken notice of, as that it is esteem'd a Fable by the less observant and ignorant Vulgar. To raise them therefore of their Seeds (being well dry'd a day or two before) sprinkle it in Beds prepar'd of good earth; siefting some of the finest mould thinly over them, and watering them when need requires. Being risen an inch above ground (refresh'd, and preserv'd from the scraping of Birds and Poultry) comfort the tender seedlings by a second siefting of more fine earth, to establish them; thus keep them clean weeded for the first two years; or till being of fitting stature to Remove, you may thin, and Transplant them in the same manner as you were directed for young Oaks; only they shall not need above one cutting where they grow less regular and hopeful. But because this is an Experiment of some curiosity, obnoxious to many casualties, and that the producing them from the Motherroots of greater Trees is very facile and expeditious (beside the numbers which are to be found in the Hedgerows, and Woods, of all plantable sizes) I rather advise our Forester to furnish himself from those places. 3. The Suckers which I speak of are produc'd in abundance from the Roots, whence being dextrously separated, after the Earth has been well loosen'd, and planted about the end of October, they will grow very well: Nay, the stubs only, which are left in the ground after a Felling (being fenced in as far as the Roots extend) will furnish you with plenty, which may be Transplanted from the first year or two successively, by slipping them from the Roots, which will continually supply you for many years after that the body of the Mother Tree has  X4been cut down: And from hence probably is sprung that (I fear) mistake of Salmasius+Mbݕ X44 Ѝ Claude de Saumaise (15881653), French critic.+ and others, where they write of the growing of their Chips (I suppose, having some of the bark on) scatter'd in hewing of their Timber; the Errour proceeding from this, that after an Elmtree has been Fell'd, the numerous Suckers which shoot from the remainders of the latent Roots seem to be produced from this dispersion of the Chips: Let this yet be more accurately examin'd; for I pronounce nothing Magisterially. 4. But there is also another Artifice to produce them sooner, which is this; Bare some of the Masterroots of a vigorous Tree, within a Foot of the Trunk, or thereabouts, and with your Axe make several Chops, putting a small stone into every cleft, to hinder their closure, and give access to the wet; then cover them with three or four inch thick of Earth: and thus they will send forth Suckers in abundance, which after two, or three Years, you may separate, and plant in the Ulmarium, or place design'd for them; and which if it be in plumps (as they call them) within ten or twelve foot of each other, or in Hedgerows, it will be the better: For the Elm is a Tree of Confort, Sociable, and so affecting to grow in Company, that the very best which I have seen do almost touch one another: This also protects them from the Winds, and causes them to shoot of an extraordinary height; so as in little more than forty years they arrive even to a load of Timber; provided they be sedulously and carefully cultivated, and the soil propitious. For an Elm does not thrive so well in the Forest, as where it may enjoy scope for the Roots to dilate and spread in the sides, as in Hedgerows and Avenues, where they have the Air likewise free."`"M0*}((c@0&"Ԍ5. Of all the Trees which grow in our Woods, there is none which does better suffer the Transplantation than the Elm; for you may remove a Tree of twenty years growth with undoubted succes: It is an Experiment I have made in a Tree almost as big more as my  XX4waste;NXݕ X44 Ѝ i.e. waist. but then you must totally disbranch him, leaving only the Summit intire; and being careful to take him up with as much Earth as you can, refresh him with abundance of water. This is an excellent and expeditious way for great Persons to plant the Accesses of their Houses with; for being dispos'd at sixteen, or eighteen foot Interval, they will in a few years bear goodly heads, and thrive to admiration. Some that are very cautious emplaster the wounded head of such overgrown Elms with a mixture of clay, and horsedung, bound about them with a wisp of Hay, or fine Moss, and I do not reprove it. But for more ordinary Plantations, younger Trees, which have their bark smooth and tender, about the scantling of your leg, and their heads trimm'd at five or six foot height, are to be preferr'd before all other. Cato would have none of these sorts of Trees to be removed till they are five or six fingers in diameter; others think they cannot take them too young; but experience (the best Mistress) tells us, that you can hardly plant an Elm too big. There are those who pare away the Root within two fingers of the stem, and quite cut off the Head; but I cannot commend this extream severity, no more then I do the strewing of Oats in the pit; which fermenting with the moisture, and frequent waterings, is believed much to accelerate the putting forth of the Roots; not considering, that for want of air they corrupt, and grow musty, which more frequently suffocates the Roots, and endangers the whole Tree. 6. The Elm delights in a sound, sweet and fertile Land, something more inclin'd to moisture, and where good Pasture is produced; though it will also prosper in the gravelly, provided there be a competent depth of mould, and be refresh'd with springs: in defect of which, being planted on the very surface of the ground (the swarth par'd first away, and the earth stirred a foot deep or more) they will undoubtedly succeed; but in this Trial, let the Roots be handsomly spread, and covered a foot, or more in height, and above all, firmly staked. This is practicable also for other Trees, where the Soil is over moist, or unkind: For as the Elm does not thrive in too dry, sandy, or hot grounds, no more will it abide the cold and spungy; but in places that are competently fertile, or of a little elevated from these annoyances; as we see in the Mounds, and castings up of ditches, upon whose banks the Femal sort does more naturally delight. 7. The Elm is by reason of its aspiring, and tapering growth (unless it be topp'd to enlarge the branches, and make them spread low) the least offensive to Corn, and Pasturegrounds, to both which, and the Cattel, they afford a benign shade, defence, and agreable Ornament. 8. It would be planted as shallow as might be; for, as we noted, deep interring of Roots is amongst the Catholick Mistakes; and of this, the greatest to which Trees are obnoxious. Let new planted Elms be kept moist by frequent refreshings upon some halfrotten Fern, or Litter laid about the foot of the stem; the earth a little stirred and depressed for the better reception, and retention of the water. 9. Lastly, your Plantation must above all things be carefully preserv'd from Cattel, and the concussions of impetuous Winds, till they are out of reach of the one, and sturdy enough to encounter the other. 10. When you lop the Elm (which may be about January for the fire, and more frequently, if you desire to have them tall; or that you would form them into Hedges (for so they may be kept plashed, and thickned to the highest twig; affording both a magnificent, and august Defence against the Winds and Sun) I say, when you thus trim them, be careful to indulge the Tops; for they protect the body of your Trees from the wet, which always invades"$ yN0*}((c@(" those parts first, and will in time perish them to the very heart; so as Elms beginning thus to  X4decay, are not long prosperous. Sir Hugh PlatOݕ XA4 x4 Ѝ Sir Hugh Plat (15521608), wrote a work on gardening, Flor%s paradise, 1608 (DNB).  xE had an edition of his works, dated 1653, listed in his late library catalogue, pressmark M:32 but this was no longer in the library at the 1977 and 1978 sales. relates (as from an expert Carpenter) that the boughs and branches of an Elm should be left a foot long next the trunk when they are lop'd; but this is to my certain observation a very great mistake either in the Relator, or Author: for I have noted many Elms so disbranch'd, that the remaining stubs grew immediately hollow, and were as so many Conduits, or Pipes, to hold, and convey the Rain to the very body, and heart of the Tree. 11. There is a Cloyster of the right French Elm in the little Garden neer to her  X@4Majesties the Q. Mothers Chappel at Somersethouse,.P@Mݕ X> 44 Ѝ Built 163035 by Inigo Jones for Henrietta Maria.. which were (I suppose) planted there by the industry of the F.F. Capuchines, that will perfectly direct you to the incomparable use of this noble Tree for shade and delight, into whatever Figure you will accustom them. I have also heard of grassing Elms to a great improvement of their heads, and it would be try'd. 12. When you would Fell let the Sap be perfectly in repose; as 'tis commonly about November or December, after the frost hath well nipp'd them: I have already alleadg'd my reason for it; and I am told, That both Oak and Elm so cut, the very Saplings (whereof Rafters, Spars, &c. are made) will continue as long as the very heart of the Tree without decay. In this work cut your kerfe near to the ground; but have a care that it suffer not in the fall, and be ruined with its own weight: This depends upon your Woodman's judgement in disbranching, and is a necessary caution to the Felling of all other TimberTrees. If any begin to doat, pick out such for the Ax, and rather trust to its Successor. 13. Elm is a Timber of most singular Use; especially where it may lie continually dry, or wet in the extreames; therefore proper for Waterworks, Mills, Pipes, Pumps, Shipplanks beneath the Waterline; and some that has been found buried in Boggs, has turn'd like the most polish'd, and hardest Ebony, only discern'd by the grain: Also for Wheelwrights, Kerbs of Coppers, Feathering and Weatherboards, Dressers and sundry other imployments. It makes also the second sort of Charcoal; and finally (which I must not omit) the use of the very Leaves of this Tree, especially of the female, is not to be despis'd; for being suffered to dry in the Sun upon the Branches, and the spray shrip'd off about the decrease in August (as also where the suckers and stolones are supernumerary, and hinder the thriving of their Nurses) they will prove a great relief to Cattel in Winter, when hay and fodder is dear; they will eat them even before Oates, and thrive exceedingly well with them; remember only to lay your Boughs up in some dry, and sweet corner of your Barn: It was for this the Poet prais'd them, and the Epithete was advis'd,  X444 MMMMMMMMMM fcund% frondibus Ulmi.8Qݕ X?"44 Ѝ 'Fruitful in Leaves the Elm.' Virgil, Georg. II.446.8 In some parts of Herefordshire they gather them in Sacks for their Swine, and other Cattel according to this husbandry.  Xx4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe "@!Q0*}((c@""Ԍ Oe  Oe FhCHAP. V.  X4]Of the Beech. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X 4 Oe  Oe I. The Beech, [Fagus] numbred amongst the glandiferous Trees, I rank here before the martial  X4Ash, because it commonly grows to a greater stature. There are of these Fagi two, or three kinds with us; the Mountain, which is the whitest, and most sought after by the Turner; and the Campestral or wild, which is of a blacker colour, and more durable. They are both to be rais'd from the Mast, and govern'd like the oak, of which amply; and that is absolutely the best way of furnishing a Wood: But they are likewise to be planted of young seedlings to be drawn out of the places where the fruitful Trees abound. In Transplanting them cut off only the boughs and bruised parts, two Inches from the stem, to within a yard of the top; but be very sparing of the Root: This for such as are of pretty stature. They make spreading Trees, and noble Shades with their well furnish'd and glistering leaves, being set at forty foot distance; but they grow taller and more upright in the Forests, where I have beheld them at eight and ten foot, shoot into very long poles; but neither so apt for Timber, nor Fuel: In the Vallies (where they stand warm, and in confort) they will grow to a stupendious procerity, though the soil be stony and very barren: Also upon the declivities, sides and tops of high Hills, and chalkie Mountains especially; for they will strangely insinuate their Roots into the bowels of those seemingly impenetrable places, not much unlike the Fir it self, which, with  X4this so common Tree, the great C%sar denies to be found in Brittany, Materia cuiusque  Xh4generis, ut in Gallia, pr%ter Fagum & abietem:Rhݕ X4 x4 Ѝ 'and whose timber [is] wellstocked, as in Gaul, except beech and fir'. Brittany is a slip  X4 x&for Britain. The passage forms part of Caesar's wellknown description of Britain (Bello Gallico, V.12.5). but certainly from a grand mistake. 2. The Beech serves for various Uses of the Housewife; with it the Turner makes Dishes, Trays, Bowls, Rimbs for Buckets, and other Utensils, Trenchers, Dresserboards, &c. likewise for the Wheeler, Joyner, and Upholster for Sellyes, Chairs, Stools, Bedsteads, &c. for the Bellowsmaker, and Husbandman his Shovel and Spadegraffs; for Fuel, Billet, Bavin and Coal though one of the least lasting: Not to omit even the very Shavings for the fining  X4of Wines. Of old they made their Vasa Vindimiatoria and Corbes Messori% (as we our pots for Strawberries) with the Rind of this Beech; and that curiously wrought Cup which the Shepherd in the Bucolicks wagers with all, was engraven by Alcimedon upon the Bark of this  Xp4Tree:TSpMݕ Xn44 Ѝ Alcimedon, a woodcarver unknown apart from the reference in Virgil, Ecl. III.37.T You would not wonder to hear me deplore the so frequent use of this Wood, if you did consider that the industry of France furnishes that Country for all domestic Utensils with excellent Wallnut; a material infinitely preferrable to the best Beech; which is indeed good only for shade and for Fire; as being brittle, and exceedingly obnoxious to the Worm: But whil'st we thus condemn the Timber, we must not omit to praise the Mast, which fats our Swine and Deer, and hath in some Families even supported men with bread: Chios indur'd a memorable Siege by the benefit of this Mast: and in some parts of France they now grind the Buck in Mills; it affords a sweet Oyl which the poor people eat most willingly: But there is yet another benefit which this Tree presents us; that its very leaves which make a natural, and most agreeable Canopy all the Summer; being gather'd about the fall, and somewhat before they are much frostbitten, afford the best and easiest Mattresses in the world to lay under our quilts instead of straw; because, besides their tenderness and loose lying together, they continue sweet for seven or eight years long; before which time straw becomes musty, and hard; They are thus used by divers persons of Quality in Dauphine, and in Swizzerland I"!"S0*}((c@S%" have some times lain on them to my great refreshment: so as of this Tree it may properly be said,  XX444 MMMMMM Sylva domus, cubilia frondes.TXݕ X4 xc4 Ѝ 'The Wood's an House; the Leaves a Bed.' E unaccountably gives Juvenal as the source,  X4 xan error which survived into all the subsequent editions of Sylva. The source is Ovid, Ars  X4 xVAmatoria (The Art of Love) II.475 and in full reads Silva domus fuerat, cibus herba, cubilia  X4 xfrondes, 'Woodland was their home, grass their food, and leaves their bedding', in reference to early man. swine may be driven to Mast about the end of August. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe %eCHAP. VI.  X4eOf the Ash. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X4 Oe  Oe I. Fraxinus the Ash is with us Male and Female, the one affecting the higher grounds:  X( 444 MMMMMMM Steriles saxosis montibus orni.U( #ݕ X44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.111. The other the plains of a whiter wood, and rising many times to a prodigious stature; so as in forty years from the Key, an Ash hath been sold for thirty pounds Sterling: and I have been credibly inform'd, that one person hath planted so much of this one sort of Timber in his life time as hath been valu'd worth fifty thousand pounds to be bought. These are pretty encouragements, for a small, and pleasant industry. 2. The Keys being gather'd when they begin to fall (which is about the end of October, and the ensuing Moneth) are to be sow'd; but not altogether so deep as your former Masts: Thus they do in Spain: A very narrow Seminary will be sufficient to store an whole Country: They will lye an full year in the ground before they appear; therefore you must carefully Fence them all that time and have patience: But if you would make a considerable Wood of them at once, Dig or Plow a parcel of ground, as you would prepare it for Corn, and with the Corn (or what other Grain you think fittest) sow also good store of Keys, some Crabkernels, &c. amongst them: Take off your crop of Corn, or Seed in its Season, and the next year following it will be cover'd with young Ashes, which will be fit either to stand, or be Transplanted for divers years after; and these you will find to be far better then any you can gather out of the Woods (especially Suckers which are worth nothing) being removed at one foot stature (the sooner the better) provided you defend them well from Cattel: The reason of  X4this hasty transplanting, is to prevent their obstinate, and deep rooting; tantus amor terr%Vݕ X"4 x4 Ѝ 'So strong [is their] love of the earth'. The source of the quote is uncertain but E may be  Xp#4paraphrasing Virgil Georg. III.112. MMM which makes them hard to be taken up when they grow older, and that being remov'd, they take no great hold until the second year, after which they come away amain: Yet I have planted them of five and six inches diametre, which have thriven as well as the smaller wands. Cut not his Head at all, nor (by any means) the fibrous part of the Roots, only, that downright, or Taproot (which gives our Husbandmen so much trouble in drawing) is to be"#r V0*}((c@? " totally abated: But this work ought to be in the increase of October, or November, and not in the Spring. We are (as I told you) willing to spare his head; because, being yet young, it is but of a spongy substance; but being once well fixed, you may cut him as close to the earth as you please; it will cause him to shoot prodigiously; so as in a few years to be fit for Pikestaves. In South Spain (where are the best) after the first dressing, they let them grow till they are so big, as being cleft into four parts, each part is sufficient to make a Pikestaff: I am told there is a Flemish Ash planted by the Dutchmen in Lincolnshire, which in six years grows to be worth twenty shillings the Tree; but I am not assur'd, whether it be the Ash, or Abeele; either of them were, upon this account, a worthy encouragement. From these low Cuttings come our Groundashes, so much sought after for Arbours, Espaliers, and other PoleWorks: They will spring in abundance, and may be reduced to one for a Standardtree, or for Timber, if you design it; for thus, Hydra like, a Groundcutash  V( 444Per damna, per c%des, ab ipso  X 444Ducit opes animumque ferro.}W ݕ Xi 44 Ѝww'By havock, Wounds and Blows,  XR4sMore lively and luxuriant grows.' Horace Odes IV.4.59.} 3. It is by no means convenient to plant Ash in Plowlands; for the Roots will be obnoxious to the Coulter; and the shade of the Tree is malignant to Corn when the head and branches overdrip it; but in Hedgerows, and Plumps, they will thrive exceedingly, where they may be dispos'd at nine or ten foot distance, and sometimes neerer: But in planting a whole Wood of several kinds of Trees for Timber, every third set at least would be an Ash. The best Ash delights in the best Land (which it will soon impoverish) yet grows in any; so it be not overwet, and approaching to the Marshy, unless it be first well drain'd: By the banks of sweet and crystal Rivers and Streams I have observ'd them to thrive infinitely. 4. The use of Ash is (next to that of the Oak it self) one of the most universal: It  X4serves the Souldier MMMMMM & Fraxinus utilis hastis.Xdݕ X44 Ѝ Ovid, Metamorphoses, V.9. The Carpenter, Wheelwright, Cartwright, Cooper, Turner and Thatcher: Nothing like it for our Garden Palisadhedges, Hopyards, Poles and Spars, Handles, Stocks for Tools, Spadetrees, &c. In sum, the Husbandman cannot be without the Ash for his Carts, Ladders, and other tackling: From the Pike, Spear and Bow (for of Ash were they formerly made) to the Plow; in Peace and War it is a wood in highest request: Lastly, the white and rotten dottard part composes a ground for our Gallants Sweetpowder, and the Truncheons make the third sort of the most durable Coal, and is (of all other) the sweetest of our Forestfuelling, and the fittest for Ladies Chambers: To conclude, the very dead leaves afford (like those of the Elm) relief to our Cattel in Winter; but the shade of them is not to be endur'd, because it produces a noxious Insect; and for displaying themselves so very late, and falling very early, not to be planted for Umbrage, or Ornament; especially neer the Garden; since (besides their predatitious Roots) the deciduous leaves descending with so long a Stalk, are drawn by clusters into the Wormholes, which foul the Allies with their falling Keys, and suddenly infect the ground.  X@4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  cCHAP. VII." $X0*}((c@v$"Ԍ X4ԙ!QOf the Chessnut. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X4 Oe  Oe I. The next is the Chessnut, [Castanea] of which Pliny reckons many kinds, especially that  XX4about Tarentum and Naples;YXݕ X44 Ѝ XV.9394 but we commend those of Portugal. They are rais'd best by sowing; previous to which, let the Nuts be first spread to sweat, then cover them in sand; a Moneth being past, plunge them in Water, reject the Swimmers; being dry'd for thirty days more, sand them again, and then to the waterordeal as before. Being thus treated till the beginning of Spring, set them as you would do Beans: Pliny will tell you they come not up, unless four or five be pil'd together in a hole; but that is false, if they be good, as you may presume all those to be which pass this examination; nor will any of them fail: But being come up they thrive best unremov'd, making a great stand for at least two years upon every Transplanting; yet if needs you must alter their Station, let it be done about November, and that into a light friable ground, or moist Gravel; however, they will grow even in Clay, Sand, and all mixed soils, upon expos'd and bleak places, as more patient of cold then heat. 2. If you desire to set them in Winter, or Autumn, I counsel you to inter them within their husks, which being every way arm'd are a good protection against the Mouse, and a providential integument: Some sow them confusedly in the Furrow like the Acorn, and govern them as the Oak; but then would the ground be broken up 'twixt November and February; and when they spring be cleansed at two foot asunder, after two years growth: Likewise may Copses of Chessnuts be wonderfully increased and thickn'd by laying the tender and young branches; but such as spring from the Nuts and Marrons are best of all, and will thrive exceedingly, if being let stand without removing, the ground be stirr'd and loosen'd about their Roots for two or three of the first years, and the superfluous wood pruned away: Thus you will have a Copse ready for a felling within eight years, which (besides many other uses) will yield you incomparable poles for any work of the Garden, Vineyard, or Hopyard, till the next cutting: And if the Tree like the ground, will in ten or twelve years grow to a kind of Timber, and bear plentiful fruit. 3. I have seen many Chessnuttrees transplanted as big as my arm, their heads cut off at five and six foot height; but they came on at leisure: In such Plantations, and all others for Avenues, you may set them them from thirty to ten foot distance, though they will grow much neerer, and shoot into poles, if (being tender) you cultivate them like the Ash. 4. The Chessnut being graffed in the Wallnut, Oak, or Beech, (I have been told) will come exceeding fair, and produce incomparable Fruit; for the Wallnut it is probable; but I have not as yet made a full attempt: In the mean time, I wish we did more universally propagate the Horsechessnut, which being easily increas'd from layers grows into a goodly Standard, and bears a most glorious flower, even in our cold Country: This Tree is now all the mode for the Avenues to their Countrey palaces in France, as appears by the late Superintendents Plantation at Vaux. 5. The Wood of the Chessnut is (next the Oak) one of the most sought after by the Carpenter and Joyner: It hath formerly built a good part of our ancient houses in the City of London, as does yet appear. I had once a very large Barn neer the City fram'd intirely of this  X 4Timber:Z yݕ X2$4 x<4 Ѝ Perhaps part of the Sayes Court estate, though E implies it was closer to London. It may have been part of an estate he bought before settling at Sayes Court. And certainly they grew not far off; probably in some Woods neer the Town: For" %Z0*}((c@#"  X4in that description of London written by FitzStephens, in the Reign of Henr. 2.[ݕ Xy4 x<4 Ѝ William Fitzstephen (d. c.1190). His Vita Sancti Thomae (of Thomas ! Becket) includes  xa preface which is a description of London, the source of this passage (DNB). It was not printed until 1723 so E's source of information is not apparent. he speaks of  X4a very noble and large Forest which grew on the Boreal part of it: Proxime (says he) patet foresta ingens, saltus nemoresi ferarum, latebr% cervorum, damarum, aprorum, & taurorum  XX4Sylvestrium, &c. a very goodly thing it seems, and as well stor'd with all sorts of Timber, as with Venison and all kind of Chase. The Chessnut affords the best Stakes and Poles for  X4Palisades and Hops, as I said before; and being planted in Hedgerows & circa agrorum  X4itinera,\Mݕ X 44 Ѝ 'A circuit round fields'. or for Avenues to our Countryhouses, they are a magnificent and royal Ornament: But we give that fruit to our Swine in England, which is amongst the delicaces of Princes in other Countries; and being of the larger Nut, is a lusty, and masculine food for Rustics at all times. The best Tables in France and Italy make them a service, eating them with Salt, in Wine, being first rosted on the Chapplet; and doubtless we might propagate their use, amongst  X4our common people, at lest (as of old the Bo-4o) ]ݕ XG44 Ѝ 'acorneaters'.  being a Food so cheap, and so lasting. Finally,  `CHAP. VIII.  X 4SVOf the Wallnut. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. The Wallnut is to be elevated like the Chessnut, being planted of the Nut, or set at the distance you would have him stand; for which they may be prepared by bedding them (being dry) in sand, or good earth, till March, from the time they fell, or were beaten off the Tree: Or if before they be set with husk and all upon them; for the extream bitterness thereof is most exitial and deadly to worms: Some supple them a little in warm Cowsmilk; but being treated as before, you will find them already sprouted, and have need only to be planted where they are to abide; because (as we said long since) they are most impatient of transplanting: But if there be an absolute necessity of removing, let your Tree be about four years old, and then by no means touch the head with your knife, nor cut away so much as the very Taproot; since being of a pithy and hollow substance, the least diminution, or bruise, will greatly endanger the killing. 2. The Wallnut delights in a dry, sound and rich land; especially, if it incline to a feeding Chalk, or Marle; and where it may be protected from the cold; as in great Pits, Vallies, and Highway sides; also in Stonygrounds, and on Hills especially Chalkie: likewise in Cornfields: Thus Burgundy abounds with them, where they stand in the middest of goodly Wheatlands at sixty and an hundred foot distance; and it is so far from hurting the crop, that they look on them as a great preserver, by keeping the grounds warm; nor do the Roots hinder the Plow. When ever they fell a Tree (which is only the old, and decay'd) they always plant a young one neer him; and in several places 'twixt Hanaw and Francfort in Germany, no young Farmer whatsoever is permitted to Marry a Wife, will he bring proof that he hath planted, and is a Father of such a stated number of Wallnuttrees, as the Law is inviolably observed to this day for the extraordinary benefit which this Tree affords the Inhabitants: And in truth, where this Timber in greater plenty amongst us, we should have far"@&]0*}((c@"" better Utensiles of all sorts for our houses, as Chairs, Stools, Bedsteads, Tables, Wainscot, Cabinets, &c. in stead of the more vulgar Beech, subject to the worm, weak and unsightly. 3. They render most graceful Avenues to our Country dwellings, and do excellently in hedgerows; but had need be planted at forty, or fifty foot interval; for they affect to spread both their roots and branches. The Bergstras (which extends from Heidelberg to Darmstadt) is all planted with Wallnuts; for so by another ancient Law the Bordurers were oblig'd to nurse up, and take care of them; and that chiefly for their ornament and shade; so as a man may ride for many miles about that Country, under a continu'd Arbour, or Closewalk; The Traveller both refresh'd with the Fruit, and the Shade: How would such publick Plantations improve the wealth and glory of a Nation! but where shall we find the spirits amongst our  X4Countrymen? Yes, I will adventure to instance in those Plantations of Sir Richard Stidolph, ^ݕ XI 4 x4 Ѝ Sir Richard Stydolph (cr. baronet 1660, d.1677), son of Sir Francis Stydolph (kt. 1603, d.  x/March 1655) of Norbury Park, Mickleham. E visited the estate on August 26 1655, see K. (de Beer, III, 157, and note) where E mentions the wallnuts.   X4upon the Downs neer Letherhead in Surrey; and so about Cassaulton,_Kݕ X44 Ѝ Carshalton. where many thousands of these Trees do celebrate the industry of the Owners; and will certainly reward it with infinite improvement, as I am assur'd they do in part already, and that very considerably; besides the Ornament which they afford to those pleasant Tracts, for some miles in circumference. I remember Monsieur Sorbiere, in a Sceptical discourse to Monsieur de  X 4Martel,w` ݕ X-4 x4 Ѝ Probably Samuel Sorbiere (161570), French writer, and Andr) Martel (b.1618), French Protestant theologian.w speaking of the readiness of the People in Holland to furnish, and maintain whatsoever may conduce to the publick Ornament, as well as Convenience; tells us, that their Plantations of these, and the like Trees even in their very Roads and common Highways are better preserv'd, and entertain'd (as I my self have likewise been often an eye witness) then those about the Houses and Gardens of pleasure belonging to the Noblesse and Gentry of most other Countries: And in effect it is a most ravishing object to behold their amenities in this particular: With us says he (speaking of France) they make a jest at such political Ordinances, by ruining these publick and useful Ornaments, if haply some more prudent Magistrate do at any time introduce them. Thus in the reign of Henry the fourth, during the  X4Superintendency of Monsieur de Sulli,vaݕ X4 xc4 Ѝ Henri IV of France (reigned 15891610), and Maximilien de B)thune (156041), Baron de Rosny, Duc de Sully.v there was a resolution of adorning all the Highways of France with Elms, &c. but the rude and mischievous Paysans did so hack, steal, and destroy what they had begun, that they were forc'd to desist from the through prosecution of the design; so as there is nothing more expos'd, wild, and less pleasant then the common Roads of France for want of shade, and the decent limits which these sweet, and divertissant  Xp4Plantations would have afforded; not to omit that Political use (as my Lord Bacon0bp0 ݕ XQ$44 Ѝ See note above 'To the Reader' under Verulam.0 hints it where he speaks of the Statues, and Monuments of brave men, and such as had well deserv'd of the Publick, erected by the Romans even in their Highways,) since doubtless, such noble and agreeable objects would exceedingly divert, entertain and take off the Minds and"' b0*}((c@" Discourses of Melancholy people, and pensive Travellers, who have nothing but the dull and enclos'd ways to cast their eyes on, are but ill Conversation to themselves, and others. 4. What universal use the French make of the Timber of this sole Tree for domestic affairs may be seen in every room both of poor and rich: It is of singular account with the Joyner, for the best grain'd and colour'd Wainscot; with the Gunsmith for Stocks; the Drummaker for rimbs: the Cabinetmaker for Inlayings, especially the firm and close Timber about the Roots, which is admirable for fleck'd and chambletted works, and the older it is, the more estimable; but then it should not be put in work till throughly season'd; because it will shrink beyond expectation: Besides these uses of the Wood, the Fruit is for preserves, for Oyl and Food; and the very husks and leaves being macerated in warmwater, and that liquor poured on the Carpet of Walks and Bowlinggreens, does infallibly kill the Worms without endangering the grass; not to mention the Dye which is made of this Lixive to colour Wooll, Woods, and Hair, as of old they us'd it. That which is produc'd of the thick shell becomes best Timber; that of the thinner, better Fruit. Columella has sundry excellent rules how to ascertain, and accelerate the growth of this Tree, and to improve its qualities, which I  X 4recommend to the farther Industrious,7c ݕ X144 Ѝ E presumably means Columella, De Arboribus XXII.13.7 and pass now to the less principal.  XH 4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe %fCHAP. IX.  Xh4YOf the Service. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. The Servicetree is rais'd of the Sorbs, or Berries, which being ripe (that is) rotten about September, may be sown like Beechmast: It is reported that the Sower never sees the fruit of his labour; either for that it bears only being very old; or that Men are commonly so before they think of planting Trees: But this is an egregious mistake; for these come very soon to be Trees, and being planted young thrive exceedingly; I have likewise planted them as big as my arm successfully: The best way is therefore to propagate them of Suckers or Sets; they delight in reasonable good ground, rather inclining to cold then over hot; for in places which are too dry they never bear kindly. 2. The Timber is useful for the Joyner, and being of a very delicate Grain, for divers curiosities: Also it is taken to build with, yielding Beams of considerable substance: The shade is beautiful for Walks, and the Fruit not unpleasant, and in some cases Medicinal. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe   FhCHAP. X.  Xx4\Of the Maple. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X 4 Oe  Oe I. The Maple [Acer] (of which Authors reckon very many kinds) was of old held in equal estimation almost with the Citron; especially the Bruscum, the FrenchMaple, and the PeacockstailMaple, which is that sort so elegantly undulated, and crisped into variety of curles: They are all produced of the Keys, like the Ash; and like to it, affect a sound and a dry mould; growing both in Woods and Hedgerows, especially in the latter; which if hilly then low affords the fairest Timber. By shreading up the boughs to a head I have caus'd it to shoot to a wonderful head in a little time; but if you would lop it for the Fire, let it be done"$({c0*}((c@(" in January. The Timber is far superiour to Beech for all uses of the Turner, who seeks it for Dishes, Trays, Trenchers, &c. as the Joyner for Tables, Inlayings, and for the delicateness of the grain when the knurs and nodosities are rarely diapred, which does much advance its price: Also for the lightness (under the name Ayer) imploy'd often by those who make Musicalinstruments. But there is a larger sort, which we call the Sycomor.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  %fCHAP. XI.  X4TUOf the Sycomor. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. The Sycomor is much more in reputation for its shade then it deserves; for the Leaves which fall early (like those of the Ash) turn to a Mucilage, and putrifie with the first moisture of the season; so as they contaminate and mar our Walks, and are therefore (by my consent) to be banish'd from all curious Gardens and Avenues: There is in Germany a better sort of Sycomor then ours, wherewith they make Saddletrees, and divers other things of use; our own is excellent for Cart and Plowtimber, being light, tough, and not much inferiour to Ash it self. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe   cCHAP. XII.  X4LOf the HornBeam. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   XP4 Oe  Oe I. The Hornbeam, in Latin the Carpinus, is planted of Sets; though it may likewise be raised from the Seeds, which being mature in August should be sown in October; but the more expeditious way, is, by Sets of about an inch diametre, and cut within half a foot of the Earth: Thus it will advance to a considerable Tree. The places it chiefly desires to grow in are in cold hills, and in the barren and most expos'd parts of Woods. 2. Amongst other uses which it serves for, as Mills (for which it excels either Yew or Crab) YoakTimber (whence of old 'twas call'd +) heads of Beetles, Stocks, and handles of Tools (for all which purposes its extream toughness commends it to the Husbandman) being planted in small Fosses, or Trenches, at half a foot interval, and in the single row it makes the noblest and the stateliest Hedges for long Walks in Gardens, or Parks, of any Tree whatsoever whose leaves are deciduous, and forsake their branches in Winter; because it grows tall, and so sturdy as not to be wronged by the Winds: Besides, it will furnish to the very root of the stem, and flourishes with a glossie and polish'd verdure which exceedingly delightful, of long continuance, and of all other the harder Woods the speediest Grower; maintaining a slender, upright stem, which does not come to be bare, and sticky in many years. That admirable Espalierhedge in the long middle walk of Luxembourg Garden at  X 4Paris.d ݕ XI#44 Ѝ See Chapter IV Of the Elm, 2, note 2 above.. (then which there is nothing more graceful) is planted of this Tree; and so is that Cradle or Closewalk, with that perplext Canopie, which covers the seat in his Majesties Garden at HamptonCourt. These Hedges are tonsile; but where they are maintain'd to fifteen or twenty foot height (which is very frequent in the places before mention'd) they are to be cut, and kept in order with a Sythe of four foot long, and very little falcated; this is fix'd on a"#){d0*}((c@'" long sneed or streight handle, and does wonderfully expedite the trimming of these and the like Hedges. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  aCHAP. XIII.  X4QOf the LimeTree. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Xx4 Oe  Oe I. The LimeTree, [Tilia] is of two kinds; the Male, which is harder, fuller of knots, and of a redder colour; but producing neither Flower, nor Seed, as does the Female, whose Blossome is very odiferous perfuming the Air: The Wood is likewise thicker, of small pith, and not obnoxious to the Worm. We send commonly for this Tree into Flanders and Holland, to our excessive cost, whiles our own Woods do in some places spontaneously produce them, from whence I have received many of their Berries; so as it is a shameful negligence, that we are no better provided of Nurseries of a Tree so choice and universally acceptable. For so they may be rais'd either of the Seeds in October; or (with better success) by the Suckers, and Plants, after the same Method, and in as great abundance as the Elme, like to which it should be cultivated. 2. The Limetree affects a rich feeding Soil; In such Ground their growth will be almost incredible for speed and spreading. They may be planted as big as ones Leg; their Heads  X4topp'd at about six foot bole;#eݕ XQ44 Ѝ Where the trunk is six foot in height.# thus it will become (of all other) the most proper and beautiful for Walks, as producing an upright Body, smooth and even Bark, ample Leaf, sweet Blossom, and a goodly shade at distance of eighteen or twenty foot.  X043. The Prince Electorf0yݕ XZ4 x4 Ѝ E means, presumably, Charles Louis (164880), Elector Palatine. E had met his agent, 'Monsieur Paule' in Paris, see K. November 18 1649 (de Beer, II, 567). did lately remove very great LimeTrees out of one of his Forests, to a steep hill exceedingly expos'd to the heat of the Sun at Hidelbourg; and that in the midst of Summer: They grow behind that strong Tower on the Southwest, and most torrid part of the eminence; being of a dry reddish barren earth; yet they do prosper rarely well: But the heads were cut off, and the pits into which they were transplanted were (by the industry and direction of one Monsieur de Son, a Frenchman) fill'd with a composition of Earth and Cowdung which was exceedingly beaten, and so diluted with water as it became almost a liquid pap: It was in this that he plunged the Roots, covering the surface with the turf: A singular example of removing so great Trees at such a season, and therefore by me taken notice of here expressly. 4. The Timber of a well grown Lime is convenient for any use that the Willow is; but  X4much to be preferr'd, as being both stronger, and yet lighter; whence Virgil calls them tilias  X4leves;gݕ XT!44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.449. and therefore turn'd into Boxes for the Apothecaries; and Columella commends  XX4Arculas tiliaceas:hXݕ X#44 Ѝ 'Small boxes made of limewood'. with the Twigs they made Baskets, and Cradles; and of the smoother side of the bark Tablets for Writing; for the antient Philyra is but our Tilia. The Gravers in wood do sometimes make use of this fine Material; and even of the coursest membrane, or slivers of the Tree growing 'twixt the bark and the main body, they now twist into Bassropes; Besides the Truncheons make a far better Coal for Gunpowder then that of the Alder it self: and the extraordinary candor and lightness has dignifi'd it above all the Woods of our Forest"@*wh0*}((c@"" in the hands of the Right Honourable the Whitestave Officers of his Majesties Imperial Court. Those royal Plantations of these Trees in the Parks of HamptonCourt, and St. James's will sufficiently instruct any man how these (and indeed all other Trees which stand single) are to be govern'd, and defended from the injuries of Beasts, and sometimes more unreasonable Creatures, till they are able to protect themselves. In Holland (where the very highways are adorn'd with them) they frequently clap three or four Dealboards (in manner of a close trunk) about them; but it is not so well; because it keeps out the air which should have free access, and intercourse to the bole, and by no means be excluded from flowing freely about them, or indeed any other Trees; provided they are secured from the violence of impetuous winds, &c. as his Majesties are without those close Coffins, in which the Dutchmen seem rather to bury them alive: In the mean time, is there a more ravishing, or delightful object then to behold some intire streets, and whole Towns planted with these Trees, in even lines before their doors, so as they seem like Cities in a wood? this is extreamly fresh, and skreens the houses both from Winds, Sun and Dust; then which there can be nothing more desirable where streets are much frequented.  X 4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe `CHAP. XIV.  X4JOf the Quickbeam. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X04 Oe  Oe I. The Quickbeam, [Ornus] or (as others term it) the Whitchen, is a species of WildAsh. The Berries which it produces in October may then be sown; or rather the Sets planted: It rises to a reasonable stature, shoots upright, and slender; and consists of a fine smooth bark. It delights to be both in Mountains and Woods, and to fix it self in good light ground. Besides the use of it for the Husbandmans Tools (as once by a Statute of Hen. 8. for Bows) and for Fuel, I have not yet observed any other; save that the Blossoms are of an agreeable scent. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  cCHAP. XV.  X4_Of the Birch. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X4 Oe  Oe I. The Birch [Betula] is altogether produc'd of suckers (though it sheds a kind of Sameraiݕ X 44 Ѝ Literally, an 'elmseed'. about the Spring) which being planted at five or six foot interval, in small twigs, will suddenly rise to Trees; provided they affect the ground, which cannot well be too barren; for it will thrive both in the dry, and the wet, Sand and Stony, Marshes and Bogs; the watergalls, and uliginous parts of Forests that hardly bear any grass, do many times spontaneously produce it in abundance whether the place be high, or low, and nothing comes amiss to it. Plant the small twigs, or suckers having roots, and after the first year cut them within an inch of the surface; this will cause them to sprout in strong, and lusty tufts, fit for Copse, and Springwoods; or, by reducing them to one stem, render them in a very few years fit for the Turner. 2. For though Birch be of all other the worst of Timber; yet has it its various uses, as for the Husbandmans Oxyoaks; also for Hoops, Paniers, Brooms, Wands, Bavin and Fuel; great and smallcoal, which last is made by charking the slenderest brush, and summities of"#+yi0*}((c@'"  X4the twigs; as of the tops and loppings M. Howards new Tanne:jݕ Xy4 xc4 Ѝ E may mean a tanning compound made from the cuttings. M. Howard is the Honourable  xCharles Howard (d.1713), younger son of Henry Frederick Howard, third earl of Arundel. E  xlandscaped his garden at Deepdene, Dorking, near Wotton. See K. August 1 1655, p.107 (de Beer, III, 154). See below Chapter XXIX, 23, where E describes how the process used less bark. Lastly, of the whitest part of the old wood, found commonly in doating Birches, is made the grounds of our Gallants Sweetpowder; to say nothing here of the Magisterial Fasces, for which antiently the Cudgels  XX4were us'd by the Lictor; as now the gentler Rods by our tyrannical P%dagogues.kX4ݕ X= 4 x4 Ѝ Teachers. E is perhaps recalling his own fears of education; he was terrified of the prospect of Eton and its discipline, see K. October 21 1632, p.25 (de Beer, II, 11). 3. I should here add the uses of the water too, had I not already protested against tampering with the Medicinal virtues of Trees, in the entrance of this Treatise: But if the sovereign effects of the juice of this despicable Tree supply its other defects (which makes some judge it unworthy to be brought into the Catalogue of Woods to be propagated) I may for once be permitted to play the Empiric, and to gratifie our laborious Woodman with a draught of his own Liquor: And the rather, because these kind of Secrets are not yet sufficiently cultivated; and ingenious Planters would by all means be encourag'd to make more trials of this nature, as the Indians, and other Nations have done on their Palmes, and Trees of several kinds, to their great emolument. The Mystery is no more then this: About the beginning of March (when the buds begin to be proud and turgid) with a Chizel and a Mallet cut a slit almost as deep as the very pith, under some bough, or branch of a well spreading Birch; cut it oblique and not longways (as a good Chirurgion would make his orifice in a Vein) inserting a small stone or chip, to keep the lips of the wound a little open:  XH 4Sir Hugh Plat,0lH ݕ X44 Ѝ See above Chapter IV, Of the Elm, 10, note 1.0 giving a general rule for the gathering of the Sap, and tapping of Trees, would have it done within one foot of the ground, the first rind taken off, and then the white bark slit overthwart, no farther then to the body of the Tree: Moreover, that this wound be made only in that part of the bark which respects the Southwest, or between those quarters; because (says he) little, or no sap riseth from the Northern. In this slit, by the help of your knife to open it, he directs that a leaf of the tree be inserted, first fitted to the dimensions of the slit, from which the Sap will distill in the manner of filtration; take away the leaf, and the bark will close again, a little earth being clapped to the slit: Thus the Knight for any Tree: But we have already shew'd how the Birch is to be treated: Fasten therefore a Bottle, or some such convenient Vessel appendant: this does the effect better then perforation or tapping: Out of this aperture will extil a limpid and clear water, retaining an obscure smack both of the taste and odor of the Tree; and which (as I am credibly inform'd) will in the space of twelve or fourteen days preponderate, and outweigh the whole Tree it self, body and roots; which if it be constant, and so happen likewise in other Trees, is not only stupendious, but an experiment worthy the consideration of our profoundest  X4Philosophers: an ex sola aqua fiunt Arbores?m ݕ X2$44 Ѝ 'Are trees made from water alone?' whether water only be the principle of Vegetables, and consequently of Trees: For evident it is, that we know of no Tree which does more copiously attract, be it that so much celebrated spirit of the World (as they call it) inform of water (as some) or a certain specifique liquor richly impregnated with this  X 4Balsamical property: That there is such a Magnes in this simple Tree as does manifestly" ,2 m0*}((c@|" draw to it self some occult, and wonderful virtue, is notorious; nor is conceivable, indeed, the difference between the efficacy of that liquor which distills from the bole or parts of the Tree neerer to the Root, (where Sir Hugh would celebrate the Incision) and that which weeps out from the more sublime Branches: But I refer these disquisitions to the learned; especially, as mention'd by that incomparable Philosopher, and my most noble Friend, the honourable Mr  X4Boyle,nݕ Xa4 x<4 Ѝ The Honourable Robert Boyle (162791), philosopher and scientist. The book is probably  XJ4 xZhis Some Considerations Touching the Usefulnesse of Experimental Philosophy, Oxford, 1663 (Lot 231). in his second part of the usefulness of Natural Philosophy: Sect.I. Essay 3d. where he  X4speaks of the Manna del Corpo, or Trunkmanna, as well as of that Liquor from the bough so of the Sura which the Cocotrees afford; and that Polonian secret of the Liquor of the Wallnuttree root; with an encouragement of more frequent Experiments to educe Saccharine substances upon these occasions: But the Book being publish'd so long since this Discourse was ready, I have only here the liberty to refer the Reader to one of the best Entertainments  X4in the world.qoMݕ X4 x4 Ѝ E's library contained a large number of works by Boyle, many of them gifts of the author (Lots 221239).q 4. In the mean time, the liquor of this Tree is esteem'd most powerful for the dissolving  X( 4of the Stone in the bladder: Helmontip( ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Jan Baptista van Helmont (15801644), scientist born in the Spanish Netherlands. He was  xconvinced that the main, if not only, constituent of all matter was water. His 'proof' was that a  xtree he grew over five years increased in weight by 164lb despite only being given water. His works were published in 1648.i shews how to make a Beer of the water; but the Wine is a most rich Cordial, curing (as I am told) Consumptions, and such interiour diseases as accompany the Stone in the Bladder or Reins: This Wine, exquisitely made, is so strong, that the common sort of stonebottles cannot preserve the spirits, so subtile they are and volatile; and yet it is gentle, and very harmless in operation within the Body, and exceedingly  X4sharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante pastum: I will present you a Receipt, as it was sent me by a fair Lady. To every gallon of Birchwater put a quart of Hony well stirr'd together; then boil it almost an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Limonpeel, keeping it well scumm'd: When it is sufficiently boil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four spoonfuls of good Ale to make it work (which it will do like new Ale) and when the Yest begins to settle, bottle it up as you do other winy liquors. It will in a competent time become a most brisk and spiritous Drink, which (besides the former virtues) is a very powerful opener, and doing wonders for cure of the Pthisick: This Wine may (if you please) be made as successfully with Sugar in stead of Hony, 1lb to each Gallon of Water; or you may dulcifie it with Raisins, and compose a Raisinwine of it. I know not whether the quantity of the sweet Ingredients might not be somewhat reduc'd, and the operation improv'd: But I give it as receiv'd. But besides these, Beech, Alder, Ash, Elder, &c. would be attempted for Liquors: Thus Crabs, and even our very Brambles may possibly yield us medical and useful Wines. The Poplar was heretofore esteem'd more physical then the Betula. The sap of the Oak, juice, or decoction of the inner bark cures the Fashions, or Farcy, a virulent and dangerous infirmity in Horses, and which (like Cancers) were reputed incurable by any other Topic, then some actual, or potential cautery: But, what is more noble; a dear friend of mine assur'd me, that a Country Neighbour of his (at least fourscore years of age) who had lain sick of a bloody" -S p0*}((c@b" Strangury (which by cruel torments reduc'd him to the very article of death) was, under God, recover'd to perfect, and almost miraculous health, and strength (so as to be able to fall stoutly to his labour) by one sole draught of Beer, wherein was the decoction of the internal bark of the Oaktree; and I have seen a composition of an admirable sudorific, and diuretic for all affections of the Liver out of the like of the Elm, which might yet be drank daily as  X4our CopheeYqݕ Xa44 Ѝ i.e. Coffee. E had seen coffee first at Oxford, see K. p. 28, May 29 1637 (de Beer, II, 18).Y is, and with no less delight; but Quacking is not my trade: I speak only here as a plain Husbandman, and a simple Forester, out of the limits whereof I hope I have not unpardonably transgress'd. Pan was a Physician, and he (you know) was President of the Woods. But I proceed.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe bCHAP. XVI  X 4\Of the Hasell. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. The Hasell is best rais'd from the Nuts, which you shall sow like Mast in a pretty deep furrow toward the end of February: Light ground may immediately be sown and harrow'd in very accurately; but in case the mould be clay, plow it earlier, and let it be sufficiently mellow'd with the frosts; and then the third year cut your Trees near to the ground with a sharp Bill, the Moon decreasing. 2. But if you would make a Grove for pleasure; plant them in Fosses at a yard distance, and cut them within half a foot of the earth, dressing them for three or four Springs, and Autumns, by only loosning the Mould a little about their roots. Others there are who set the Nuts by hand at one foot distance, to be transplanted at the third year at a yard asunder: But this work is not to be taken in hand so soon as the Nuts fall, till Winter be well advanc'd; because they are exceedingly obnoxious to the frosts; nor will they sprout till the Spring: Besides, Vermine are great devourers of them: Preserve them therefore moist, not mouldy, by laying them in their own dry leaves, or in Sand, till January.  Xp444Plantis & dur% Coryli nascuntur MMM>rpyݕ X44 Ѝ 'Hasels from Sets and Suckers take.' Virgil, Georg. II.65.> 3. Hasells are likewise propagated of Sets, and Suckers; from whence they thrive very well, the shoots being of the scantlings of fine wands, and switches, or somewhat bigger, and such as have drawn divers hairy twigs, which are by no means to be disbranch'd, nor more  XX4then their Roots, unless by a very sparing and discreet hand. Thus your Coryletum or Copse of Hasels being planted about the Autumn, may (as some practise it) be cut within three or four inches of the ground the Spring following, which the new Cion will suddenly repair in clusters and tufts of fair poles of twenty, and sometimes thirty foot long: But, I rather should spare them till two, or three years after, when they shall have taken strong hold, and may be cut close to the very earth; the improsperous, and feeble ones especially. Thus are likewise Filberts to be treated, both of them improv'd much by transplanting. 4. For the place, they above all affect cold, barren, dry and sandy grounds; also Mountains, and even rockie soils produce them; but more plentifully if somewhat moist, dankish, and mossie, as in the fresher Bottoms, and sides of Hills, and in Hedgerows. Such as are maintain'd for Copses, may after twelve years be fell'd the first time; the next at seven"(#.,r0*}((c@ '" or eight, &c. for by this period their Roots will be compleatly vigorous. You may plant them from October to January, provided you keep them carefully weeded till they have taken fast hold. 5. The use of the Hasel is for Poles, Spars, Hoops, Hurdles, Forks, Anglingrods, Faggots, Coals; also for With's and bands, upon which I remember Pliny thinks it a pretty Speculation, that a wood should be stronger to bind withall being bruis'd and divided, then when whole and entire; lastly, for riding Switches and Divinatory Rods for the detecting and  Xx4finding out of Minerals; at least, if that tradition be no imposture.sxݕ X44 Ѝ XVI.176. There is a compendious expedient for the thickning of Copses which are too transparent, by laying of a Sampler, or pole of an Hasel, Ash, Poplar, &c. of twenty, or thirty foot in length (the head a little lopp'd) into the ground, giving it a chop neer the foot, to make it succumb; this fastned to the earth with a hook or two, and cover'd with some fresh mould at a competent depth (as Gard'ners lay their Carnations) will produce a world of suckers, thicken and furnish a Copse speedily. But I am now come to the Waterside; let us next consider the Aquatic.  X 4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe `CHAP. XVII  X4[Of the Poplar. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. I begin this second Class (according to our former Distribution) with the Poplar, of which there are several kinds; White, Black, &c. besides the Aspen: The white is the most ordinary with us, to be rais'd in abundance with every set or slip: Fence the ground as far as any old Poplar roots extend, they will furnish you with suckers innumerable, to be slip'd from their mothers, and transplanted the very first year. You shall need no other Nursery. When they are young their leaves are somewhat broader, and rounder then when they grow aged. In moist, and boggy places they will flourish wonderfully, so the ground be not spewing; but especially neer the Margins and banks of Rivers,  X8444Populus in fluviis MMMMMMt8yݕ Xb44 Ѝ Virgil, Ecl. VII.66.  Also trunchions of seven, or eight foot long, thrust two foot into the earth, when once rooted, may be cut at six inches above ground; and thus placed at a yard distant they will immediately furnish a kind of Copse. But in case you plant them of rootedtrees, or smaller sets, fix them not so deep; for though we bury the Trunchions thus profound; yet is the root which they strike commonly but shallow. The Aspen only (which is that kind of white Poplar bearing a smaller, and more tremulous leaf) thrusts down a more searching foot, and in this likewise differs, that he takes it ill to have his head cut off: Pliny would have short trunchions couched two foot in the ground (but first two days dry'd) at one foot and half distance, and the moulded over. 3. There is something a finer sort of White Poplar which the Dutch call Abele, and we have transported out of Holland: These are also best propagated of slips from the Roots, the least of which will take, and may in March, at three, or four years growth, be transplanted."`"/,t0*}((c@0&"Ԍ X44. In Flanders (not in France, as a late Authoruݕ Xy44 Ѝ Not identifiable. pretends) they have large Nurseries of them, which first they plant at one foot distance, the mould light, and moist; but, as I said, they must be interr'd pretty deep, and kept clean by pruning them to the middle shoot for the first two years, and so till the third or fourth: When you Transplant, place them at eight, ten or twelve foot Interval: They will likewise grow of Layers, and even of cuttings: In three years they will come to an incredible altitude; in twelve, be as big as your middle; and in eighteen, or twenty, arrive to full perfection: A specimen of this advance we have had of an  Xx4Abele Tree at Sion,vxyݕ X 4 x4 Ѝ Syon House, Isleworth, Middlesex, home of the Dukes of Northumberland. E visited Syon on July 7 1665, see K. p.162 (de Beer, III, 4145). E was disappointed by the garden. which being lopp'd in Febr. 1651. did by the end of October 52. produce branches as big as a mans wrist, and seventeen foot in length: As they thus increase in bulk, their value and price advance likewise; so as the Dutch look upon a Plantation of these Trees as an ample portion for a Daughter, and none of the least effects of their good Husbandry; which truly may very well be allow'd, if that calculation hold, which the Knight  X` 4has asserted, who began his Plantation not long since about Richmond; that 30 li. being laid out in these Plants, would render at the least ten thousand pounds in eighteen years: Every Tree affording thirty Plants, and every of them thirty more, after each seven years improving twelve pence in growth, till they arriv'd to their acme. 5. The Black Poplar grows rarely with us; it is a stronger, and taller Tree then the White, the leaves more dark, and not so ample. Divers stately ones of these I remember  X4about the banks of the Po in Italy, which River being the old Eridanus so celebrated by the  X4Poets in which the temerarious Pha-ton is said to have been precipitated, wݕ X44 Ѝ Ovid, Metamorphoses, II.324.  doubtless gave argument to that fiction of his sad Sisters Metamorphosis into these Trees; but for the Amber of their precious tears I could hear of no such matter, whiles passing down that River towards Ferrara I diverted my self with this story of the ingenious Poet. 6. The best use of the Poplar, and Abele (which are all of them hospitable Trees, for any thing thrives under their shades) is for Walks, and Avenues about Grounds which are situated low, and neer the water, till coming to be very old they are apt to grow knurry, and out of proportion: The Timber is incomparable for all sorts of white Woodden Vessels as Trays, Bowls, and other Turners ware; likewise to make Carts, because it is exceeding light; for Vine, and Hopprops, and divers viminious works. The loppings in January are for the Fire; and of the twigs (with the leaves on) are made Brooms. The Brya or Catkins attract the Bees, as do also the leaves more tenacious of the Meldews then most other Foresttrees, the Oak excepted. Of the Aspen our Woodmen make Hoops, Firewood and Coals, &c.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe ]CHAP. XVIII" 0w0*}((c@b"Ԍ X4ԙ_Of the Alder. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. The Alder is of all other the most faithful lover of watery and boggy places, and those most  XX4despis'd weeping parts, or watergalls of Forests, MMM crassisque paludibus AlnixXݕ X44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.110.. They are propagated of Trunchions, and will come of Seeds (for so they raise them in Flanders, and make wonderful profit of the Plantations) like the Poplar; or of the Roots, which I prefer, being set as big as the small of one's leg, and in length about two foot; whereof one would be plunged in the mud. This profound fixing of Aquatictrees being to preserve them steedy, and from the concussions of the winds, and violence of waters, in their liquid and slippery foundations. They may be placed at four, or five foot distance; and when they have struck root, you may cut them, which will cause them to spring in clumps, and to shoot out into many useful poles. But if you plant smaller sets, cut them not till they are arriv'd to some competent bigness; and that in a proper season; which is, for all the Aquatics, not till Winter be well advanc'd, in regard of their pithy substance. Therefore such as you shall have occasion to make use of before that period ought to be well grown, and fell'd with the earliest, and in the first quarter of the increasing Moon; that so the successive shoot receive no prejudice. 2. There are a sort of Husbands who take excessive pains in stubbing up their Alders whereever they meet them in the boggy places of their grounds, with the same indignation as one would extirpate the most pernicious of Weeds; and when they have finish'd, know not how to convert their best Lands to more profit then this (seeming despicable) plant might lead them to, were it rightly understood: besides, the shadow of this Tree does feed and nourish the very grass which grows under it. 3. You may cut Aquatictrees every third, or fourth year, and some more frequently, as I shall shew you hereafter. They should also be abated within half a foot of the principal head, to prevent the perishing of the main stock; and besides, to accelerate their sprouting. In setting the Trunchions it were not amiss to prepare them a little after they are fitted to the size, by laying them a while in water; this is also practicable in Willows, &c. 4. Of old they made Boats of the greater parts of this Tree  Xp444Tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatasFyp{ݕ X44 Ѝ 'When hollow Alders first the Waters try'd.' Virgil, Georg. I.136.F  V444 Nec non & torrentem undam levis innatat alnus  X444 Missa Pado MMMGz.ݕ X44 Ѝ 'And down the rapid Poe light Alders glide.' Virgil, Georg. II.451.G And as then, so now, are overgrown Alders frequently sought after, for such Buildings as lye continually under water, where it will harden like a very stone; whereas being kept in any unconstant temper it rots immediately: Vitruvius tells us, that the Morasses about Ravenna in  X4Italy were pil'd with this Timber, to superstruct upon, and highly commends it.'{ݕ XB%44 Ѝ Vitruvius, De Architectura, II.9.11.' 5. The Poles of Alder are as useful as those of Willows; but the coals far exceed them; especially for Gunpowder: The Wood is likewise useful for Piles, Pumps, Waterpipes, Troughs, Sluces, Woodenheels, and the swelling bunches which are now and then found in" 1{0*}((c@#" old Trees, afford the Inlayer pieces curiously chamleted and very hard, &c. but the Fagots better for the fire then for the draining of Grounds, by placing them (as the guise is) in the Trenches; which old rubbish of Flints, Stones, and the like gross materials does infinitely exceed, because it is for ever, preserves the Draines hollow, and being a little moulded over will produce good grass, without any detriment to the ground; but this is a secret, not yet well understood, and would merit an express Paragraph, were it here seasonable,  Vx444 MMMMM & jam nos inter opacas  X@444 Musa vocat Salices|@ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ 'And now the Muse calls us amongst the shady willows'. The quote (not identified) appears as a device to lead the reader to the next chapter.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe cCHAP. XIX  X 4 Of the Withy, Sally, Ozier, and Willow. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   V 4 Oe  Oe Withy. I. Since Cato has attributed the third place to the Salictum, preferring it even next to the very Ortyard; and (what one would wonder at) before even the Olive, Meadow, or Corn-field it  X4self (for Salictum tertio loco, nempe post vineam, &c.)R}bݕ X44 Ѝ Cato, De Re Rustica I.7 tertio salictum; but E's source is Pliny XVI.176.R and that we find it so easily rais'd, of so great and universal Use. I have thought it good to be the more particular in my Discourse upon them; especially, since so much of that which I shall publish concerning them, is deriv'd from the long experience of a most learned and ingenious person, from whom I acknowledge to have receiv'd many of these hints. Not to perplex the Reader with the various names, Greek, Gallic, Sabinic, Amerine, Vitex, &c. better distinguish'd by their growth, and barke; and by Latine Authors all  X4comprehended by that of Salices, I begin with the Withy. The Withy is a reasonable large Tree, and fit to be planted on high banks; because they extend their roots deeper then either Sallyes or Willows. For this reason you shall plant them at ten or twenty foot distance; and though they grow the slowest of all the twiggy Trees; yet do they recompence it with the larger crop; the wood being tough, and the twigs fit to bind strongly; the very peelings of the branches being useful to bind Arbour-poling, and in Topiary works, Vineyards, Espalier-fruit, and the like. 2. There are two principal sorts of these Withies, the hoary, and the red Withy which is the Greek; toughest and fittest to bind while the twigs are flexible and tender.  X4Sallyes. I. Sallyes grow much faster, if they are planted within reach of water, or in a very moorish ground, or flat plain; and where the soil is, by reason of extraordinary moisture, unfit for Arable, or Meadow; for in these cases it is an extraordinary improvement: In a word, where Birch and Alder will thrive. 2. Before you plant them, it is found best to turn the ground with a Spade; especially, if you design them for a flat."`"2}0*}((c@0&"Ԍ3. We have three sorts of Sallys amongst us: The vulgar, which proves best in dryer banks, and the hopping Sallys which require a moister soil, growing with incredible celerity: And a third kind, of a different colour from the other two, having the twigs reddish, the leaf not so long, and of a more dusky green; more brittle while it is growing in twigs, and more tough when arriv'd to a competent size: All of them useful for the Thatcher. 4. Of these, the hopping Sallys are in greatest esteem, being of a clearer terse grain, and requiring a more succulent soil; best planted a foot deep, and a foot and a half above ground (though some will allow but a foot) for then every branch will prove excellent for future setlings. After three years growth (being cropp'd the second and third) the first years increase will be 'twixt eight and twelve foot long generally; the second years growth strong enough to make Rakes and Pike-staves; and the third for M. Blithes's trenching Plow, and other like  X4Utensils of the Husbandman.2~ݕ X 44 Ѝ See above, Chapter III Of the Oak., 17, note 1.2 5. If ye plant them at full height (as some do, at four years growth, setting them five, or six foot length, to avoid the biting of Cattel) they will be less useful for straight staves, and for setlings, and make less speed in their growth; yet this also is a considerable improvement. 6. These would require to be planted at least five foot distance (some set them as much more) and in the Quincunx order: If they affect the soil, the leaf will come large, half as broad as a mans hand, and of a more vivid green, always larger the first year, then afterwards: some plant them sloping, and crosswise like a hedge; but this impedes their wonderful growth; and (though Pliny seems to commend it, teaching us how to excorticate some places of each set, for the sooner production of shoots) it is but a deceitful Fence, neither fit to keep out Swine, nor Sheep; and being set too neer, inclining to one another, they soon destroy each other. 7. The worst Sallys may be planted so neer yet, as to be instead of stakes in a hedge, and then their tops will supply their dwarfishness; and to prevent Hedgebreakers many do thus plant them; because they cannot easily be pull'd up, after once they have struck root. 8. If some be permitted to wear their tops five or six years, their Palms will be very ample, and yield the first, and most plentiful relief to Bees, even before our Abricots blossom. The hopping Sallys open, and yield their Palms before other Sallys, and when they are blown (which is about the exit of May, or sometimes June) the Palms are four inches long and full of a fine Cotton: A poor Body might in an hours space gather a pound or two of it, which resembling the finest silk, might doubtless be converted to some profitable use by an ingenious Housewife. 9. Of these Hopping Sallys, after three years rooting, each plant will yield about a score of staves of full eight foot in length, and so following, for use, as we noted above: Compute then how many fair Pike-staves, Perches, and other useful Materials, that will amount to an Acre, if planted at five foot interval: But a fat, and moist soil requires indeed more space then a lean or dryer; namely six or eight foot distance. 10. You may plant setlings of the very first years growth; but the second year they are better, and the third year better then the second; and the fourth as good as the third; especially, if they approach the water. A bank at a foot distance from the water is kinder for them then a Bog, or to be altogether immers'd in the water. 11. 'Tis good to new-mould them about the Roots every second or third year; but Men seldom take the pains. It seems that Sallys are more hardy then even Willows and Oziers, of which Columella takes as much care as Vines themselves. But 'tis cheaper to supply the vacuity of such accidental decays by a new plantation, then to be at the charge of digging about them three times a year, as that Author advises; seeing some of them will decay, whatever care be used."$3{~0*}((c@("Ԍ12. Sallys may also be propagated like Vines, by courbing, and bowing them in Arches, and covering some of their parts with mould, &c. 13. For setlings, those are to be preferr'd which grow neerest to the stock, and so (consequently) those worst which most approach the top. They should be planted in the first fair, and pleasant weather in February, before they begin to bud. They may be cut in Spring for Fuel; but best in Autumn for use; but in this work (as of Poplar) leave a twig or two; which being twisted Arch-wise will produce plentiful sprouts, and suddenly furnish a head. 14. If in our Copses one in four were a Sally set, amongst the rest of varieties, the profit would recompence the care. 15. The swift growing Sally is not so tough, and hardy for some uses as the flower, which makes stocks for Gard'ners Spades; but the other are proper for Rakes, Pikes, Mops, &c. Sally-coal is the soonest consum'd; but of all others the most accommodate for Painters to design their Work, and first draught on paper with, &c. as being fine, and apt to slit into Pencils. 16. To conclude, there is a way of graffing a Sally trunchion; take it of two foot and  X 4half long as big as your wrist; Graff at both ends a Figue, and Mulberry Cion7 ݕ X144 Ѝ See note above Chapter XVI Of the Hasell, 3, note 2.7 of a foot long, and so (without claying) set the stock so far into the ground as the plant may be three or four inches above the earth: This will thrive exceedingly the first year, and in three be fit to transplant. The season for this curiosity is February.  V4Oziers. I. Oziers are commonly distinguish'd from Sallyes, as Sallyes are from Withies; being so much smaller then the Sallyes, and shorter liv'd, and requiring more constant moisture, and yielding more limber, and flexible twigs for Baskets, Flaskets, Hampers, Chairs, Hurdles, Stayes, Bands, &c. likewise for fish Wairs, and to support the Banks of impetuous River: In fine, for all Wicker and Twiggy Works:  X444Viminibus Salices MMMMM{ݕ X 44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.446. 2. But these sort of Oziers would be cut in the new shoot; for if they stand longer they become more inflexible; cut them close to the head (a foot or so above earth) about the beginning of October; and unless you will attend till the cold be past, which is better; and in the decrease, for the benefit of the Workman; though not altogether for that of the stock, and succeeding shoot: When they are cut, make them up into bundles, and give them shelter; but such as are for White-work (as they call it) being thus faggotted, should be set in water, the ends dipped; but for black, and unpeel'd, preserv'd under covert only: The peelings of the former are for the use of the Gard'ner. 3. We have in England these three vulgar sorts; one of little worth, being brittle, and very much resembling the fore-mention'd Sally, with reddish twigs, and more greenish, and rounder leaves: Another kind there is, call'd Perch, of limber and green twigs, having a very slender leaf; the third sort is totally like the second, only the twigs are not altogether so green, but yellowish, and neer the Popinjay: This is the very best for Use, tough and hardy. 4. These choicer sorts of Oziers, which are ever the smallest; also the goldenyellow and white which is preferr'd for propagation and to breed of, should be planted of slips of two, or three years growth, a foot deep, and half a yard length, in Moorish ground, or Banks,"(#4.0*}((c@ '"  X4or else in Furrows; so as the roots may frequently reach the water; for Fluminibus Salices - and at three, or foot distance. 5. The season for planting is in mid-February; but Cattel being excessively licorish of their leaves and tender buds, some talk of a graffing them out of reach upon Sallys, and by this to advance their sprouting; but as the work would consume time, so have I never seen it succeed. 6. Some do also plant Oziers in their Eights like Quick-sets, thick, and (neer the water) keep them not more then half a foot above ground; but then they must be diligently cleans'd from Moss, Slab and Ouze, and frequently prun'd (especially the smaller spires) to form single shoots; at least, that few, or none grow double: These they head every second year about September, the Autumnal cuttings being best for use: But generally 7. You may cut Withies, Sallys, and Willows at any mild and gentle season between leaf and leaf even in Winter; but the most congruous time both to plant and to cut them is  X( 4Crescente Luna Vere, circa calendas Martias; that is, about the new Moon, and first open weather of the early Spring. 8. It is in France, upon the Loire, where these Eights (as we call them) and Plantations of Oziers and Withies are perfectly understood; as it seems in some places also of our own Country, where I have heard twenty pounds has been given for one Acre. 9. To omit nothing of the culture of this useful Ozier, Pliny would have the place to be prepar'd by trenching it a foot and half deep, and in that to fix the sets or cuttings of the same length at six foot intervals. These (if the sets be large) will come immediately to be Trees; which after the first three years are to be abated within two foot of the ground. Then, in April, he advises to dig about them: Of these they formerly Vine-props, and one Acre hath been known to yield props sufficient to serve a Vineyard of twenty five Acres.  X410. John Tradescanp|ݕ X94 x}4 Ѝ John Tradescant the elder (d. 1637), or his son John Tradescant (160862), both travellers  X"4 xand Gardeners to Charles I (DNB). E acquired the younger's Museum Tradescantianum, or a  X 4 x3Collection of Rarities preserved at SouthLambeth neer London in 1656, its year of publication  xA(Lot no. 1488; pressmark Q.75). This copy is preserved at St. Mary's, Lambeth, now a  X4 x'gardening museum dedicated to the Tradescants. E visited the Museum in 1657, see K. September 17 1657 (de Beer, III, 1989).p brought a small Ozier from St. Omers in Flanders, which makes incomparable Net-works, not much inferiour to the Indian twig or Bent-works which we have seen; but if we had them in greater abundance, we should haply want the Artificers who could imply them.  V4Willow. I. Our common Willow of the woodier sort delights in Meads and Ditchsides, rather dry, then over wet (for so they last longest) and would be planted of stakes as big as on's leg, cut at the length of five or six foot, and fix'd a foot or more into the earth; the hole made with an Oaken-stake and beetle, or with an Iron-crow (some use a long Augur) so as not to be forced in with too great violence: But first, the Trunchions should be a little slop'd at both extreams, and the biggest planted downwards: To this, if they are soak'd in water two or three days (after they have been siz'd for length, and the twigs cut off ere you plant them) it will be the better. Let this be done in February. Arms of four years growth will yield substantial sets to be planted at eight or ten foot distance; and for the first three years well defended from the Cattel, who infinitely delight in their leaves, green or wither'd."@5 0*}((c@""Ԍ2. Thus a Willow may continue twenty, or five and twenty years, with good profit to the industrious Planter, being headed every four or five years, some have been known to shoot no less than twelve foot in one year, after which the old, rotten Dotards may be fell'd, and easily supplied. But if you have ground fit for whole Copses of this Wood, cast it into double dikes, making every foss neer three foot wide; two and half in depth; then leaving four foot at least of ground for the earth (because in such Plantations the moisture should be below the roots, that they may rather see, then feel the water) and two Tables of Sets on each side, plant the Ridges of these Banks with but one single Table, longer and bigger then the Collateral, viz. three, four, five or six foot high, and distant from each other about two yards. 3. These banks being carefully kept weeded for the first two years, till the Plants have vanquish'd the Grass; every Acre at eleven, or twelve years growth, may yield you neer an hundred load of wood: Cut them in the Spring for dressing; but in the Fall for Timber and Fuel: I have been inform'd, that a Gentleman in Essex has lopp'd no less then 2000 yearly, all of his own planting. 4. There is a sort of Willow of a slender and long leaf, resembling the smaller Ozier; but rising to a Tree as big as the Sally; full of knots, and of a very brittle spray, only here rehears'd to acknowledge the variety. 5. There is likewise the Garden-willow, which produces a sweet and beautiful flower, fit to be admitted into Hortulan ornaments, and may be set for partitions of squares; but they have no affinity with other. There is also in Shropshire another very odiferous kind. 6. What most of the former enumerated kinds differ from the Sallys, is indeed not much considerable, they being generally useful for the same purposes; as Boxes, such as Apothercaries and Goldsmiths use; for CartSaddletrees, Harrows, Shooe-makers Lasts, Heels, Clogs for Pattens, Pearches, Hop-poles; Ricing of kidny-beans, and for Supporters to Vines, when our English Vineyards come more in request: Also for Hurdles, Sieves, Lattices; for the Turner, Coals and Bavin. The wood being preserv'd dry will dure a very long time; but that which is found wholly putrifi'd, and reduc'd to a loamy earth in the hollow trunks of superannuated Trees, is, of all other, the fittest to be mingl'd with fine mould for the raising our choicest Flowers, such as Anemonies, Ranunculus's, Auriculas, and the like; for  Vp444Quid majora sequar? Salices, humilesque genist% 44Aut ill% pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram  X444Sufficiunt, sepemque satis, & pabula melli.ݕ Xy44 Ѝ'What would we more? low Broom, and Sallows wild, sOr feed the Flock, or Shepherds Shade, or Field  XK4sHedges about, or do us Honey yield.' Virgil, Georg. II.434. 7. Now by all these Plantations of the Aquatic Trees, it is evident the Lords of Moorish Commons, and unprofitable Wastes, may learn some improvement, and the neighbouring Bees be gratifi'd; and many Tools of Husbandry become much cheaper. I conclude, with the learned Stephanus's note upon these kind of Trees, after he has enumerated the universal  X4benefit of the Salictum: Nullius enim tutior reditus, minorisue impendii, aut tempestatis  Xx4securior.}xMݕ Xv$4 x4 Ѝ E's library catalogue lists a work by Carolus Stephanus, printed at 'Lutetia' (Paris), 1554,  X_%4 xpressmark M.3. This work was not in the Library Sale though a later edition, De Urbibus  XJ&4 x<Inscripta... of 1694, was but this was probably purchased by a later member of the family as it carried no pressmarks.}"x60*}((c@!"Ԍ X4ԙ`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  cCHAP. XX.  X 43Of Fences, Quick-sets, &c. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe 1. Our main Plantation is now finish'd, and our Forest adorn'd with a just variety: But what is yet all this labour, but loss of time, and irreparable expence, unless our young, and (as  X@4yet) tender Plants be sufficiently guarded from all external injuries? for, as old Tusser,"@ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Thomas Tusser (c.152480), agricultural writer and poet (DNB). E listed a work in his  X 4 xLibrary catalogue but did not specify date or title. Probably Hundreth Good Points of  X 4Husbandrie, 1557, it was not in the Library sale." 44If Cattel, or Cony may enter to crop 44Young Oak is in danger of losing his top. But with something a more polish'd stile, though to the same purpose, the best of Poets,  V 444Texend% sepes etiam, et pecus omne tenendum est: 44Pr%cipue dum frons tenera imprudensque laborum; 44Cui super indignas hyemes, solemque potentem 44Silvestres viri assidue capre%que sequaces 44Illudunt: Pascuntur oves avid%que iuvenc%. 44Frigora nec tantum cana concreta pruina, 44Aut gravis incumbens scopulis arentibus %stas, 44Quantum illi nocuere greges, durique venenum  X444Dentis, et admorsa signata in stirpe cicatrix.JOݕ X44 Ѝ'Plash Fences thy Plantation round about, sAnd whilst yet Young, be sure keep Cattel out; sSeverest Winters, scorching Sun infest, sAnd Sheep, Goats, Bullocks, all young Plants molest; sYet neither Cold, nor the hoar rigid Frost, sNor Heat reflecting from the Rocky Coast, sLike Cattel Trees, and tender shoots confound,  XW4sWhen with invenom'd Teeth the Twigs they wound. Virgil, Georg. II.371. 2. For the reason that so many complain of the improsperous condition of their Wood-lands, and Plantations of this kind, proceeds from this neglect; though (Sheep excepted) there is no imployment whatsoever incident to the Farmer, which requires less expence to gratifie their expectations: One diligent, and skilful Man will govern five hundred Acres: But if through any accident a Beast shall break into his Master's field; or the wicked Hunters make a gap for his dogs and horses, what a clamor is there made for the disturbance of a years Crop at most in a little Corn? whiles abandoning his young Woods all this time, and perhaps many years, to the venomous bitings and treadings of Cattel, and other like injuries (for want of due care) the detriment is many times irreparable: Young Trees once cropp'd hardly ever recovering: It is the bane of all our most hopeful Timber. But shall I provoke"7a 0*}((c@" you by an instance? A Kins-man of mine has a Wood of more then 60 years standing; it was, before he purchas'd it, expos'd and abandon'd to the Cattel for divers years: some of the outward skirts were nothing save shrubs and miserable starvlings; yet still the place had a disposition to grow woody; but by this neglect continually suppress'd. The industrious Gentleman has Fenced in some Acres of this, and cut all close to the ground; it is come in eight or nine years to be better worth then the wood of sixty; and will (in time) prove most incomparable Timber, whiles the other part so many years advanc'd, shall never recover; and all this from no other cause, then preserving ir fenc'd: Judge then by this, how our Woods came to be so decried: Are five hundred Sheep worthy the care of a Shepherd? and are not  X4five thousand Oaks worth the Fencing, and the inspection of a Hayward?uݕ X 4 x4 Ѝ E included this same passage in later editions, despite the fact that by 1706 a further 42 years had passed.u  X4Et dubitant homines ferere, atque impendere curam?Hbݕ X 44 Ѝ 'And shall Men doubt to Plant, and careful be? Virgil, Georg. II.433.H Let us therefore shut up what we have thus laboriously planted, with some good Quick-set hedge.  V 4Quicksets. I. The White-thorne which is the best for Fencing, is either rais'd of Seeds or Plants; but then it must not be with despair, because sometimes you do not see them peep the first year; for the Haw, and many other seeds, being invested with a very hard Integument, will now and then suffer imprisonment two whole years under the earth; and impatience of this does often frustrate the expectation of the resurrection of divers seeds of this nature; so as we frequently dig up, and disturb the beds where they have been sown, in despair, before they have gone their full time; which is also the reason of a very popular mistake in other seeds: 2. Especially, that of the Holly, concerning which there goes a tradition, that they will  XP4not sprout till they be pass'd through the Maw of a Thrush; whence the saying, Turdus  X4exitium suum cacatݕ X44 Ѝ 'The thrush defecates its ruin'. (alluding to the Viscus made thereof, not the Missleto of Oak) but this is an errour, as I am able to testifie on experience; they come up very well of the Berries, and patience; for (as I affirm'd) they will sleep sometimes two entire years in their Graves; as will  Xp4also the seeds of Tew, Sloes, Phillyrea angustifolia, and sundry others, whose shells are very hard about the small kernels; but which is wonderfully facilitated, by being (as we directed) prepar'd in beds, and magazines of earth or sand for a competent time, and then committed to the ground before the full in March, by which season they will be chitting, and speedily take root: Others bury them deep in the ground all Winter, and sow them in February: And thus I have been told of a Gentleman who has considerable improv'd his Revenue, by sowing Haws only, and Nurseries of Quick-sets, which he fells by the hundred far and neer: This is a commendable industry; and neglected corners of ground will fit this Plantation:  X43. But Columella has another expedient for the raising of our spinetum,ݕ X'&44 Ѝ Latin name for a thornhedge. by rubbing the now mature Hips and Haws into the crevices of bass-ropes, and then burying them in a"x8w0*}((c@""  X4trench:ݕ Xy44 Ѝ De Re Rustica XI.iii.5. whether way you attempt it, they must (so soon as they peep, and as long as they require it) be sedulously cleans'd of the weeds; which, if in beds for transplantation, had need be at the least three or four years; by which time, even your seedlings will be of stature fit to remove; for I do by no means approve of the vulgar pr%mature planting of sets, as is generally us'd throughout England; which is to take such as are the very smallest, and so to crowd them into three or four files, which are both egregious mistakes. 4. Whereas it is found by constant experience, that plants as big as ones thumb, set in the posture, and at the distance which we spake of in the Hornbeam; that is, almost perpendicular, and single, or at most not exceeding a double row, do prosper infinitely, and much out-strip the densest, and closest ranges of our trifling Sets, which make but weak shoots, and whose roots do but hinder each other, and for being couch'd in that posture on the sides of Banks and Fences (especially where the earth is not very tenacious) are bared of the mould which should entertain them, by that time the Rains and Storms of one Winter have passed over them. In Holland, and Flanders (where they have the goodliest Hedges of this kind about the Counter-scarps of their invincible Fortifications, to the great security of their Musketiers upon occasion) they plant them according to my description, and raise Fences so  X 4speedily, and so impenetrable, that our best are not to enter into the comparison. {ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ E may be alluding to his brief experience as a mercenary in Holland at Gennep, see K. August 23 1641, p. 34 (de Beer, II, 356). 6. Your Hedge being yet young, should be constantly weeded, though some admit not of this work until after Michaelmas, for reasons that I approve not: It has been the practice of Herefordshire, in the plantation of Quicksethedges, to plant a Crab-stock at every twenty foot distance; and this they observe so Religiously, as if they had been under some rigorous Statute requiring it: But by this means they were provided in a short time with all advantages  X04of for the graffing of Fruit amongst them, which does highly recompense their industry.0ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ The number 5 is omitted from this sequence of paragraphs in the original text. This paragraph 6 therefore follows paragraph 4. 7. When your Hedge is now about of six years stature, plash it about February or October; but this is the work of a very dextrous and skilful Husbandman; and for which our  X4honest Country-man M. Markhamݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Gervase Markham (c.15681637), agricultural writer (DNB). E possessed at least three of his books (Lots 97880; various pressmarks). gives excellent directions; only I approve not so well of his deep cutting, if it be possible to bend it, having suffered in some thing of that kind: It is almost incredible to what perfection some have laid these Hedges, by the rural way of plashing, better then by clipping; yet may both be used for ornament, as where they are planted about our Garden-fences, and fields neer the Mansion. In Scotland by tying the young shoots with bands of hay, they make the stems grow so very close together, as that it encloseth Rabbits in Warrens instead of pales. 8. And now since I did mention it, and that most I find do greatly affect the ordinary way of Quicking (that this our Discourse be in nothing deficient) we will in brief give it you much after Geo. Markhams description, because it is the best and most accurate. In a Ground which is more dry then wet (for watry places it abhors) plant your Quick thus: Let the first row of Sets be placed in a trench of about half a foot deep, even with the top of your ditch, in somewhat a sloping, or inclining posture: Then having rais'd your bank"9I 0*}((c@Y " neer a foot upon them, plant another row, so as their tops may just peep out over the middle of the spaces of your first row: These cover'd again to the height or thickness of the other, place a third rank opposite to the first, and then finish your bank to its intended height. The distances of the plants would not be above one foot; and the season to do the work in may be from the entry of February till the end of March; or else in September, to the beginning of December. When this is finish'd, you must guard both the top of your Bank and outmost verge of your Ditch with a sufficient dry-hedge, interwoven from stake to stake into the earth (which commonly they do on the bank) to secure your Quick from the spoil of Cattle. And then being careful to repair such as decay, or do not spring, by suppling the dead, and trimming the rest; you shall after three years growth sprinkle some Timber-trees amongst them; such as Oak, Beech, Ash, Maple, Fruit, or the like; which being drawn young out of your Nurseries, may be very easily inserted. But that which we affirm'd to require the greatest dexterity in this work, is the artificial plashing of our Hedge when it is now arriv'd to a six or seven years head. In February therefore, or October, with a very sharp Bill cut away all superfluous sprays and straglers which may hinder your progress, and are useless. Then searching out the principal stems, with a keen and light Hatchet cut them slant-wise about three quarters through, and so lay it from you sloping as you go, folding in the lesser branches which spring from them; and ever within a five, or six foot distance, where you find an upright set (cutting off only the top to the height of your intended hedge) let it stand as a stake to fortifie your work, and to receive the twinings of those branches about it. Lastly, at the top (which would be about five foot above ground) take the longest, most slender and flexible twigs which you reserved (and being cut as the former where need requires) bind in the extremities of all the rest, and thus your work is finish'd: This being done very close, and thick, makes an impregnable Hedge, in few years; for it may be repeated as you see occasion; and what you so cut away will help to make your dry-hedges for your young Plantations, or be profitable  X4for the Oven, and make good Bavin.4ݕ X44 Ѝ See note above Chapter V Of the Beech, 2. note 3.4  X49. The Pyracanth, Paliurus, and like pretioser sorts of Thorne might easily be propagated into plenty sufficient to store even these vulgar Uses were Men industrious; and then how beautiful, and sweet would the environs of our Fields be? for there are none of the spinous shrubs more hardy, nor fitter for our defence. Thus might Berberies now and then be also inserted among our hedges, which with the Hips, Haws, and Cornel-berries, do well in light lands, and would rather be planted to the South then North, or West, as usually we observe them. 10. Some mingle their very hedges with Oaklings, Ash, and Fruit-trees sown, or planted, and 'tis a laudable improvement. 11. In Cornwall they secure their Lands and Woods with high Mounds, and on them they plant Acorns whose roots bind in the looser mould, and so form a double, and most durable Fence, incircling the Fields with a Coronet of Trees. They do likewise (and that with  X@4great commendation) make Hedges of our Genista Spinosa, prickly Furzes, of which they have a taller sort, such as the French imploy for the same purpose in Bretaigne, where they are incomparable husbands. 13. It is to be sown (which is best) or planted of the roots in a furrow: If sown, weeded till it be strong: both Tonsile, and to be diligently clip'd, which will render it very thick, an"`":{0*}((c@&" excellent and beautiful hedge: Otherwise permitted to grow at large, 'twill yield very good  X4Fagot.+ݕ XA44 Ѝ There is no paragraph 12 in the original text.+ 14. Thus, in some places, they sow in barren grounds (when they lay them down) the last crop with this feed, and so let them remain till they break them up again, and during that  X 4interim, reap considerable advantage: Would you believe (writes a worthy Correspondent  yݕ XJ44 Ѝ Untraceable.  of  X4mine) that in Herefordshire (famous for plenty of wood) their Thickets of Furzes (viz. the vulgar) should yield them more profit, then a like quantity of the best Wheat land of England? for such is theirs; and in Devonshire (the seat of the best Husbands in the World) they sow on their worst Land (well plow'd) the seeds of the rankest Furzes, which in four or five years becomes a rich Wood: No provender makes horses so hardy, as the young tops of these Furzes; no other Wood so thick, nor more excellent Fuel; and for some purposes also, yielding them a kind of Timber to their more humble buildings, and great refuge for Fowl and other Game: I am assur'd, in Bretaigne 'tis sometimes sown no less than twelve yards thick, for a speedy, profitable, and impenetrable Mound: If we imitated this husbandry in the barren places of Surrey, and other parts of this Nation, we might exceedingly spare our woods; and I have bought the best sort of French seed at the shops in London. 15. This puts me in mind of the Broom; another improvement for Barren grounds, and saver of more substantial Fuel: It may be sown English, or (what is more sweet, and beautiful) the Spanish, with equal success. 16. In the Western parts of France, and Cornwall, it grows with us, to an incredible  X4height (however our Poet give it the epithete of humilis)H*ݕ X{44 Ѝ E presumably means Virgil, Georg. II.213. 'humilis ... casias.'H and so it seems they had it of old,  Xh4as appears by Gratius his Genistae Altinates,hݕ X4 x4 Ѝ 'The Altinatean broomplants'. The Altinates were the inhabitants of Altinum, a town in northeast Italy on the shores of the Adriatic. with which (as he affirms) they us'd to make staves for their Spears, and hunting Darts. 17. Lastly, a considerable Fence may be made of the Elder, set of reasonable lusty trunchions; much like the Willow, and (as I have seen them maintain'd) laid with great curiosity, and far exceeding those extravagant plantations of them about London, where the lops are permitted to grow without due and skilful laying. 18. There is a sort of Elder which has hardly any Pith; this makes exceeding stout Fences, and the Timber very useful for Cogs of Mills, and such tough employments. 19. The American Yucca is a harder plant then we take it to be; for it will suffer our sharpest Winter, as I have seen by experience, without that trouble, and care of setting it in Cases of our Conservatories for hyemation; such as have beheld it in Flower (which is not indeed till it be of some age) must needs admire the beauty of it; and it being easily multiplied, why should it not make one of the best and most ornamental Fences in the world for our Gardens, with its natural palisados, as well as the more tender, and impatient of  XX4moisture the Aloes does for their Vineyards in Languedoc &c. but We believe nothing  X 4improvable, save what our Grand-fathers taught us. wݕ XH&4 x4 Ѝ This kind of knowledge earned E a place on the Council for Foreign Plantations, see K. February 28 1671, p.205 (de Beer, III, 5701)." ; 0*}((c@|"ԌAnd thus, having accomplish'd what (by your Commands) I had to offer concerning the propagation of the more Solid, Material, and useful Trees, as well as the Dry, as Aquatical; and to the best of my talent fenc'd our Plantation in, I should here conclude, and set a Bound likewise to my Discourse, by making an Apologie for the many errours and impertinencies; did not take the zeal, and ambition of this Illustrious Society to promote and improve all Attempts which may concern the Publick utility or Ornament, perswade Me, that what I am adding for the farther encouragement to the planting of some other useful (though less Vulgar) Trees, will at least obtain your pardon, if it miss of your Approbation.  V4FruitTrees. 1. To discourse in this stile of all such Fruit-trees as would prove of greatest emolument to the whole Nation, were to design a just Volume; and there are directions already so many, and so accurately deliver'd and publish'd (but which cannot be affirm'd of any of the former Classes of Forest-trees and other remarkes, at the least to hy poor knowledge and research) that it would be needless to Repeat. 2. I do only wish (upon the prospect, and meditation of the universal Benefit) that every person whatsoever, worth ten pounds per annum, within his Majesties Dominions, were by some indispensable Statute oblig'd to plant his Hedge-rows with the best and most useful kinds of them; especially, in such places of the Nation, as being the more in-land Counties, and remote from the Seas and Navigable Rivers, might the better be excus'd from the planting of Timber, to the proportion of those who are more happily and commodiously situated for the transportation of it. 3. Undoubtedly, if this course were taken effectually, a very considerable part both of the Meat and Drink which is spent to our prejudice might be saved by the Countrey-people, even out of the Hedges and Mounds, which would afford them not only the pleasure and profit of their delicious Fruit, but such abundance of Cider and Perry as should suffice them  X4to drink of one of the most wholesom and excellent Beverages in the World. Old Gerardݕ X4 x/4 Ѝ Presumably John Gerard (15451612), herbalist (DNB). E possessed the 1633 edition of  Xz4 xhis book The Herball or Generall Historie of Plants, edited by Thomas Johnson (Library  x<catalogue no. 34 under G, erroneously dated 1636; pressmark 63.C). This copy was no longer in the Library by the time of the sales though an earlier edition (1597), not E's copy, was.  did long since alledg us an example worthy to be pursu'd;  Xp4I have seen (saith he, speaking of Apple-Trees, lib. 3. cap. 101.) in the Pastures and Hedgerows about the Grounds of a Worshipful Gentleman dwelling two miles from Hereford, called Mr Roger Bodnome, so many Trees of all sorts that the Servants drink for the most part no other drink but that which is made of Apples: The quantity is such, that by the report of the Gentleman himself the Parson hath for Tythe many hogsheads of Cider: The Hogs are fed with the fallings of them, which are so many that they make choice of those Apples they do eat, who will not take of any but the best. An Example doubtless to be followed of Gentlemen that have Land and Living; but Envy saith, The Poor will break down our Hedges, and we shall have the least part of the Fruit; but forward in the Name of God, Graff, Ser, Plant, and nourish up Trees in every corner of your Ground; the labour is small, the cost is nothing, the commodity is great; your selves shall have plenty, the poor shall have somewhat in time of want to relieve their necessity, and God shall reward your good minds and diligence.(# "!<60*}((c@9%"ԌThus far honest Gerard. And in truth with how small a charge and infinite pleasure this were to be effected, every one that is a patron of a Nursery can easily calculate: But by this expedient, many thousands of Acres, sow'd now yearly with Barley, might be cultivated for Wheat, or converted into Pasture to the increase of Corn, and Cattel: Besides the Timber which the Pear-tree affords, comparable (for divers curious Uses) with any we have enumerated. But of this I am to render a more ample Accompt in the Appendix to this Discourse. 4. I would farther recommend the more frequent planting and propagation of Fir, Pine-trees and some other beneficial Materials both for Ornament and profit; especially, since we find by experience, they thrive so well, where they are cultivated for Curiosity only.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe aCHAP. XXI.  X 4K  Of the Fir, Pine, Pinaster, Pitch-tree &c. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. They are all of them easily rais'd of the Kernels, and Nuts, which may be gotten out of their Cones and Clogs, by exposing them a little before the fire till they begin to gape, and are ready to deliver themselves of their burthen. 2. There are of the Fir two principal species; the Male whch is the bigger Tree, and of a harder wood; the Female, which is much the softer, and whiter. They may be sown in beds, or cases, at any time during March; and when they peep, carefully defended with Furzes, or the like Fence from the rapacious Birds, which are very apt to pull them up, by taking hold of that infecund part of the seed which they commonly bear upon their tops: The Beds wherein you sow them had need be shelter'd from the Southern Aspects with some skreen of Reed, or thick hedge: Sow them in shallow rills, not above half-inch-deep, and cover them with fine light mould: Being risen a finger in height, establish their weak stalks, by siefting some more earth about them; especially the Pines, which being more top-heavy are more apt to swag. When they are of two, or three years growth, you may transplant them where you please; and when they have gotten good root they will make prodigious shoots; but not for the three or four first years comparatively. 3. The Pine is likewise of both Sexes, whereof the Male growing lower, hath its wood more knotty and rude then the Female. They would be gather'd in June before they gape, and cultivated like the Fir in most respects; only, you may bury the Nuts a little deeper. By a friend of mine they were rolled in a fine compost made of Sheeps-dung, and scatter'd in February, and this way never fail'd; Fir and Pine; they came to be above Inch high by May: this were an expeditious process for great Plantations: unless you would rather set the Pine as they do Pease; but at wider distances, that when there is occasion of removal, they might be taken up with earth and all; because they are (of all other Trees) the most obnoxious to miscarry without this caution; and therefore it were much better (where the Nuts might be commodiously set, and defended) never to remove them at all, it gives this Tree so considerable a check.  X!44. I am assur'd (by a person most worthy of credit) that in the Territory of Alzey!ݕ X$44 Ѝ Presumably Alsace. (a Country in Germany, where they were miserably distressed for Wood, which they had so destroy'd as that they were reduced to make use of Straw for their best Fuel) a very large"(#=y0*}((c@&"  X4Tract being newly plowed, but the Warsݕ Xy44 Ѝ The Thirty Years' War (161848). surprizing them, not suffer'd to sow, there sprung up the next year a whole Forest of Pine-trees, of which sort of Wood there was none at all within less than fourscore miles; so as 'tis verily conjectur'd by some they might be wasted  XX4thither from the Country of Westrasia,Xyݕ X44 Ѝ Westphalia. which is the neerest part to that where they grow: If this be true, we are no more to wonder, how, when our Oakwoods are grubb'd up, Beech and Trees of other kinds have frequently succeeded them: What some impetuous Winds have done in this nature I could produce instances almost miraculous: I shall say nothing of the opinion of our Master Varro, and the learned Theophrastus, who were both of a faith that the Seeds of  X@4Plants drop'd out of the Air: Pliny in his 16. Book, Chap. 33.6@*ݕ X 44 Ѝ Varro, XL.1 (who mentions Theophrastus); Pliny XVI.1412.6 upon discourse of the Cretan Cypress, attributes much to the indoles and nature of the soil, virtue of the Climate, and Impressions of the Air: And indeed it is very strange what is affirm'd of that Pitchy-rain, reported to have fallen about Cyrene, the year 430. U.C. after which, in a short time sprung  X` 4up a whole wood of the Trees of Laserpitium,` ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Laserpicium which produced a thick gum called asaftida, used medicinally to prevent spasms and also in cooking as a flavouring. See also Pliny XIX.101. producing a precious Gum not much inferiour to Benzoin, if at least the story be warrantble: But of these Aerial irradiations, various conceptions and %qiuivocal productions without seed, &c. upon another occasion, if life and leisure permit me to finish what has been long under the hand, and file to gratifie our  X 4Horticultores: This present Treatise being but an imperfect limb of that more ample Work. wݕ X4 x4 Ѝ E means his Elysium Britannicum. It was never finished and part of the chaotic  X4 xmanuscript survives. Kalendarium Hortense, included in this selection, was intended to be a part of it. 5. In transplanting of these Resinaceous, and Coniferous Trees, you must never diminish their heads, nor be at all busie with their roots, which pierce deep, and is all their foundation, unless you find any of them bruised, or much broken: Neither may you disbranch them, but with great caution, as about March or before, or else in September, when I advise you to rub over their wounds with a mixture of Cow-dung; the neglect of this cost me dear, so apt are they to spend their Gum. 6. Some advise us to break the shells of Pines to facilitate their delivery, and I have essay'd it; but to my loss; Nature does obstetricate, and do that office of herself when it is the best season; neither does this preparation at all prevent those which are so buried, whiles their hard Integuments protect them both from rotting, and the Vermine. 7. The domestic Pine grows very well with us; but the Pinaster or wilder best for Walks, because it grows tall, and proud, maintaining their branches at the sides, which the Pine does less frequently. 8. The Fir grows tallest being planted reasonable close together; but suffers nothing to thrive under them. The Pine not so Inhospitable; for (by Plinies good leave) it may be sown with any Tree, all things growing well under its shade, and excellent in Woods, hence Claudian, "> 0*}((c@"Ԍ X444Et comitem quercum Pinus amica trahit.Nݕ Xy44 Ѝ De Raptu Proserpine II.22, 'And the friendly pine attracts the kindly oak'.N 9. They both affect the cold, high and rockie grounds; yet will grow in better; but not in over rich, and pinguid. The worst land in Wales bears (as I am told) large Pine; and the Fir according to his aspiring nature, loves also the Mountain more then the Valley; though they will also descend, and succeed very well in either; being desirous of plentiful waterings till they arrive to some competent stature; and therefore they do not prosper so well in an over sandy, and hungry soil, or gravel, as in the very entrails of the Rocks, which afford more drink to the Roots, that penetrate into their meanders, and winding recesses. But though they require this refreshing at first; yet do they perfectly abhor all stercoration; nor will they much endure to have the earth open'd about the roots for Ablaqueation, or be disturb'd. This is also to be understood of Cypress. A Fir for the first half dozen years to stand, or at least make no considerable advance; but it is when throughly rooted, that it comes away miraculously. That  X( 4Honourable Knight Sir Norton Knatchbull2( {ݕ XT44 Ѝ Sir Norton Knatchbull (160285), first baronet (DNB).2 (whose delicious Plantation of Pines, and Firs I beheld with great satisfaction) having assur'd me that a Fir-tree of his raising, did shoot no less then 60 foot in height in little more then twenty years, is a pregnant instance, as of the speedy growing of that material; so of all the encouragement I have already given for the more frequent cultivating this ornamental, useful and profitable Tree. 10. The Picea is another sort of Pine, and are to be cultivated like it  X444 MMMMM Pice% tantum, taxique nocentes  Xh444 Interdum, aut ederae pandunt Vestigia nigr%.h,ݕ XE44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.257. to shew in what unprofitable soils they grow; Add therefore I am not satisfied why it might not prosper in some tolerable degree in England, as well as in Germany, Russia, the colder Tracts, and abundantly in France: It grows on the Alpes among the Pine; but neither so tall nor so upright. 11. There is also the Picaster, out of which the greatest store of Pitch is boyl'd. The Teda likewise, which is a sort more unctuous, and more patient of the warmer scituations. 12. The Bodies of these being cut, or burnt down to the ground, will emit frequent suckers from the Roots; but so will neither the Pine nor Fir. 13. That all these, especially the Fir, and Pine, will prosper well with us is more then probable, because it is a kind of Demonstration that they did heretofore grow plentifully in Cumberland, Cheshire, Stafford, and Lancashire, where multitudes of them are to this day found intire, buried under the Earth, though suppos'd to have been o'rethrown and cover'd so ever since the universal Deluge: For we will not here trouble our Planter with M.  X 4Cambden's7 ݕ X#44 Ѝ William Camden (15511623), antiquary and historian (DNB).7 Qu%rie, Whether there be not subterraneous Trees growing under the ground? though something to be touched anon might seem to excuse the presumption of it; besides that divers Earths, as well as Waters, have evidently a quality of petrifying wood buried therein."x?0*}((c@""Ԍ14. In Scotland there is a most beautiful sort of Fir growing upon the Mountains; of  X4which from that unhappy Person the late Marquess of Argyleݕ XA4 x4 Ѝ Archibald Campbell, eighth earl and marquis of Argyll (c.160761). Visited E at Sayes  xCourt at least twice, see K. June 14 1656, and January 24 1657, p.112 (de Beer, III, 175, 186).  xConfirmed and active supporter of Parliament until the execution of Charles I and even crowned Charles II in 1651 but this did not save him. Executed 1661 for treason (DNB). I had sent me some seeds, which I have sown with tolerable success. 15. For the many and almost universal use of these Trees both Sea, and Land will plead,  X444 MMMMMM dant utile Lignum  Xx444 Navigiis Pinos MMMMMM6x4ݕ X] 44 Ѝ 'The useful Pine for Ships.' Virgil, Georg. II.442.6 They make our best Mast, Sheathing, &c. heretofore the whole Vessel. "It is pretty (saith  X4Pliny)ݕ Xh44 Ѝ XVI.41. to consider that those Trees which are much sought after for Shipping should most delight in the highest of Mountains, as if it fled from the Sea on purpose, and were afraid to descend into the Waters." With Fir we likewise make Wainscot, Floors, Laths, Boxes, and wherever we use the Deal; nor does there any Wood so well agree with the Glew as it, or so easie to be wrought: It is also excellent for Beams, and other Timber-work in Houses, being both light, and exceedingly strong, where it may lie dry everlasting, and an extraordinary saver of Oak where it may be had at reasonable price. I will not complain what an incredible mass of ordinary Money is yearly exported into the Northern Countrys for this sole commodity, which might all be saved were we industrious at home. Likewise from Fir we have the most of our Pot-ashes. The Pine, and Picea buried in the earth never decay: From the latter transudes a very bright and pellucid Gum; hence we have likewise Rosin; also of the Pine are made Boxes, and Barrels for dry Goods; yea, and it is cloven into shingles for the covering of houses in some places; not to forget the kernels, of such admirable use in Emulsions: In sum, they are Plantations which exceedingly improve the Air by their odoriferous and balsamical emissions, and for ornament create a perpetual spring where they are propagated. 16. But now whiles I am reciting the Uses of these beneficial Trees, Mr. Winthorp presents the Royal Society with the Process of making the Tar and Pitch in New England,  X4which we thus abbreviate.ݕ X) 4 x4 Ѝ John Winthrop, the younger (160676), governor of Connecticut, became a Fellow of the  x"Royal Society in 1662. E witnessed his account of Pitch and Tar at the RS on July 9 1662, see K. (de Beer, III, 3267). Tar is made out of that sort of Pine-tree from which naturally Terpentine extilleth; and which at its first flowing out is liquid and clear; but being hardned by the air, either on the Tree, or where-ever it falls, is not much unlike the Burgundy Pitch; and we call them Pitch-pines out of which this gummy substance transudes: They grow upon the most barren plains, on rocks also and hills rising amongst those plains, where several are found blown down, that have lain so many ages as that the whole bodies, branches and roots of the Trees being perished, some certain knots only of the boughs have been left remainig intire (these"X@ 0*}((c@" knots are that part where the bough is joyn'd to the body of the Tree) lying at the same distance and posture as they grew upon the Tree for its whole length. The bodies of some of these Trees are not corrupted through age, but quite consum'd and reduc'd to ashes by the annual burnings of the Indians, when they set their grounds on fire; which yet has, it seems, no power over these hard knots beyond a black scorching; although being laid on heaps they are apt enough to burn. It is of these knots they make their Tar in New England and the Country adjacent, whiles they are well impregnated with that Terebinthine, and Resinous matter, which like a Balsam preserves them so long from putrifaction. The rest of the Tree doe indeed contain the like Terebinthine sap, as appears (upon any slight incision of bark on the stem, or boughs) by a small crystaline pearl which will sweat out; but this, for being more watry, and undigested by reason of the porosity of the wood, which exposes it to the impressions of the air and wet, render the Tree more obnoxious; especially, if it lye prostrate with the bark on, which is a receptacle for a certain intercutaneous worm that accelerates its decay. They are the knots then alone which the Tar-makers amass in heaps, carrying them in Carts to some convenenient place not far off, where finding clay or loam fit for their turn, they lay an Hearth of such ordinary stone as they have at hand: This they build to such a height from the level of the ground, that a Vessel may stand a little lower then the Hearth to receive the Tar as it runs out: But first, the Hearth is made wide according to the quantity of knots to be set at once, and that with a very smooth floore of clay, yet somewhat descending or dipping from the extream parts to the middle, and thence towards one of the sides, where a gullet is left for the Tar to turn out at. The Hearth thus finish'd, they pile the knots upon one another, after the very same manner as our Colliers do their wood for Char-coal; and of a height proportionable to the breadth of the Hearth; and then cover them over with a coat of loam or clay (which is best) or in defect of those, with the best, and most tenacious earth the place will afford; leaving only a small spiracle at the top whereat to put the fire in; and making some little holes round about at several heights, for the admission of so much air is requisite to keep it burning, and to regulate the fire by opening, and stopping them at pleasure. The process is almost the same with that of making Char-coal, as will appear in due place; for when it is well on fire, that middle hole is also stopp'd, and the rest of the Registers so govern'd as the knots may keep burning and not be suffocated with too much smoak, whiles all being now through-heated, the Tar runs down to the Hearth together with some of the more watry sap, which hasting from all parts towards the middle is convey'd by the foremention'd gutter into the Barrel, or Vessel placed to receive it: Thus the whole Art of  X4Tar-making is no other then a kind of rude distillation per descensum, and might therefore be as well done in Furnaces of large capacity, were it worth the expence. When the Tar is now all melted out, and run, they stop up all the vents very close; and afterwards find the knots made into excellent Char-coal preferr'd by the Smiths before any other whatsoever which is made of wood; and nothing so apt to burn out when their blast ceaseth; neither do they sparkle in the fire as many other sorts of Coal do; so as, in defect of Sea-coal, they make choice of this as best for their use, and give greater prices for it. Of these knots likewise do the Planters split out small slivers about the thickness of one's finger, or somewhat thinner, which serve them to burn in stead of Candles; giving a very good light. This they call Candle-wood, and it is in much use both in New England, Virginia, and amongst the Dutchplanters in their Villages; but for that it is something offensive by reason of the much fuliginous smoak which comes from it, they commonly burn it in the chimney-corner upon a flat stone, or Iron; except, occasionally, they carry a single stick in their hand, as there is need for light to go about the house. It must not be conceiv'd, by what we have mentioned in the former description of the knots, that they are only to be separated from the bodies of the trees by devouring time; or that they are the only materials out of which Tar can be extracted: For there are in these"'A0*}((c@*+" Tracts millions of Trees which abound with the same sort of knots, and full of Terpentine fit to make Tar: But the labour of felling these Trees, and of cutting out their knots, would far exceed the value of the Tar; especially in Countries where Workmen are so very dear: But those knots, above mention'd, are provided to hand, without any other labour then the gathering only. There are sometimes found of those sort of Pine-trees the lowest part of whose stems towards the root is as full of Terpentine as the knots; and of these also may tar be made: but such Trees being rarely found, are commonly preserved to split into Candle-wood; because they will be easily riven out into any lengths, and scantlings desir'd, much better then the knots. There be who pretend an art of as fully impregnating the body of any living Pinetree for six or eight foot high: and some have reported that such an art is practis'd in Norway: But upon several experiments by girdling the Tree (as they call it) and cutting some of the bark round, and a little into the wood of the Tree, six or eight foot distant from the ground, it has never yet succeeded; whether the just season of the year were not observ'd, or what else omitted, were worth the disquisition; if at least there be any such secret amongst the Norwegians, Swedes, or any other Nation. Of Tar, by boiling it to a sufficient height, is Pitch made: and in some places where Rosin is plentiful, a fit proportion of that may be dissolved in the Tar whiles it is boiling, and this mixture is soonest converted to Pitch; but it is of somewhat a differing kind from that which is made of Tar only, without other composition. There is a way which some Ship-Carpenters in those Countries have us'd to bring their Tar into Pitch for any sudden use; by making the Tar so very hot in an Iron-kettle, that it will easily take fire, which when blazing and set in an airy place, they let burn so long, till, by taking out some small quantity for trial, being cold, it appears of a sufficient consistence: Then by covering the Kettle close, the fire is extinguish'd, and the Pitch is made without more ceremony. There is a process of making Rosin also out of the same knots, by splitting them out into thin pieces, and then boiling them in water, which will educe all the Resinous matter, and gather it into a body which (when cold) will harden into pure Rosin.  X84`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe ^CHAP. XXII.  XX4WOf the Larch, Platanus, Lotus, &c. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. But why might we not hope as well of the Larch from whence that useful drogue Agaric is gather'd? I reade of Beams no less then 120 foot in length made out of this goodly Tree which is of so strange a composition that 'twill hardly burn, as C%sar found in a Castle he  X@4besieg'd built of it:@ݕ X!4 x84 Ѝ This incident at the siege of Larignum in the Alps is described in detail by Vitruvius in  X"4 xDe Architectura II.9.1416. Rather than a 'Castle' it was a defensive tower built of larch which  x<confounded Caesar. Vitruvius regretted there was no easy way to bring the timber to Rome to help restrict the spread of fire in the city. yet the Coals thereof were held far better then any other for the melting of Iron. That which now grows some where about Chelnsford in Essex, arriv'd to a flourishing, and ample Tree, does sufficiently reproach our negligence and want of industry as well as the incomparable and shady Platanus, that so beautiful and precious Tree which we reade the Romans brought out of the Levant, and cultivated with so much industry and cost,"`"B60*}((c@&" for its stately and proud head only; that they would irrigate them with Wine in stead of Water; and so priz'd the very shadow of it, that when afterwards they transplanted them into France, they exacted a Tribute of any of the Natives who should presume but to put his head under it. Pliny tells us there is no Tree whatsoever which so well defends us from the heat of  X 4the Sun in Summer; nor that admits it more kindly in Winter. ݕ X44 Ѝ XII.68.  V4Platanus I. There was lately at Basil in Switzerland an ancient goodly Platanetum: and they may with us be rais'd of their seeds with care, in a moist soil, as here I have known them: But the reason of our little success is, that we very rarely have them sent us ripe; which should be gather'd late in Autumn, and brought us from some more Levantine parts then Italy. 2. They come also of Layers abundantly; affecting a fresh and feeding ground; for so they plant them about their Rivulets, and Fountains.  V 4Lotus. I. The same opinion have I of the noble Lotus, which in Italy yields both an admirable shade, and Timber immortal.  X42. The offer of Crassus to Domitiusyݕ X4 x"4 Ѝ Lucius Licinius Crassus and Gn%us Domitius Ahenobarbus, joint censors in 92 BC. The story is recounted by Pliny in XVII.16. for half a dozen of these Trees growing about an house of his in Rome, testifies in what esteem they were had for their incomparable beauty and use. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  \CHAP. XXIII.  X4%Of the Cypress-tree and Cedar. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   V4 Oe  Oe Cypress. I. If we should reason only from our common experience, even the Cypresstree was, but within a few years past, reputed so tender, and nice a Plant, that it was cultivated with the greatest care, and to be found only amongst the Curious; whereas we see it now, in every Garden, rising to as goodly a bulk and stature, as most which you shall find even in Italy it self; for such I remember to have once seen in his late Majesties Gardens at Theobalds,  X4before that Princely seat was demolish'd.Kݕ XT!44 Ѝ Theobalds House, William Cecil, Lord Burghley's seat, demolished 1650 onwards.K I say, if we did argue from this Topic: Methinks it should rather encourage our Countrymen to add yet to their Plantations other Forreign and useful Trees, and not in the least deter them, because many of them are not as yet become endenizon'd amongst us. 2. We may read that the Peach was at first accounted so tender and delicate a Tree, as that it was believ'd to thrive only in Persia; and even in the days of Galen it grew no nearer then Egypt, of all the Roman Provinces, but was not seen in the City till more then thirty"@C0*}((c@""  X4years before Pliny's time;$ݕ Xy44 Ѝ Pliny was born in AD 23 and died in 79.$ whereas there is now hardly a more common and universal in Europe: Thus likewise the Avellana from Pontus in Asia; Thence into Greece, and so Italy, to the City of Abellino in Campania.  X 4k Una tantum litera immutata, Avellina dici, quae prius AbellinaR yݕ XJ4 x4 Ѝ 'One letter so little unchanged, called Avellina, which was previously Abellina'. This is  X34 x_discussed by Pliny, Book XV, chapter 24.88. Abella's nuts, called avellin%, were famous in  X 4antiquity. See also Virgil $neid, VII.740, and Silicus Italicus VIII, v.45.Rփ I might affirm the same of our Damasco Plum, Quince, Medlar, Figue, and most ordinary Pears, as well of several other Peregrine Trees, Fruit-bearers, and others. It was 680 years after the foundation of Rome ere Italy had tasted a Cherry of their own, which being then brought thither out of Pontus (as the above mention'd Filberts were) did afterwards travel  X4ad ultimos Britannos.`ݕ X44 Ѝ E alludes to Horace, Odes I.35.30 Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos orbis Britannos... ` 3. Josephus tells us, That the Cedar in Judea was first planted there by Solomon, who doubtless try'd many rare Experiments of this nature; and none more Kingly then that of Planting to Posterity. I do not speak of those which grow on the Mountains of Libanus, in the colder and Northern tracts of Syria: But, as I am inform'd by a curious Traveller, there remaining now not above twenty four of those stately Trees in all those goodly Forests, where that mighty Prince set fourscore thousand Hewers at work for the Materials of one only Temple and a Palace, 'tis a pregnant Example what Time and Neglect will bring to ruine, if due and continual care be not taken to propagate Timber. 4. Nor is it any wonder if we find the whole Species of some Trees so totally lost in a Countrey as if there had never been any such planted in it: Be this therefore applied to Fir, Pine, and many others with us, since it was so long ere Rome was acquainted with them, or indeed with any of the Pitch bearers. 5. We had our first Myrtils out of Greece, and Cypress from Creete, which was yet a  X4meer stranger in Italy, as Pliny reports,ݕ X$44 Ѝ XVI.139. and most difficult to be raised; which made Cato to  X4write more concerning the culture of it then of any other Tree:'d ݕ X44 Ѝ De Re Rustica XLVIII.2, and CLI.14.' Notwithstanding we have in this Countrey of ours no less then three sorts, which are all of them easily propagated, and prosper very well if they are rightly ordered; and therefore I shall not omit to disclose one secret, as well to confute a popular Errour, as for the Instruction of our Gard'ners. 6. The Tradition is, That the Cypress (being a Symbol of Mortality, they should say of the contrary) is never to be cut for fear of killing it. This makes them to impale and wind them about like so many $gyptian Mummies; by which means the inward parts of the Tree being heated, for want of Air and Refreshment, it never arrives to any perfection, but is exceedingly troublesome, and chargeable to maintain; whereas indeed there is not a more tonsile and governable Plant in nature: For the Cypress may be cut to the very Roots, and yet"D 0*}((c@"  X4spring afresh: And this we find was the husbandry in the Ile of $naria,ݕ Xy44 Ѝ Island just off Naples. where they us'd to fell it for Copse: For the Cypress being rais'd from the Nursery of Seeds sown in September (or rather March), and within two years after transplanted, should at two years standing more, have the master stem of the middle shaft cut off some hand-breadth below the summit, the sides and smaller sprigs shorn into a conique or pyramidal form, and so kept clipp'd from April to September, as oft as there is occasion; and by this Regiment they will grow furnish'd to the foot, and become the most beautiful Trees in the world, without binding or stake; still remembring to abate the middle stem, and to bring up the collateral branches in its stead to what altitude you please: Thus likewise you may form them into Hedges and Topiary works, or by sowing the Seeds in a shallow furrow, and plucking up the supernumeraries where they come too close and thick: For in this work it shall suffice to leave them within a foot of each other; and when they are risen about a yard in height (which may be to the half of your Palisado) cut off their tops, as you are taught, and keep the sides clipp'd, that they ascend but by degrees, and thicken at the bottom as they climbe. Thus they will present you in half a dozen or eight years with incomparable hedges, preferable to all others whatsoever, because they are perpetually green, and able to resist the Winds better then any which I know, the Holly only excepted, which indeed has no peer. 7. When I say Winds, I mean their fiercest gusts, not their cold: For though it be said,  X4Brumaque ill%sa Cupressus,yݕ X:44 Ѝ 'The cypress, unhurt by winter.' and that indeed no frost impeaches them (for they grown even  X4on the snowy tops of Ida,3*ݕ X44 Ѝ This anecdote is taken from Pliny, N.H. XVI.142.3) yet our cruel Eastern winds do sometimes mortally invade them which have been late clipp'd, seldome the untouch'd, or that were dressed in the Spring only:  Xh4The effects of this last March and April Winds,hݕ X4 xE4 Ѝ E presumably means 1662. See K. for example February 20 1662 'I returned home to repaire my miserably shatted house by the late Tempest', p. 140 (de Beer, III, 3167). accompanied with cruel Frosts and cold blasts, for the space of more then two moneths night and day, did not amongst neer a thousand Cypresses (growing in my Garden) kill above three or four, which for being very late cut to the quick, (that is, the latter end of October) were raw of their wounds, took cold, and gangreen'd; some few others which were a little smitten towards the tops, might have escaped all their blemishes, had my Gard'ner capp'd them but with a wisp of hay or straw, as in my absence I commanded. As for the frost of the past Winter (then which I believe there was never known a more cruel and deadly piercing since England had a name) it did not touch a Cypress of mine till it joyn'd forces with that destructive Wind: Therefore for caution, clip not your Cypresses late in Autumn, and cloath them against these winds; for the frosts they only discolour them, but seldome or never hurt them, as by long experience I have found, 8. If you affect to see your Cypress in Standard, and grow wild (which may in time come to be of a large substance, fit for the most immortal of Timber) plant of the Male sort; it is a Tree which will prosper wonderfully; and where the ground is hot, and gravelly, though he be nothing so beautiful." Ew0*}((c@|"Ԍ X49. There is likewise the Tarentine Cypress, so much celebrated by Cato:Uݕ Xy44 Ѝ Cato's description, De Re Rustica, CLI.14 is perfunctory rather than celebratory.U I do not mean our Savine, (which some erroneously take for it) both that, and the Milesian, are worthy our culture. 10. I have already shew'd how this Tree is to be rais'd from the seed; but there was another Method amongst the Ancients, who (as I told you) were wont to make great Plantations of them for their Timber: I have practis'd it my self, and therefore describe it. 11. If you receive your seed in the Nuts, expose them to the Sun till they gape, or neer a gentle fire, by which means the seeds will be easily shaken out; for if you have them open before, they do not yield you half their crop, About the beginning of April (or before, if the weather be showery) prepare an even Bed, which being made of fine earth, clap down with your Spade, as Gard'ners do for Purselain-seed: (of old they roll'd it with some Stone or Cylinder) Upon this strew your seeds pretty thick; then sieft over them some more mould for almost an inch in height: keep them duly watered after Sunset, unless the season do it for you; and after one years growth (for they will be an inch high in little more than a Moneth) you may transplant them where you please. 12. What the Uses of Timber are, for Chests and other Utensils; as heretofore for supporters of Vines, Poles, Rails, and Planks, (resisting the Worm, Moth, and all putrefaction to eternity) the Venetians sufficiently understand; who do every twenty year, and oftner (the  X4Romans every thirteen) make a considerable Revenue of it out of Candy:{ݕ X4 x4 Ѝ Candia in Crete. E met a doctor in Padua who was about to leave in the Venetian fleet for Candy, see K. August 8 1645 (de Beer, II, 470; and also 4756). And certainly a  X4very gainful commodity it was, when the Fell of a Cupressetum was heretofore reputed a  Xh4good Daughters Portion, and the Plantation it self call'd Dotem fili%.hݕ X.44 Ѝ 'The endowment of a daughter'. 13. The Timber of this wood was of infinite esteem with the Ancients: That lasting  X4Bridge built over the Euphrates by Semiramisݕ Xo4 xh4 Ѝ Queen of Assyria around the beginning of the second millenium BC. The bridge is described by Herodotus in Book I, chapter 186. was made of this wood; and it is reported, Plato chose it to write his Laws in before Brass it self, for the diuturnity of the matter: It is certain, that it never rifts, or cleaves, but with great violence; and the bitterness of its juice preserves it from all worms, and putrifaction. To this day those of Creet, and Malta make use of it for their buildings; because they have it in plenty, and there is nothing out-lasts it: Finally, (not to forget even the very chips of this precious wood, which gives that flavour to Muscadines and other rich Wines) I commend it for the improvement of the Air, as sending forth most sweet, and aromatick emissions, when ever it is either clipp'd, or handled: But,  X8444Quid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno,8` ݕ XI#44 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.118. if I forget  V4The Cedar."F 0*}((c@"ԌI. The Cedar? which grows in all extreams: In the moist Barbados; the hot Bermudas, the cold New England; even where the snow lyes (as I am assur'd) almost half the year: Why then it should not thrive in Old England, I conceive is from our want of industry: It grows in the Bogs of America, and in the Mountains of Asia: AM,ݕ X44 T0A Discourse of Foresttrees.`!(#=AIM-ݕ X44 =T0A Discourse of Foresttrees.I4 4( sAbout the beginning of April (or before, if the weather be showery) prepare an even Bed, which being made of fine earth, clap down with your Spade, as Gard'ners do for Purselain-seed: (of old they roll'd it with some Stone or Cylinder) Upon this strew your seeds pretty thick; then sieft over them some more mould for almost an inch in height: keep them duly watered after Sunset, unless the season do it for you; and after one years growth (for they will be an inch high in little more than a Moneth) you may transplant them where you please. s12. What the Uses of Timber are, for Chests and other Utensils; as heretofore for supporters of Vines, Poles, Rails, and Planks, (resisting the Worm, Moth, and all putrefaction to eternity) the Venetians sufficiently understand; who do every twenty year, and oftner (the  X 4Romans every thirteen) make a considerable Revenue of it out of Candy: / Xi 4 x4( Ѝ Candia in Crete. E met a doctor in Padua who was about to leave in the Venetian fleet for Candy, see K. August 8 1645 (de Beer, II, 470; and also 4756). And certainly a  X 4very gainful commodity it was, when the Fell of a Cupressetum was heretofore reputed a  X 4good Daughters Portion, and the Plantation it self call'd Dotem fili%. b/ X44( Ѝ 'The endowment of a daughter'. s13. The Timber of this wood was of infinite esteem with the Ancients: That lasting Bridge  X4built over the Euphrates by Semiramis/ X4 xh4( Ѝ Queen of Assyria around the beginning of the second millenium BC. The bridge is described by Herodotus in Book I, chapter 186. was made of this wood; and it is reported, Plato chose it to write his Laws in before Brass it self, for the diuturnity of the matter: It is certain, that it never rifts, or cleaves, but with great violence; and the bitterness of its juice preserves it from all worms, and putrifaction. To this day those of Creet, and Malta make use of it for their buildings; because they have it in plenty, and there is nothing out-lasts it: Finally, (not to forget even the very chips of this precious wood, which gives that flavour to Muscadines and other rich Wines) I commend it for the improvement of the Air, as sending forth most sweet, and aromatick emissions, when ever it is either clipp'd, or handled: But,  XP4sQuid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno,P/ X44( Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.118. if I forget  V4The Cedar. I. The Cedar? which grows in all extreams: In the moist Barbados; the hot Bermudas, the cold New England; even where the snow lyes (as I am assur'd) almost half the year: Why then it should not thrive in Old England, I conceive is from our want of industry: It grows in the Bogs of America, and in the Mountains of Asia: s2. It seems there is no place affrights it; and I have frequently rais'd it of the seeds, which I set like the Bay-berries; and we might have of the very best kind in the World from the Summer Islands, though now almost utterly exhausted there also, and so the most"G` 0*}((c@Y " incomparable of that sacred wood like to be quite destroy'd by our Negligence, which is by nature almost eternal:  X4s3. Thus I readeL/ X 44( Ѝ The whole of this paragraph is little more than a translation of Pliny XVI.216.L that in the Temple of Apollo at Uticay/ X44( Ѝ In North Africa, near Carthage. there was found Timber of neer  XX4two thousand years old; and in the Sagunti+X*/ X344( Ѝ Saguntum, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain.+ of Spain a beam in a certain Oratory  X 4consecrated to Diana, which had been brought from Zant8 / X 44( Ѝ Zacynthos, an island off the west coast of the Peloponnese.8 200 years before the destruction of Troy:  X4s4. The Sittim/ X 4 x4( Ѝ Shittim wood, the wood of the acacia tree; for example Exodus XXV.13 'And thou shalt make staves of shittimwood, and overlay them with gold'. mention'd in holy Writ is believ'd to have been a kind of Cedar, of which  Xx4the most precious Utensils were form'd; so that when they said a thing was cedro digna, the  X@4meaning was, worthy of eternity.  X4 [CHAP. XXIV.  X` 4 Of the Cork, Alaternus, Phillyrea, Granad,  V( 4HMyrtil, Jasmine, &c. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   V 4 Oe  Oe The Cork. I. The Cork [Suber] grows in the coldest parts of Biscany, and in the North of New England:  X4s2. Why should we despair? That the great IlexI& / X44( Ѝ The holmoak or great scarlet oak, see for example Virgil, Ecl. VII.1.I thrives well enough, his Majesties Privy-gardens at Whitehall would once have shew'd, where stood a goodly Tree, of more then fourscore years old; though there be now but an Impe of it remaining. I wonder Carolus  Xh4Stephanus,$h / X44( Ѝ See note above, Chapter XIX, 7. note 2.$ and Benedictus Cursiush / X4 x4( Ѝ Correctly Benedictus Curtius, Hortorum Libri Triginta, Lyons, 1560 (Lot no. 435; possibly  xE's copy, one is listed in the Library catalogue but is not awarded a pressmark or year of publication). should write so confidently there were no Cork-trees in Italy, where I my self have travell'd through vast Woods of them about Pisa, and Aquin, and in divers other places between Rome and the Kingdom of Naples: That were none in  X4France indeed Pliny is express, Nat.Hist. l.16.c.8.9/ X%44( Ѝ The correct reference is Book XVI.34 (Pliny's chapter XIII).9 s3. I shall not need rehearse the Uses of the Bark of this Tree, it is so well known; the Timber is else inconsiderable. "H0*}((c@"Ԍ X4Alaternus. I. The Alaternus, which we have lately receiv'd from the hottest parts of Languedoc (and that is equal with the heat of almost any Country in Europe) thrives with us in England, as if it were an Indigene and Natural. s2. I have had the honour to be the first who brought it into Use and reputation in this Kingdome for the most beautiful, and useful of Hedges, and Verdure in the world (the swiftness of the growth consider'd) and propagated it from Cornwall even to Cumberland: The seed grows ripe with us in August; and the hony-breathing Blossomes afford an early and marvellous relief to the Bees.  X4Phillyrea. I. All the Phillyrea's are yet more hardy; which makes me wonder to find the Angustifolia planted in Cases, and so charily set into the stoves, amongst the Oranges and Lemmons; when by long experience I have found it equal our Holly in suffering the extreamest rigours of our cruellest Frosts, and Winds, which is doubtless (of all our English Trees) the most insensible and stout. s2. They are (both Alaternus and this) raised of the seeds (though those of the Phillyrea will be long under ground) and being transplanted for Espalier hedges, or Standards, are to be govern'd by the shears, as oft as there is occasion: The Alaternus will be up in one Moneth after it is sown: Plant it out at two years growth, and clip it after rain in the spring, before it grows sticky, and whiles the shoots are tender; thus will it form an hedge (though planted but in single rows and at two foot distance) of a yard in thickness, twenty foot high (if you desire it) and furnish'd to the bottom: But for an hedge of this altitude, it would require the friendship of some Wall, or a Frame of lusty poles, to secure against the Winds one of the  XP4most delicious objects in nature: But if we could have store of the Phillyrea folio leviter  X4serrato (of which I have rais'd some very fine Plants from the seeds) we might fear no weather, and the verdure is incomparable.  Xp4Granade. I. The culture of the Granade does little differ from that of the Alaternus, of which we might raise considerable hedges on all our Southern Aspects: They have supported this last most  X4unmercifull WinterG/ X 44( Ѝ Presumably the winter of 166162, see note above Chapter XXIII, 7, note 1.G without any artifice; and if they yield us their flowers for our pains of well pruning (for they must diligently be purged of their wood) it is a glorious recompence: I plant them in my Hedge-rows even amongst the Quick.  V4Myrtil. I. The vulgar Italian wild Myrtil (though not indeed the most fragrant) grows high, and supports all weathers. I know of one neer fifty years old, which has been continually expos'd; unless it be, that in some exceeding sharp seasons a little straw has been thrown upon it; and where they are smitten, being cut down neer the ground, they put forth and recover again; which many times they do not in Pots, and Cases, where the roots are very obnoxious to perish with mouldiness. The shelter of a few Mats, and Straw, secur'd very great Trees (both leaf and colour in perfection) this last Winter also, which were planted abroad; whiles those that were carried into the Conserve were most of them lost. Myrtils may be rais'd of seeds,"$Iy0*}((c@(" but with great caution; and they seldom prove hardy, nor is it worth the time being so abundantly encreased of Layers: But,  X4s2. I produce not these particulars, and other amna vireta / X 4 x4( Ѝ 'Delightful greenery'. The phrase appears in the late fourth, early fifth century AD poet  X4 xVAurelius Prudentius Clemens' Cathemerina 3.101 where it is used to describe Paradise. E had a copy of his works listed in his late library catalogue.  already mention'd, as signifying any thing to Timber, the main deisgn of this Treatise (though I read of some so tall, as to make Spear shafts) but to exemplifie in what may be farther added to Ornament and Pleasure by a cheap, and most agreeable industry.  Xx4Jasmine. sThe common white and yellow Jasmine would shower plentifully in our Woods, and is as hardy as any of the Periclimena; (how it is propagated by submersion, or layers, every Gard'ner skills; and if it were as much imploy'd for Nose-gays, &c. with us, as it is in France and Italy, they might make money enough of the Flowers: One sorry tree in Paris, where they abound, has been worth to a poor woman neer twenty shillings in a year.  ^CHAP. XXV.  XH 4W Of the Acacia, Arbutus, Bays, Box, Yew, Holly,  V46Juniper, and Laurel-trees. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   V4 Oe  Oe Acacia I. The French have lately brought in the Virginian Acacia, which exceedingly adorns their Walks: The Tree is hardy against all the invasions of our sharpest seasons, but our high winds; which by reason of its brittle nature it does not so well resist; and the Roots (which insinuate and run like liquorize under ground) are apt to emaciate the soil, and therefore haply not so commendable in our Gardens, as they would be agreeable for variety of Walks and shade:  X4s2. They thrive well in his Majesties new Plantation in St. James's Park.M/ X4 x4( Ѝ Charles II made a number of changes to the Park, extending it and using the French  xglandscape gardener Andr) Len=tre (16131700) who had worked at Versailles. Various new trees  xwere planted including those lining the new avenue where he played pallmall. See note above  X4To the Reader on Edmund Waller, p.222.  Xp4Arbutus. I. But why do we thus neglect the Arbutus, and make that such a rarity, which grows so common, and so naturally in Ireland? It is indeed with some difficulty rais'd from ths seeds; but it may be propagated from the Layers, grows to a goodly Tree, and is patient of our severest weather.  X4Bays."J0*}((c@% "ԌI. Bays are encreas'd both of their Suckers, and Seeds, which should be droppingripe ere gather'd: Pliny has a particular process for the ordering of the seeds, and it is not to be rejected: Which is, the gathering the Berries dry, in January, and spreading them till their sweat be over: then he puts them in dung and sows them: As for the steeping in wine, water does altogether as well: others wash the seeds from their mucilage, by breaking and bruising the glutinous Berries; then sow them in March by scores in a heap; and indeed so they will come up in clusters, but nothing so well, nor fit for transplantation, as where they are interr'd with a competent scattering, so as you would furrow Pease: s2. Both this way, and by setting them apart (which I most commend) I have rais'd multitudes, and that in the berries without any farther preparation; only for the first two years they would be defended from the piercing winds which frequently destroy them; and yet the scorching of their tender leaves ought not to make you despair, for many of them will recover beyond expectation. s3. This aromatic Tree greatly loves the shade, yet thrives best in our hottest Gravel, having once pass'd those first difficulties: Age and Culture about the roots wonderfully augment its growth; so as I have seen Trees neer thirty foot high of them; and almost two foot diameter. They are fit also both for Arbour and Palisade-work, so the Gard'ner understand when to prune, and keep it from too woody.  X4Box. I. The Box which we begin to proscribe our Gardens, should not yet be banish'd from our care; because the excellency of the wood does commute for the unagreeableness of its smell: therefore, let us furnish our cold, and barren Hills, and declivities with this useful Shrub: It will increase abundantly of slips set in March. s2. The Turner, Ingraver, Mathematical-Instrument, Comb and Pipe-makers give great prizes for it by weight, as well as measure; and by the seasoning, and divers manner of cutting, vigorous insolations, politure and grinding, the Roots of this Tree (as of even our common, and neglected Thorne) do furnish the Inlayer and Cabinet-makers with pieces rarely undulated, and full of variety.  Xp4 s3. The Chymical oyl of this wood has done the feats of the best Guajacum8p/ X44( Ѝ West Indian and American heavy wood used in medicine (OED).8 (though in greater quantity) for the cure of Venereal diseases, as one of the most expert Physitians in Europe has confess'd.  X4Eugh.  X 4I. Since the use of Bows is laid aside amongst us, y/ XJ 44( Ѝ Thanks to the use of firearms. the propagation of the Eughtree is likewise quite forborn; but the neglect of it is to be deplor'd; seeing that (besides the rarity of it in Italy, and France, where but little of it grows) the barrenest grounds, and coldest of our mountains (for  X@4s44MMMMMM Aquilonem & frigora taxi)@*/ X%44( Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.113. might be profitably replenish'd with them: I say, profitably, for besides the use of the wood for Bows" K0*}((c@#"Ԍ X4s44MMMMMM Ityreos taxi torquenter in arcus./ Xy44( Ѝ op. cit. II.448. The foremention'd Artists in Box most gladly imploy it: And for the cogs of Mills, Posts to be set in moist grounds, and everlasting Axle-trees, there is none to be compar'd with it, likewise for the bodies of Lutes, Theorbas, &c. yea, and for Tankards to drink out of, whatever Pliny report of its shade, and fatal fruit in  X 4Spain, France and Arcadia. {/ XL44( Ѝ XVI.501. s2. The toxic quality was certainly in the liquor which those good Fellows tippl'd out of those bottles, not in the nature of the wood; which yet he affirms is cur'd of that Venenous quality by driving a brazen wedge into the body of it: This I have never tri'd, but that of the shade and fruit I have frequently, without any deadly, or noxious effects: so that I am of  X4opinion that Tree which Sestius calls Smilax, and our HistorianB,/ X 44( Ѝ Pliny. Reference as above the whole of this sentence is from Pliny.B thinks to be our Eugh, was some other Wood. s3. This Tree is easily produc'd of the seeds. wash'd and cleans'd from their mucilage; and burried in the ground like Haws; It will commonly be the second Winter ere they peep, and then they rise with their caps on their heads: Being three years old you may transplant them, and form them into Standards, Knobs, Walks, Hedges, &c. in all which works they succeed marvellous well, and are worth our patience for their perennial verdure, and durableness. s4. He that in Winter should behold some of our highest Hills in Surrey clad with whole Woods of these two last sort of Trees, for divers Miles in circuit, (as in those delicious Groves of them, belonging to the Honourable my noble friend Sir Adam Brown of  X4Bech-worth-Castle,/ Xf4 x4( Ѝ Sir Adam Browne (d.1690). E dined with him while staying with his brother George at Wotton, on June 28 1662, see K. (de Beer, III, 326). from Box-hill,w/ X44( Ѝ Box Hill, near Dorking, Surrey. and neer our famous MoleL( / X44( Ѝ E means the River Mole Betchworth Castle stood on the riverbank near Dorking.L or Swallow) might without the least violence to his Imagination, easily phansie himslf transported into some new or enchanted Country; for, if in any spot of England,  X4sHic ver perpetuum, atque alienis mensibus aestas. / X4 x&4( Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.149. Later versions of the text give adsiduum for perpetuum. Unusually for the 1664 edition E supplies a translation here. s44MMMMMMMM 'Tis here s44Eternal Spring, and Summer all the year.  X4Holly. I. But, above all the natural Greens which inrich our home-born store, there is none certainly to be compar'd to the Holly; insomuch as I have often wonder'd at the Curiosity after forreign"8Lu0*}((c@E" Plants, and expensive difficulties, to the neglect of the culture of this vulgar, but incomparable Tree; whether we will propagate it for Use, and Defence; or for sight and ornament. s2. Is there under heaven a more glorious and refreshing object of the kind, than an impregnable Hedge of one hundred and sixty foot in length, seven foot high, and five in diameter, which I can shew in my poor Gardens at any time of the year, glitt'ring with its arm'd and vernish'd leaves? the taller Standards at orderly distances blushing with their natural  X4Corall: It mocks at the rudest assaults of the Weather, Beasts, or Hedge-breaker,3/ X)4 xR4( Ѝ Unfortunately for E the hedge could not withstand the rigours of Peter the Great who  X4rented Sayes Court in 1698. He added this comment to Silva,  x1706, p.182, 'Is there under Heaven a more glorious and refreshing Object of the kind, than an  xyimpregnable Hedge of about four hundred foot in length, nine Foot high, and five in diameter;  xcwhich I can shew in my now ruin'd Gardens at Say'sCourt, (thanks to the Czar of Moscovy) at  xany time of the Year, glitt'ring with its arm'd and varnish'd Leaves? The taller Standards at  x'orderly distances, blushing with their natural Coral: It mocks at the rudest assaults of the  x<Weather, Beasts or Hedgebreakers ...'. The Tsar, it seems, had made a habit of being pushed through the hedge in a wheelbarrow.  X@4s44Et illum nemo impune lacessit.7@ / X44( Ѝ 'And no man challenges without retaliation from that one'.7 s3. I have already shew'd how it is to be rais'd of the Berries, when they are ready to drop: Remove them also after three or four years; but if you plant the Sets (which is likewise a commendable way, and the Woods will furnish enough) place 'em Northwards, as they do Quick. Of this might there lining Pales and Enclosures be made (such as the Right  X 4Honourable my Lord Dacres,/ t / X44( Ѝ Francis Lennard, fourteenth Baron Dacre (161962)./ somewhere in Sussex, has a park almost environ'd with, able to keep in any Game, as I am credibly inform'd) and cut into square Hedges, it becomes  X 4impenetrable, and will thrive in hottest as well as the coldest places. At Dengenesse % / XV44( Ѝ Dungeness. in Kent they grow naturally amongst the very beach, and pibbles: And this rare Hedge, the boast of my Villa, was planted upon a burning gravel, expos'd to the meridian Sun.  X4s4. True it is, that time must bring this Tree to perfection; it does so to all things else, &  X4posteritati pangimus./ X' 44( Ѝ 'And we plant for posterity'. But what if a little culture about the Roots (not dunging, which it abhorres) and frequent stirring of the mould doubles its growth? We stay even years for a tolerable Quick, it is worth staying it thrice for this, which has no Competitor. s5. And yet there is an expedient to effect it more insensibly, by planting it with the Quick: Let every fift or sixt be an Holly-set, they will grow up infallibly with your Quick, and as they begin to spread, make way for them, by extirpating the White-thorn, till they quite domineer: Thus was my Hedge first planted, without the least interruption to the Fence, by a most pleasant Metamorphosis. But there is also another, not less applauded, by laying along of well rooted Sets (a yard or more in length) and stripping off the leaves and branches: these"M0*}((c@" cover'd with a competent depth of earth will send forth innumerable Suckers which will suddenly advance into an Hedge. s6. The Timber of the Holly is for all sturdy uses; the Mill-wright, Turner and Engraver prefer it to any other: It makes the best handles, and stocks for Tools, and of the Bark is compos'd our Bird-lime.  X4Juniper. I. Of Juniper we have two sorts, whereof one is much taller, and more fit for Improvement: The wood is yellow, and sweet as Cedar, whereof it is accounted a dwarfish sort. s2. I have rais'd them abundantly of their seeds, which in two moneths will peep, and being govern'd like the Cypresse, apt for all the employments of that beautiful Tree: The discreet loosening of the Earth about the Roots also makes it strangely to prevent your expectations by suddenly spreading into a bush fit for a thousand pretty Employments; for coming to be much unlike that which grows wild, and is subject to the treading and cropping of Cattle, &c.  X 4it may be form'd into most beautiful and useful Hedges: My Brother  / X144( Ѝ Presumably George Evelyn of Wotton.  having cut of one onely Tree an Arbour capable for three to sit in: It was at my last measuring seven foot square, and eleven in height; and would certainly have been of a much greater altitude and farther spreading, were it not continually kept shorn: But what is most considerable is the little time since it was planted, being yet hardly ten years, and then it was brought out of the Common a slender Bush of about two foot high: But I have experimented a proportionable improvement in my own Garden, where I do mingle them with Cypresse, and they perfectly become their stations. s3. The Berries afford (besides a tolerable Pepper) one of the most universal Remedies in the world to our crazy Forester; and the Coals, which are made of the Wood, endure the longest of any: If it arrive to full growth it is Timber for many curious works; the very Chips render a wholesom perfume within doors, as well as the dusty blossoms in Spring without.  X4Laurel. I. But to Crown all, I will conclude with the Laurell, which by the Use we commonly put it to, seems as if it had been only destin'd for Hedges, and to cover bare Walls; whereas, being planted upright, and kept to the Standard, by cutting away the collateral Branches, and maintaining one stem, it will rise to a very considerable Tree; and (for the first twenty years) resembling the most beautiful headed Orange in shape and verdure, arrive in time to emulate even some of our lusty Timber-trees; so as I dare pronounce the Laurel to be one of the most proper and ornamental Trees for Walks and Trees of any growing. s2. Pity it is they are so abus'd in the Hedges, where the lower Branches growing stickie and dry, by reason of their frequent and unseasonable cutting (with the genius of the Tree, which is to spend much in wood) they never succeed after the first six or seven years; but are to be new planted again, or abated to the very Roots for a fresh shade. s3. But would you yet improve the Standard which I celebrate, to greater and more speedy exaltation? bud your Laurel on the Black-Cherry-stock to what height you please; if at least the report be true, which I had from an ocular testimony, and am now making an essay of, because I am more then somewhat doubtful of such Allyances, though something like it in Palladius speaks it not so impossible;  V$4s44Inseritur lauro Cerasus, partuque coacto"$Ny0*}((c@("Ԍ X4s44Tingit adoptivus virginis ora pudor./ Xy44( Ѝ'A Cherry Graft on Laurelstock does stain sThe Virgin Fruit in a deep double grain.'  XK4sPalladius Rutilius Taurus October 12.7. s4. They are rais'd of the Seeds or Berries with extraordinary facility, or propagated by Layers and cuttings where-ever there is shade and moisture. I have finish'd now my Planting: A word or two concerning their Preservation, and the Cure of their Infirmities.  X4 [CHAP. XXVI.  X@45Of the Infirmities of Trees. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe The Diseases of Trees are various, affecting the several parts: These invade the Roots; Weeds, Suckers, Fern, Wet, Mice, and Moles. sI. Weeds are to be diligently pull'd up by hand after Rain, while your Seedlings are very young, and till they come to be able to kill them with shade and over-dripping: And then you are for the obstinate to use the Haw, Fork, and Spade, to extirpate Dog-grass, Bear-bind, &c. s2. Suckers shall be duly eradicated, and with a sharp spade dexterously separated from the Mother-roots, and Transplanted in convenient places for propagation, as the Season requires. s3. Fern is best destroy'd by striking off the Tops, as Tarquin did the heads of the  X4Poppies: M/ X44( Ѝ Livy, I.54.6.  This done with a good wand or cudgel, at the decrease in the Spring, and now and then in Summer, kills it in a years or two beyond the vulgar way of Mowing, or burning, which rather encreases then diminishes it. s4. Over-much Wet is to be drain'd by Trenches, where it infests the Roots of such kinds as require drier ground: But if a drip do fret into the body of a Tree by the head, (which will certainly decay it) cutting first the place smooth, stop and cover it with loam and hay till a new dark succeed. sThese infest the Bark; Bark-bound, Teredo, or Worm, Conys, Moss, Ivy, &c. s5. The Bark-bound are to be released by drawing your knife rind-deep from the Root, as far as you can conveniently; and if the gaping be much, filling the rift with a little Cow-dung; do this each side, and at Spring, February or March; also cutting off some branches is profitable; especially such as are blasted or lightning-struck. s6. The Teredo, Cossi, and other Worms, lying between the Body and the Bark, poyson that passage to the great prejudice of some Trees; but the holes being once found, they are to be taken out with a light Incision. s7. Conies and Hares by barking the Trees in hard Winters spoil very many tender Plantations: Next to the utter destroying them there is nothing better than to anoint that part  XX4which is within their reach with stercus humanum, X/ X#44( Ѝ Human faeces.  tempered with a little Water or Urine, and lightly brushed on; this renew'd after every great Rain. s8. Moss is to be rubb'd and scrap'd off with some fit instrument of Wood, which may not excorticate the Tree, or with a piece of Hair-cloth after a sobbing Rain: But the most infallible Art of Emuscation is taking away the cause, which is superfluous moisture in clayie and spewing grounds."@O0*}((c@""Ԍs9. Ivy is destroy'd by digging up the Roots, and loosning its hold: Missleto, and other Excrescences to be cut and broken off. s10. The Bodies of Trees are visited with Canker, Hollowness, Hornets, Earwigs, Snails, &c. s11. Cankers (caused by some stroak or galling) are to be cut out to the quick, the scars emplaistred with Tar mingled with Oil, and over that a thin spreading of loam; or else with clay and Horse-dung; or by laying Woodashes, Nettles, or Fern to the roots, &c. s12. Hollowness is contracted when by reason of the ignorant or careless lopping of a Tree the wet is suffer'd to fall perpendicularly upon a part, especially the Head: In this case if there be sufficient sound wood cut it to the quick and close to the body, and cap the hollow part with a Tarpaulin, or fill it with good stiff loam and fine hay mingled. This is one of the worst of Evils, and to which the Elm is most obnoxious. s13. Hornets and Wasps, &c. by breeding in the hollowness of Trees infest them, and are therefore to be destroy'd by stopping up their entrances with Tar and Goos-dung, or by conveying the fumes of brimstone into their Cells. s14. Earwigs and Snails do seldome infest Forest-trees, but those which are Fruitbearers, and are destroy'd by enticing them into sweet waters, and by picking the Snails off betimes in the Morning, and rainy Evenings. Lastly, sBranches, Buds, and Leaves extreamly suffer from the Blasts, Jaundices, and Caterpillars, Rooks, &c. s15. The blasted parts of Trees are to be cut away to the quick; and to prevent it, smoak them in suspicious weather, by burning moist straw with the wind, or rather the dry and superfluous cuttings of Arromatick plants, such as Rosemary, Lavender, Juniper, Bays, &c. sMice, Moles, and Pismires cause the Jaundies in Trees, known by the discolour of the Leaves and Buds. s16. The Moles may be taken in Traps, and kill'd, as every Woodman knows: It is certain that they are driven from their haunts by Garlick for a time, and other heady smells buried in their passages. s17. Mice with Traps, or by sinking some Vessel almost level with the surface of the ground, the Vessel half full of Water, upon which let there be strew'd some huls or chaff of Oates; also with Bane. s18. Destroy Pismires with scalding water, and disturbing their hills. s19. Caterpillars, by cutting off their webs from the twigs before the end of February, and burning them; the sooner the better: If they be already hatched wash them off, or choak and dry them with Smoak. s20. Rooks do in time, by pinching off the buds and tops of Trees for their Nests, cause many Trees and Groves to decay. sThese (amongst many others) are the Infirmities to which Forest-Trees are subject whilst they are standing; and when they are fell'd, to the Worm; especially if cut before the Sap be perfectly at rest: But to prevent or cure it in the Timber, I recommend this Secret as the most approv'd. s21. Let common yellow Sulphur be put into a cucurbit-glass, upon which pour so much of  X 4the strongest Aqua-fortis as may cover it three fingers deep: Distil this to dryness, which is done by two or three Rectifications: Let the Sulphur remaining in the bottom (being of a blackish or sad red colour) be laid on a Marble, or put into a Glass, where it will easily dissolve into Oil: With this anoint what is either infected or to be preserved of Timber. It is  X#4a great and excellent Arcanum for tinging the Wood with no unpleasant colour, by no Art to be washed out; and such a preservative of all manner of Woods, nay of many other things; as Ropes, Cables, Fishing-nets, Masts of Ships, &c. that it defends them from putrefaction, either in Waters, under or above the earth, in the Snow, Ice, Air, Winter or Summer, &c.  X'4sIt were superfluous to describe the process of the Aqua-fortis; It shall be sufficient to let  X'4you know, That our common Coperas makes this Aquafortis well enough for our purpose,"'P0*}((c@,"  X4being drawn over by a Retort: And for Sulphur the Island of St Christophers5/ Xy44( Ѝ Volcanic island in the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean.5 yields enough (which hardly needs any refining) to furnish the whole world. This Secret (for the Curious) I thought fit not to omit; though a more compendious three or four anointings with Linseed Oil, has prov'd very effectual: It was experimented in a Wall-nut Table, where it destroy'd millions of Worms immediately, and is to be practis'd for Tables, Tubes, Mathematical Instruments, Boxes, Bedsteads, Chairs, Rarities, &c. Oyl of Wall-nuts will doubtless do the same, is sweeter, and a better Vernish; but above all is commended Oyl of Cedar, or that of Juniper. sHitherto I have spoken of Trees, their kinds, and propagation in particular: Now a word or two concerning their ordering in general, as it relates to Copses, Lopping, Felling, &c. sThen I shall add something more concerning their Uses, as to Fewel, &c. and cast such accidental Lessons into a few Aphorisms, as could not well be more regularly inserted. sLastly, I shall conclude with some more serious Observations in reference to the main Design and project of this Discourse, as it concerns the Improvement of His Majesties Forests, for the honour and security of the whole Kingdom.  X 4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe tYCHAP. XXVII.  X4,eOf Copses. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Xh4 Oe  Oe I. Sylva C%duaHhy/ X44( Ѝ 'Wood fit for cutting'. Cato, De Re Rustica I.7; Columella, III.3.1.H is as well Copse to cut for Fewel as for use of Timber; and we have already shew'd how it is to be rais'd, both by Sowing and Planting. Our ordinary Copses are chiefly upon Hasel, or the Birch; but if amongst the other kinds store of Ash and Sallow (at least one in four) were sprinkled in the Planting, the profit would soon discover a difference, and well recompence the Industry. Others advise us to plant shoots of Sallow, Willow, Alder, and of all the swift growing Trees, being of seven years growth, sloping off both the ends towards the ground to the length of a Billet, and burying them a reasonable depth in the earth. This will cause them to put forth seven or eight branches, each of which will become a Tree in a short time, especially if the soil be moist. s2. Copses being of a competent growth, as of twelve or fifteen years, are esteem'd fit for the Ax; but those of twenty years standing are better, and far advance the price. Some of our old Clergy Spring-woods heretofore have been let rest till twenty five or thirty years, and have prov'd highly worth the attendance; for by that time even a Seminary of Acorns will  X4render a considerable advance, as I have already exemplified in the Northamptonshire Lady.%,/ Xm 44( Ѝ Above, Chapter III Of the Oak, 16.% And if Copses were so divided as that every year there might be some fell'd, it were a continual and a present profit: Seventeen years growth affords a tolerable Fell; supposing the Copse of seventeen Acres, one Acre might be yearly fell'd for ever; and so more, according to proportion. s3. As to what Numbers and Scantlings you are to leave on every Acre, the Statutes are our generall guides, at least the legal. It is a very ordinary Copse which will not afford three or four Firsts, that is, Bests; fourteen Seconds; twelve Thirds; eight Wavers, &c. according to which proportions the sizes of young Trees in Copsing are to succeed one another. By the statute of 35 Hen. 8. in Copses or Under-woods fell'd at twenty four years growth, there were"!Q0*}((c@m%" to be left twelve Standils, or stores of Oak, upon each Acre; in defect of so many Oaks, the same number of Elms, Ash, Asp, or Beech; and they to be such as are of likely Trees for Timber, and of such as have been spar'd at some former Felling, unless there were none, in which case they are to be then left, and so continue without Felling till they are ten inch square within a yard of ground. sCopses above this growth fell'd, to leave 12 great Oaks; or in defect of them other Timber-trees (as above) and so to be left for 20 years longer, and to be enclosed seven years. s4. In summe, you are to spare as many likely Trees for Timber as with discretion you can. And as to the felling, (beginning at one side, that the Carts may enter without detriment to what you leave standing) the Underwood may be cut from January at the latest, till mid-March, or April; or from midSeptember, till neer the end of November; so as all be avoided by Midsomer at the latest, and then fenced (Where the Rowes and Brush lye longer unbound or made up, you endanger the loss of a second Spring) and not to stay so long as usually they are a clearing, that the Young, and the Seedlings may suffer the least interruption. s5. It is advis'd not to cut off the Browse-wood of Oaks in Copses, but to suffer it to fall off, as where Trees stand very close it usually does: I do not well comprehend why yet it should be spared so long. s6. When you espy a cluster of Plants growing as it were all in a bunch, it shall suffice that you preserve the fairest Sapling, cutting all the rest away. And if it chance to be a Chess-nut, Service, or like profitable Tree, cleer it from the droppings and incumbrances of other Trees, that it may thrive the better: Then as you pass along, prune, and trim up all the young Wavers, covering such Roots as lye bare and expos'd with fresh mould. s7. Cut not above half a foot from the Ground, and that slope-wise; stripping up such as you spare from their extravagant Branches, Water-boughs, &c. that hinder the growth of others: Always remembring (before you so much as enter upon this work) to preserve sufficient Plash-pole about the verge and bounds of the Copse for Fence, and security of what you leave; and for this something less then a Rod may suffice: Then raking your Wood cleer of Spray, Chips, and all Incumbrances, shut it up from the Cattle; the longer the better. s8. By the Statute men were bound to enclose Copses after Felling, of or under 14 years growth for 4 years: Those above 14 years growth to be 16 years Enclos'd: And for Woods in common a fourth part to be shut up; and at Felling the like proportion of great Trees to be left, and 7 years Enclos'd: This was enlarg'd by 13 Eliz. sYour elder Under-woods may be graz'd about July. sThen for the Measure of Fuel these proportions were to be observ'd. s9. Statutable Billet should hold three foot in length, and seven inch and half compass; 10 or 14 as they are counted for 1, 2, or 3, &c. sA stack of Wood (which is the boughs and offal of the Trees to be converted to Charcoal) is 4 yards long, three foot and half high, (in some laces but a yard) and as much over: In other places the Cord is 4 foot in height and 4 foot over; or, (to speak more Geometrically) a Solid made up of three dimensions, 4 foot high, four broad, and eight foot long; the content 128 cubique feet. sFagots ought to be a full yard in length, and two foot in circumference, made round, and not flat; for so they contain less Fuel, though equal in the bulk appearing. But of these particulars when we come to speak expressly of Fuel. s10. In the mean time it were to be wish'd, that some approv'd Experiments were sedulously try'd (with the advice of skilful and ingenious Physitians) for the making of Beer without Hops; as possibly with the white Marrubium (a Plant of singular virtue) or with dry'd  X%4Heath-tops (viz. that sort which bears no Berries) or the like, far more wholesom, and less bitter then either Tamarisk, Carduus, or Broom, which divers have essay'd; it might prove a means to save a world of Fuel, and in divers places young Timber and Copsewood, which is yearly spent for Poles; especially in Countries where Wood is very precious."'R0*}((c@,"Ԍ X4ԙ`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe SVCHAP. XXVIII.  X 4bOf Pruning. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe I. Pruning I call all purgation of Trees from what is superfluous. The Ancients found such  Xx4benefit in Pruning, that they feign'd a Godess pr%sided over it, as Arnobius[x/ X44( Ѝ Presumably Arnobius, church father, who wrote Adversus Gentes in the time of Diocletian.[ tells us: And in truth, it is in the discreet performance of this Work that the Improvement of our Timber and Woods does as much consist as in any thing whatsoever. A skilful Planter should therefore be early at this work: Shall old Gratius give you Reason and Direction?  V` 4s44Nunquam sponte sua procerus ad aera termes s44Exiit, inque ipsa curvantur stirpe genist%. s44Ergo age luxuriam primo ftusque nocenteis s44Detrahe: frondosas gravat indulgentia silvas. s44Post ubi proceris generosa stirpibus arbor s44Se dederit, teretesque ferent ad sidera virg%, s44Stringe notas circum, & gemmanteis exige versus. s44His, si quis vitium nociturus sufficit humor,  X4s44Visceribus fluit, & venas durabit inertes.${/ X44( Ѝ Gratius Falsicus, Cyn%geticon.$ sAnd his incomparable Interpreter thus in English. s44Twigs of themselves never rise strait and high. s44And Under-Woods are bow'd as first they shoot. s44Then prune the boughs; and Suckers from the root s44Discharge. The leavy wood fond pity tires; s44After, when with tall rods the tree aspires, s44And the round staves to heaven advance their twigs, s44Pluck all the buds, and strip off all the sprigs; s44These issues vent what moisture still abound,  X4s44And the veins unimploy'd grow hard and sound../ X4 xl4( Ѝ Christopher Wase (c.162590), scholar, later headmaster of Tonbridge School (DNB),  x related to E through E's wife's family. He composed E's son Richard's epitaph (see Diary p. 449 X 4 xV50, and above The Golden Book of St. John Chrysostom). E travelled with him to England in 1652, see K. February 2/3 (de Beer, III, 55). s2. For 'tis a misery to see how our fairest Trees are defac'd, and mangl'd by unskilful Wood-men, and mischievous Bordurers, who go always arm'd with short Hand-bills, hacking and chopping off all that somes in their way; by which our Trees are made full of knots, boils, cankers, and deform'd bunches, to their utter destruction: Good husbands should be asham'd of it. As much to be reprehended are those who either begin this work at unseasonable times, or so maim the poor branches, that either out of laziness, or want of skill,"xS0*}((c@!" they leave most of them stubs, and instead of cutting the Arms and Branches close to the boale, hack them off a foot or two from the body of the Tree, by which means they become hollow and rotten, and are as so many conduits to receive the Rain and the Weather, which perishes them to the very head, deforming the whole Tree with many ugly botches, which shorten its life, and utterly marre the Timber. s3. By this Animadversion alone it were easie for an ingenious man to understand how Trees are to be govern'd; which is in a word, by cutting clean, smooth, and close, making the stroke upward, and with a sharp Bill, so as the weight of an untractable bough do not splice, and carry the bark with it, which is both dangerous and unsightly. s4. The proper season for this work is a little after the change in January:  X4s44MMMMM Tunc stringe comas, tunc brachia tonde:  X` 4s44( ( ( ( MMMMM Tunc denique dura  X( 4s44Exerce Imperia, & ramos compesce fluenteis.( / X 44( Ѝ'Then shave their locks, and cut their branchy tress,  X 4sSeverely now, luxuriant Boughs repress. Virgil, Georg. II.368. But this ought not to be too much in young Fruit-trees, after they once come to form a handsom head; in which period you should but only pare them over about March, to cover the stack the sooner, if the Tree be very choice: To the aged, this is plainly a renewing of their Youth, and an extraordinary refreshment: Besides, for Interlucation, exuberant branches, &  X4spissae nemorum com%, where the boughs grow too thick and are cumbersome, to let in the Sun and Air, this is of great importance. s5. Divers other precepts of this nature I could here enumerate, had not the great experience, faithful and accurate description how this necessary Work is to be perform'd, set  X4down by our Country-man honest Lawsond/ X 4 x4( Ѝ William Lawson (fl. 1618) gardener and writer. He published A New Orchard and  X4 x Garden, Or the best way for Planting, Grafting etc., in 1618 (DNB). E appears to have had a  xcopy listed under 'L' no. 6 in the Library Catalogue. No date, title or pressmark is given. It was no longer in the Library at the time of the sales. (Orchard, cap.II) prevented all that the most Inquisitive can suggest: The particulars are so ingenuous, and highly material, that you will  X4not be displeas'd to read them in his own style.H/ X 44( Ѝ This excerpt from Lawson is set in an Old English typeface in the original.H 4(  dAll Ages (saith he) by Rules and experience do consent to a pruning and lopping of Trees: Yet have not any that I know described unto us (except in dark, and general words) what, or which are those superfluous boughs, which we must take away; and that is the most chief, and most needful point to be known in lopping. And we may well assure our selves (as in all other Arts, so in this) there is a vantage, and dexterity by skill; an habit by practice out of experience, in the performance hereof, for the profit of mankind: Yet do I not know (let me speak it with patience of our cunning Arborists) any thing within the compass of humane affairs so necessary, and so little regarded; not only in Orchards, but also in all other Timber-trees, where or whatsoever. dsNow to our purpose:"T 0*}((c@? "ԌdHow many Forests, and Woods, wherein you shall have for one lively thriving Tree, four (nay sometimes twenty four) evil thriving, rotten and dying Trees, even whiles they live; and instead of Trees, thousands of bushes and shrubs? what rotteness? what hollowness? what dead arms? wither'd tops? curtail'd trunks? what loads of Mosse? drouping boughs? and dying branches shall you see every where? and those that like in this sort are in a manner all unprofitable boughs, canker'd arms, crooked, little and short boats. What an infinite number of bushes, shrubs and skrags of Hasels, Thornes and other profitable wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great, and goodly trees? Consider now the Cause. dThe lesser Wood hath been spoil'd with careless, unskilful, and untimely stowing; and much also of the great Wood. The greater Trees at the first rising have fill'd and overladen themselves with a number of wastefull boughs and suckers, which have not only drawn the sap from the boal, but also have made it knotty, and themselves, and the boal mossie, for want of dressing; whereas, if in the prime of growth they had been taken away close, all but one top, and clean by the bulk, the strength of all the sap should have gone to the bulk, and so would have recovered, and cover'd his his knots, and have put forth a fair, long and straight body, for Timber profitable, huge great of bulk, and of infinite last. dIf all Timber-trees were such (will some say) how should we have crooked wood for  XH 4Wheels, Coorbs,@H  X4Ѝ Lawson probably means 'corbel' of which 'corbe' is an archaic form.@ &c? dAnsw. Dress all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those uses. dMore then this; in most places they grow so thick, that neither themselves, nor earth, nor any thing under or neer them can thrive; nor Sun, nor Rain, nor Air can do them, not any thing neer, or under them, any profit or comfort. dI see a number of Hags, where out of one root you shall see three or four (nay more, such is mens unskilful greediness, who desiring many, have none grow) pretty Oaks, or Ashes, straight and tall; because the root at the first shoot gives sap amain: but if one only of them might be suffer'd to grow, and that well, and cleanly prun'd, all to his very top, what a Tree should we have in time? And we see by those roots continually, and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so deadly wounded, what a commodity should arise to the Owner, and the Commonwealth if wood were cherished, and orderly dress'd. The waste boughs closely, and skilfully taken away, would give us hope of Fences, and Fuel; and the bulk of the Tree in time would grow of huge length and bigness: But here (methinks) I hear an unskilful Arborist say, that Trees have their several forms, even by nature; the Pear, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulk, with few and little armes. The Oak by nature broad, and such like. All this I grant: But grant me also, that there is a profitable end and use of every Tree, from which if it decline (though by Nature) yet Man by Art may (nay must) correct it. Now other end of Trees I never could learn, than good Timber, Fruit much and good, and pleasure: Uses physical hinder nothing a good form. dNeither let any Man ever so much as think, that it is unprobable, much less unpossible, to reform any Tree of what kind soever: For (believe me) I have tried it: I can bring any Tree (beginning by time) to any form. The Pear, and Holly may be made spread, and the Oak to close.  sThus far the good Man out of his eight and forty years experience concerning Timber-trees: He descends then to the Orchards; which because it may likewise be acceptable to our industrious Planter, I thus contract. s6. Such as stand for Fruits should be parted from within two foot (or thereabouts) of the earth; so high, as to give liberty to dress the Root, and no higher; beause of exhausting the sap that should feed his Fruit: For the boal will be first, and best served and fed, being next"$Uy0*}((c@(" to the root, and of greatest substance. These should be parted into two, three, or four Arms, as your graffs yield twigs; and every Arm into two, or more Branches, every Branch into his several Cyons: still spreading by equal degrees; so as his lowest spray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest not past two yards higher: That no twig (especially in  X 4the middest) touch his fellow; let him spread as far as his list * X4Ѝ Limit. without any master-bough, or top, equally; and when any fall lower than his fellows (as they will with weight of Fruit) ease him the next spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: When any amount above the rest, top him with a nip between your fingers, or with a knife: Thus reform any Cyon; and, as your Tree grows in stature, and strength, so let him rise with his tops, but slowly, and early; especially in the middest, and equally in breadth also; following him upward, with lopping his under-growth, and waterboughs, keeping the same distance of two yards, not above three, in any wise, betwixt the lowest and highest twigs. sI. Thus shall you have handsome, clear, healthful, great and lasting Trees. s2. Thus they will grow safe from Winds, yet the top spreading. s3. Thus shall they bear much Fruit; I dare say, one as much as five of your common Trees, all his branches loaden. s4. Thus shall your Boal being low defraud the branches but little of their sap. s5. Thus shall your Trees be easie to dress, and as easie to gather the Fruits from, without bruising the Cyons, &c. s6. The fittest time of the Moon for pruning is (as of Graffing) when the sap is ready to stir (not proudly stirring) and so to cover the wound. Old Trees would be prun'd before young Plants: And note, that wheresoever you take any thing away, the sap the next Summer will be putting: be sure therefore when he puts to bud in any unfit place, you rub it off with your finger: Thus begin timely with your Trees, and you may bring them to what form you please. If you desire any Tree should be taller, let him break or divide higher: This for young Trees: The old are reformed by curing of their diseases, of which we have already discours'd. There is this only to be consider'd, in reference to Foresters, out of what he has spoken concerning Fruit-trees; that where Trees are planted for shadow, and meer ornament, as in Walks, and Avenues, the Browse-wood (as they call it) should most of it be cherish'd; whereas in Fruit, and Timber-trees (Oak excepted) it is best to free them of it: As for Pollards (to which I am no great friend because it makes so many scrags and dwarfes of many Trees which would else be good Timber, endangering them with drips and the like injuries) they should not be headed above once in ten or twelve years, at the beginning of the spring, or end of the Fall. s7. For the improvement of the speedy growth of Trees, there is not a more excellent thing then the frequent rubbing of the Boal or Stem, with some piece of hair-cloth, or ruder stuff, at the beginning of Spring: some I have known done with Seales-skin; the more rugged bark with a piece of Coate of Maile, which is made of small wyres; this done, when the body of the Trees are wet, as after a soaking Rain; yet so, as not to excorticate, or gall the Tree, has exceedingly accelerated its growth, by opening the pores; freeing them of moss, and killing the worm. s8. Lastly, Frondation, or taking off some of the luxuriant branches, and sprays, of such Trees, especialy whose leaves are profitable for Cattel (whereof already) is a kind of pruning: and so is the scarifying, and crosshatching of some Fruit-bearers, and others to abate that  X`"4-+7;`"y* X&4Ѝ Literally 'leafmania', i.e. excessive enthusiasm for foliage.; which spends all the juice in the leaves to the prejudice of the rest of the parts."(#V*0*}((c@ '"Ԍs9. This, and the like, belonging to the care of the Wood-ward, will mind him of his continual duty; which is to walk about, and survey his young Plantations daily; and to see that all Gaps be immediately stopp'd; trespassing Cattle impounded; and (where they are infested) the Deer chased out, &c. It is most certain that Trees preserv'd, and govern'd by this discipline, and according to the Rules mention'd, would increase the beauty of Forests, and value of Timber, more in ten, or twelve years, then all other imaginable Plantations (accompanied with our usual neglect) can do in forty or fifty. s10. To conclude, in the time of this Work would our ingenious Arborator frequently incorporate, mingle, and unite the Arms and Branches of some young and flexible Trees which grow in comfort, and neer to one another; by entering them into their mutual barks with a convenient insition: This, especially, about Fields, and Hedge-rows for Fence and Ornament; also by bowing, and bending of others, especially Oak and Ash, into various flexures, curbs and postures, oblig'd to ply themselves into different Modes, which may be done by humbling and binding them down with tough bands and withs, till the tenor of the sap, and custom of being so constrain'd, did render them apt to grow so of themselves, without power of redressing; This course would wonderfully accommodate Materials for  X 4Knee-timberz * X4 xЍ Timber with a natural bend (OED), particularly useful for ships where it was used to make decksupporting pieces.z and Shipping, the Wheelwright and other uses; conform it to their Moulds, and save infinite labour, and abbreviate the work of hewing and waste,  X4sMMMMM adeo in teneris consuescere multum est.b* X4Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.272. the Poet, it seems, knew it well, and for what purposes,  V4sContinuo in Sylvis magna vi flexa domatur  X4sIn burim, & curvi formam accipit Ulmus aratri:* X4Ѝ'When in the Woods with mighty force they bow,  Xo4sThe Elm, and shape it to a crooked Plow. op. cit. I.169. so as it even half made the Plow to their hands.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe \CHAP. XXIX.  X47 Of the Age, Stature, and Felling of Trees. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   V4 Oe  Oe Felling. I. It is not till a Tree is arriv'd to his perfect Age, and full vigor, that the Lord of the Forest should consult, or determine concerning a Felling. For there is certainly in Trees (as in all things else) a time of Increment, or growth; a Status or season when they are at best (which is also that of a Felling) and a decrement or period when they decay."xW0*}((c@!"ԌsTo the first of these they proceed with more, or less velocity, as they consist of more strict and compacted particles, or are of a slighter, and more laxed contexture; by which they receive a speedier, or slower defluxion of Aliment: This is apparent in Box, and Willow; the one of a harder, the other of a more tender substance: But as they proceed, so they likewise continue. sBy the state of Trees I would signifie their utmost effort, growth, and maturity, which are all of them different as to time, and kind; yet do not I intend by this any period or instant in which they do not continually either Improve or Decay (the end of one being still the beginning of the other) but farther then which their Natures do not extend; but immediately (though to our senses imperceptibly) through some infirmity (to which all things sublunary be obnoxious) dwindle and impair, either through Age, defect of Nourishment, by sickness, and decay of principal parts; but especially, and more inevitably, when violently invaded by mortal and incurable Infirmities, or by what other extinction of their native heat, substruction, or obstruction of Air and Moisture, which making all motions whatsoever to cease and determine, is the cause of their final destruction. s2. Our honest Countrey-man, to whose Experience we have been obliged for something I have lately Animadverted concerning the Pruning of Trees, does in another Chapter of the  XH 4same Treatise speak of the Age of Trees./H * X4Ѝ William Lawson, see above Chapter XXVIII, note 1./ The Discourse is both learned, rational, and full of encouragement: For he does not scruple to affirm, That even some Fruit-Trees may possibly arrive to a thousand years of Age; and if so Fruit-Trees whose continual bearing does so much impair and shorten their lives, as we see it does their form and beauty; How much longer might we reasonably imagine some hardy and slowgrowing Forest-trees may probably  X04last? I remember Pliny tells us of some Oaks growing in his time in the Hercynian Forest,0y* XZ4Ѝ In Germany, XVI.6. which were thought co-evous with the World it self; their roots had even raised Mountains, and where they encounter'd swell'd into goodly Arches like the Gates of a City: But to our more modern Author's calculation for Fruit-trees (I suppose he means Pears, Apples, &c.) his allowance is three hundred years for growth, as much for their stand (as he terms it) and three hundred for their Decay, which does in the total amount to no less then nine hundred years. The conjecture is deduc'd from Apple-Trees growing in his Orchard, which having known for fourty years, and upon diligent enquiry of sundry aged Persons of eighty years and more, who remembred them Trees all their time, he finds by comparing their growth with others of that  X84kind, to be far short in bigness and perfection, (viz. by more then two parts of three) yea albeit those other Trees have been much hindred in their stature through ill government and ordering. s3. To establish this he assembles many Arguments from the age of Animals, whose state and decay double the time of their increase by the same proportion: "If then (saith he) those frail Creatures, whose bodies are nothing (in a manner) but a tender rottenness, may live to that age, I see not but a Tree of a solid substance, not damnified by heat or cold, capable of and subject to any kind of ordering or dressing, feeding naturally, and from the beginning disburthen'd of all superfluities, eased of, and of his own accord avoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double the life of other Creatures by very many years". He proceeds, "What else are Trees in comparison with the Earth, but as hairs to the body of Man? And it is certain, that (without some distemper, or forcible cause) the hairs dure with the body, and are esteem'd excrements but from their superfluous growth": So as he resolves upon good Reason, that Fruit-trees well ordered may live a thousand years, and bear Fruit, and the longer the more, the greater, and the better (for which an Instance also in Mr Beale's Hereford-shire"(#X*0*}((c@ '"  X4Orchards, pag. 21, 22.)F* Xy4 xIЍ John Beale (c.161382), scientific writer (DNB). E included his Aphorisms concerning  Xd4 xVCider in Pomona, appended to Sylva, 1664, and later editions. The page reference here refers  XO4to Pomona, 1664. Beale wrote the dedication to E, see p.229.F because his vigour is proud and stronger, when his years are many. Thus shall you see old Trees put forth their Buds and Blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young Trees by much; "And I sensibly perceive (saith he) my young Trees to enlarge their Fruit as they grow greater, &c". And if FruitTrees continue to this Age, how many Ages is it to be supposed strong and huge Timber-trees will last? whose massie bodies require the years of divers Methusala's before they determine their days; whose Sap is strong and bitter; whose Bark is hard and thick, and their substance solid and stiff; all which are defences of health and long life. Their strengths withstands all forceable Winds; their Sap of that quality is not subject to Worms and tainting; their Bark receives seldome or never by casualty any wound; and not only so, but he is free from Removals, which are the death of millions of Trees; whereas the Fruit-tree (in comparison) is little, and frequently blown down; his Sap sweet, easily and soon tainted; his Bark tender, and soon wounded; and himself used by Man as Man uses himself; that is, either unskilfully, or carelessly. Thus he. s4. I might to this add much more, and truly with sufficient probability, that the Age of Timber-trees, especially of such as be of a compact, resinous, or balsamical nature (for of this kind are the Eugh, Box, Horn-beam, Whitethorn, Oak, Walnut, Cedar, Juniper, &c.) are capable of very long duration and continuance: those of largest Roots, longer liv'd then the shorter; the dry, then the wet; and the gummy, then the watry: For not to conclude from  X4Pliny's Hercynian Oaks,Q* X4Ѝ XVI.6. or the Terpentine Tree of Idumaea,* X4Ѝ A region in Palestine. which Josephus rankes also with the Creation: I read of a Cypress yet remaining some where in Persia neer an old Sepulchre, whose stem is as large as five men can encompass, the boughs extending fifteen paces every way; This must needs be a very old Tree, believ'd by my Author little less then 2500 years of age: The particulars were too long to recount. The old Platanus set by  X4Agamemnon, and the Herculean Oaks, the Laurel neer Hippocren,C* X\4Ѝ Fountain near Mount Helicon in Botia, Greece, sacred to the Muses.C the Vatican Ilex,d * X 4Ѝ See note above Chapter XXIV.2 and  X4old Lotus Trees, recorded by Valerius Maximus, * X4 xEЍ Valerius Maximus, historian; his work contained records of deeds and words of great Romans up to his own time around the end of the first century BC. were famous for their age: St Hierome affirms he saw the Sycomore that Zaccheus climb'd up, to see our LORD ride in Triumph to  XP4Jerusalem: And now in the Aventine Mount they shew us the Malus Medica, planted by the  X4hand of St Dominic:= * Xx$4Ѝ E visited the Aventine hill, see K. Feb 1645 (de Beer, II, 359).= To which add those superannuated Tilia's now at Basil,`* X)&4Ѝ Basle. and that of"Y0*}((c@"  X4Auspurg,* Xy4Ѝ Augsburg. under whose prodigious shade they so often feast, and celebrate their Weddings; because they are all of them noted for their reverend Antiquity; for to such Trees it seems  X4they paid Divine honours, as the nearest Emblems of Eternity, et tanquam sacros ex  XX4vetustate,(Xy* X4Ѝ 'And just as sacred things from antiquity'.( as Quintilian speaks: And like to these might that be which is celebrated by our Poet, neer to another Monument,  X4sMMMMMMMMM justaque antiqua Cupressus  Xx4sRelligione patrum multos servata per annos.x** XS 4Ѝ Virgil, Aeneid II.714. s5. But we will spare our Reader, and refer him that has a desire to multiply examples of  X4this kind, to those undoubted Records our Naturalist mentions in his 44. Chap. Lib. 16. where  X4he shall read of Scipio Africanus'sW* X&4 xcЍ Scipio Africanus Major (236184 BC), hero of the Second Punic War, defeated Hannibal  xVin 202. His life is recorded by Livy. The correct reference in Pliny is XVI.192 (Pliny's chapter  xILXXIV) where Scipio is recorded to have sailed forty days after the first trees for shipbuilding were felled.W Olivetrees; Dianas Lotus; the over-grown Myrtil; the Vatican Holm, those of Tybertine, and especially, that neer to Tusculum, whose body was thirty five foot about; besides divers others which he there enumerates in a large Chapter:  X 4And what shall we conjecture of the age of Xerxes's! I * X4Ѝ Xerxes, King of Persia (519465 BC).! huge Platanus, in admiration whereof he staied the march of so many hundred thousand men for so many days by which the wise Socrates was us'd to swear? And certainly, a goodly Tree was a powerful attractive, when  XH 4that prudent Consul Passienus CrispuseH * X4 xЍ Passienus Crispus, second husband of Agrippina. The incident is described by Pliny XVI.242.e fell in love with a prodigious Beech of a wonderful age and stature. s6. We have already made mention of Tiberius's Larch, and that of the Float which wafted  X4Caligula's Obelisks out of $gypt, four fathoms in circumference:+* X4 xЍ E has not mentioned these already. The information derives from Pliny, XVI.200201,  x'who had previously referred to Tiberius' larch in XVI.190. E has copied the information  X!4including Pliny's comment on the prior reference in eodem, 'the same'.+ We read also of a Cedar growing in the Island of Cyprus which was 130 foot long, and 18 in diameter; of the Plane in Athens whose roots extended 36 Cubits farther then the boughs, which were yet exceedingly  X4large; and such another was that most famous Tree at Veliternus,* X%4Ѝ Velitrae, a town in Latium, Italy. whose arms stretch'd out 80 foot from the stem: But these were solid: Now if we will calculate from the hollow,"Z0*}((c@"  X4besides those mention'd by Pliny in the Hercynian Forest;* Xy4Ѝ XVI.6. the Germans (as now the Indians) had of old some Punti or Canoes of excavated Oak which would well contain thirty, some  X4fourty persons: And the Lician Platanus recorded by the Naturalist,y* X4Ѝ i.e. Pliny, XII.6. and remaining long after his days, had a room in it of eighty one feet in compass, adorn'd with Fountains, stately Seats and Tables of stone; for it seems it was so glorious a Tree both in body, and head, that  X4Licinius Mutianus (three times Consul, and Governour of that Province)** X 4 xЍ The province of Lycia, in Asia Minor, now southern Turkey. The story about, correctly,  X 4Licinianus Mucianus comes from Pliny, Nat. Hist. XII.9. us'd to feast his whole Retinue in it, chusing rather to lodge in it, then in his golden-roofed Palace. s7. Compare me then with these that nine fathom'd deep Tree spoken of by Josephus !  X@4Costa;@* X4 x<Ѝ Joseph de Acosta, Historia natural y moral de las Indias, en que se tratan las cosas  X4 xInotables ... y guerras de los Indios, Madrid, 1608. Library sale lot no. 4, this was E's brother George's copy, formerly the property of  xyGeorge Carew, Earl of Totnes (15531629). It was presumably available to E to consult and eventually became his though this part of the Library catalogue is not extant. the Mastick-tree seen and measur'd by Sir Francis Drake, which was four and thirty yards in circuit; and for prodigious height the two, and three hundred foot unparallel'd  X4Palms-royal describ'd by Captain LigonYz * X4 xЍ Captain Richard Liggon, not in DNB. E possessed a copy of his A True and exact  X4 xHistory of the Island of Barbados, London, 1657, listed as number 47 under 'L', pressmark  x8Jupiter 42. It was not in the main Library sale, though a copy was sold in the Stonor Evelyn  xLibrary sale, Christie's, October 12 1977, Lot no. 115. This is not recorded as having a press xmark and is probably not E's own copy. See K. August 19 1668, p. 188 (de Beer, III, 513 and 514 n. de Beer does not index Liggon).Y growing in our Plantations of the Barbados; or those goodly Masts of Fir, which I have seen, and measur'd, brought from New England; not to omit the vast, and incredible bulk of some Oaks standing lately in Westphalia, whereof one serv'd both for a Castle and Fort; because in this resention, a review or survey we will endeavour to give a taste of more fresh observations, and to compare our modern Timber with the Ancient, and that, not only abroad, but without travelling into forreign Countries for these wonders. s8. What goodly Trees were of old ador'd, and consecrated by the Dryads I leave to conjecture from the stories of our ancient Britains, who had they left Records of their prodigies in this kind, would doubtless have furnish'd us with examples as remarkable for the growth and stature of Trees, as any which we have deduc'd from the Writers of forreign places, since the remains of what are yet in being (notwithstanding the havock which has universally been made, and the little care to improve our Woods) may stand in fair competition with any thing that Antiquity can produce. s9. There is somewhere in Wales an Inscription extant, cut into the wood of an old Beam, thus  V4sSEXAGINTA PEDES FUERANT IN STIPITE NOSTRO,"[a0*}((c@"Ԍ X4sEXCEPTA COMA QU$ SPECIOSA FUIT.%* Xy4Ѝ The tree trunk was sixty foot in height.% sThis must needs have been a noble Tree, but not without later parallels; for to instance in the several species, and speak first of the bulks of some immense Trees; there was standing an old and decay'd Chess-nut at Frailing in Essex, whose very stump did yield thirty sizable load of Logs; I could produce you another of the same kind in Glocestershire which contains within the bowels of it a pretty wain-scotted Room inlighten'd with windows, and furnish'd  Xx4with seats, &c. to answer the Lician Platanus lately mention'd. s10. But whilest I am on this period; see what a Tilia that most learn'd and obliging  X4person, D. Brown of Norwich,y* X2 4 xЍ E is referring to Dr. Thomas Browne of Norwich (160582), author of Religio Medici and other works. E visited him in Norwich, see K. October 16 1671, p.211 (de Beer, III, 592). describes to me in a Letter just now receiv'd.  X4An extraordinary large, and stately Tilia, Linden or Lime-tree, there groweth at Depeham X^4Ѝ Presumably Dereham or Deopham. in Norfolk, ten miles from Norwich whose measure is this. The compass in the least part of the Trunk or body about two yards from the ground is at least eight yards and half: about the root nigh the earth, sixteen yards; about half a yard above that, neer twelve yards in circuit: The  X 4height to the uppermost boughs about thirty yards, which surmounts the famous Tilia of  X 4Zurich in Switzerland; and uncertain it is whether in any Tilicetum, or Lime-walk abroad it be considerably exceeded: Yet was the first motive I had to view it not so much the largeness of  X4the Tree, as the general opinion that no man could ever name it; but I found it to be a Tilia  X4f%mina; and (if the distinction of Bauhinus be admitted from the greater, and lesser leaf) a  X4Tilia Platuphyllos or Latifolia; some leaves being three inches broad; but to distinguish it  Xh4from others in the Country, I call'd it Tilia Colossaea Depehamensis. 4`  Thus the Doctor. sA Poplartree not much inferior to this he informs me grew lately at Harlingly Thetford, at  X4Sir William GawdiesU0 X4 x<4` Ѝ Sir William Gawdy, first baronet, of West Harling, Norfolk. E met his son on September 2 1677, see K. p. 244 (de Beer, IV, 113). gate, blown down by that terrible Hurrocan about four years since. s11. I am told of a very Withy-tree to be seen somewhere in Barkshire which is increased to a most stupendious bulk: But these for arriving hastily to their Acme, and period, and generally not so considerable for their use; I pass to the Ash, Elm, Oak, &c,. sThere were of the first of these divers which measur'd in length one hundred and thirty two foot, sold lately in Essex: And in the Manor of Horton (to go no farther then the Parish  X84of Ebsham8` U0 XI#44` Ѝ Epsom. in Surrey, belonging to my brother Richard Evelyn Esq.)D8 U0 X$44` Ѝ E's younger brother Richard Evelyn, of Woodcote Park, Surrey (162270).D there are Elms now standing in good numbers, which will bear almost three foot square for more then forty foot"\ 0*}((c@"" in height, which is (in my judgement) a very extraordinary matter. They grow in a moist  X4Gravel, and in the Hedge-rows.eU0 XA4 x4` Ѝ Pepys visited the Woodcote estate on July 14 1667 during his memorable visit to Epsom Downs.e sNot to insist upon the Beech, which are frequently very large; there are Oaks of forty foot high; and five foot diameter yet flourishing in divers old Parks of our Nobility and Gentry.  X 4sA large and goodly Oak there is at Reedham in Sir Richard BerneysO bU0 X344` Ѝ Sir Richard Berney, cr. 1st baronet 1620 (d.1668), of Park Hall, Reedham, Norfolk.O Park of Norfolk, which I am inform'd was valu'd at forty pounds the Timber, and twelve pounds the lopping wood. s12. Nor are we to over-pass those memorable Trees which so lately flourished in  X@4Dennington ParkJ@U0 X 44` Ѝ Donnington. E passed there in 1654, see K. June 9, 1654 (de Beer, III, 100).J neer Newberry: amongst which three were most remarkable from the ingenious Planter, and dedication (if Tradition hold) the famous English bard, Jeofry  X4Chaucer;U0 XE4 x4` Ѝ Donnington was bought by Thomas Chaucer in 1415 though de Beer notes that there is  x@no certain connection with Geoffrey Chaucer. The connection seems to have come from Camden who recorded that the manor had belonged to someone of that surname. of which one was call'd the Kings, another the Queens. and a third Chaucers-Oak. The first of these was fifty foot in height before any bough or knot appear'd, and cut five foot square at the butt end, all clear Timber. The Queens was fell'd since the Wars, and held forty foot excellent Timber, straight as an arrow in growth and grain, and cutting four foot at the stub, and neer a yard at the top; besides a fork of almost ten foot clear timber above the shaft, which was crown'd with a shady tuft of boughs, amongst which, some were on each side curved like Ramshorns, as if they had been so industriously bent by hand. This Oak was of a kind so excellent, cutting a grain clear as any Clap-board (as appear'd in the Wainscot which was made thereof) that a thousand pities it is some seminary of the Acorns had not been propagated, to preserve the species. Chaucers Oak, though it were not of these dimensions, yet it was a very goodly Tree: And this account I receiv'd from my most  Xh4honour'd friend Phil. Packer Esq.hG U0 X`4 xR4` Ѝ Philip Packer (c.161886) of Groombridge, Kent (DNB). E had known him for many  XI4years, see K. for example January 31 1649 (de Beer, II, 548), and July 4 1652 (op. cit. III, 72). whose father (as now the Gentleman his Brother) was proprietor of this Park: But that which I would farther remark, upon this occasion, is the bulk, and stature to which an Oak may possibly arrive within less then two hundred year, since it is not so long that our Poet flourish'd (being in the Reign of King Edward the fourth) if at least  X4he were indeed the Planter of those Trees, as 'tis confidently affirm'd.  U0 X"4 x&4` Ѝ Geoffrey Chaucer lived c.13401400, Edward IV 144183. E may mean Edward III (131277). But see note above about Thomas Chaucer and Donnington. I will not labour much in this enquiry; because an implicit faith is here of great encouragement; and it is not to be conceiv'd what Trees of a good kind, in apt Soil, will perform in a few years; and this (I am inform'd) is a sort of gravelly clay moistn'd with small and frequent springs."]} 0*}((c@"Ԍ X4s13. There was in Cunsburrow U0 Xy44` Ѝ Conisbrough near Doncaster(?). (sometimes belonging to my Lord of Dover), yU0 X*44` Ѝ Henry Carey, first earl of Dover (c.15801666)., several Trees bought of a Couper, of which he made ten pound per yard for three or four yards, as I have been credibly assur'd: But where shall we parallel that mighty Tree which furnish'd the  XX4Main-mast to the Sovereign X*U0 X34 x4` Ѝ Sovereign of the Seas, launched 1637, rebuilt 1659 and 1685. E saw her in 1641 at  xChatham, see K. July 19 1641, p.32 (de Beer, II, 30) and commented on the cost to Charles I. He recorded its destruction, see K. February 2 1696 (de Beer, V, 230). of our Seas, which being one hundred foot long save one, bare thirty five inches diameter. Yet was this exceeded in proportion, and use, by that Oak which furnish'd those prodigious beams that lye thwart her. The diameter of this Tree was four foot nine inches, which yielded four-square beams of four and forty foot long each of them. The  Xx4Oak grew about Framingham  xU0 X44` Ѝ Framlingham.  in Suffolk; and indeed it would be thought fabulous, but to recount only the extraordinary dimensions of some Timber-trees growing in that County; and of the excessive sizes of these materials, had not mine hands measur'd a Table (more then once) of above five foot in breadth, nine an half in length, and six inches thick, all intire and  X4clear: This plank cut out of a Tree fell'd down by my Fathers"` U0 X44` Ѝ Richard Evelyn of Wotton (15901640)." order, was made a Pastry-board, and lyes now on a frame of solid Brickwork at Wotton in Surrey, where it was so placed before the room was finish'd about it, or wall built, and yet abated by one foot shorter, to confine it to the intended dimensions of the place: for at first, it held this breadth, full ten foot and an half in length. s14. To these I might add that suprannuated Eugh-tree growing now in Braburne Church-yard, not far from Scots-hall in Kent; which being 58 foot 11 inches in the circumference, will bear neer twenty foot diameter, as it was measur'd first by my self imperfectly, and then more exactly for me, by order of the Right Honourable Sir George  X4Carteret, Vice-Chamberlain to his Majesty, and Treasurer of the Navy: U0 Xb4 x4` Ѝ Sir George Carteret (d.1680). E dined with him on July 19 1663 to celebrate the marriage  xof Carteret's daughter to Sir Thomas Scot of Scots Hall, see K. p.148 (de Beer, III, 358), though the measurements must have been taken on an earlier visit. not to mention the goodly planks, and other considerable pieces of squar'd and clear Timber, which I observ'd to lye about it, that had been hew'd, and sawn out of some of the Arms only, torn from it by impetous winds. Such another Monster I am inform'd is also to be seen in Sutton Church-yard neer Winchester: But these (with infinite others, which I am ready to produce) might fairly suffice to vindicate, and assert our Proposition, as it relates to modern examples, and sizes of Timber-trees, comparable to any of the Ancients, remaining upon laudable and unsuspected Record; were it not great ingratitude to conceal a most industrious, and no less"^0*}((c@"  X4accurate Accompt, which comes just now to my hands from Mr. Halton, Auditor to the Right  X4Honourable, the most Illustrious, and Noble, Henry Howard of Norfolk.U0 XA4 xl4` Ѝ Henry Howard (162884), succeeded as 6th duke of Norfolk in 1677. E subsequently landscaped his garden at Albury, see K. September 21 1667, p.184 (de Beer, III, 496).  XX4eEIn Sheffield Lordship.ă s15. In the Hall Park, neer unto Rivelin, stood an Oak which had eighteen yards without bough, or knot; and carried a yard and six inches square at the said height, or length, and not  Xx4much bigger neer the root: Sold twelve years ago for 11 li. Consider the distance of the  X@4place, and Country, and what so prodigious a Tree would have been worth neer London.s@bU0 XS 4 x4` Ѝ E's note: 'The name of the persons who gave intelligence of the particulars. Ed. Rawson.' Not traceable.s sIn Firth's Farme within Sheffield Lordship, about twenty years since, a Tree blown down by the wind, made or would have made two Forgehammerbeams, and in those, and the other  X4wood of that Tree, there was of worth, or made 50 li. and Godfrey Frogat (who is now  X` 4living) did oft say, he lost 30 li. by the not buying of it.` U0 X 44` Ѝ E's note 'Cap.Bullock.' 4` A Hammer-beam is not less then 7 yards long, and 4 foot square at the barrel.  In Sheffield Park, below the Manor, a Tree was standing which was sold by one Giffard  X 4(servant to the then Countess of Kent)K < X4Ѝ Possibly Elizabeth Grey (15811651), wife of Henry Grey, seventh earl of Kent.K for 2 li. 10s. to one Nich. Hicks; which yielded of sawn Wair fourteen hundred, and by estimation, twenty Chords of wood.  A Wair is two yards long, and one foot broad, sixscore to the hundred: so that, in the said Tree was 10080 foot of Boards; which, if any of the said Boards were more then half-inch  Xh4thick, renders the thing yet more admirable.h^  Xw4Ѝ E's note: 'Ed. Morphy, Woodward.'  In the upper end of Rivelin stood a Tree, call'd the Lords-Oak, of twelve yards about, and the top yielded twenty one Chord, cut down about thirteen years since.  X4In Sheffield Park An. 1646. stood above 100 Trees worth 1000 li. and there are yet two worth  XP4above 20 li. still note the place, and market. In the same Park, about eight years ago, Ralph Archdall cut a Tree that was thirteen foot diameter at the Kerf, or cutting place neer the Root.  X4In the same Park two years since Mr. Sittwell, with Jo. Magson did chuse a Tree, which after it was cut, and laid aside falt upon a level ground, Sam. Staniforth a Keeper, and Ed. Morphy, both on horse-back, could not see over the Tree one anothers Hat-crowns. This Tree was  X4afterwards sold for 20 li. In the same Park, neer the old foord, is an Oak-tree yet standing, of ten yards circumference. In the same Park, below the Conduit Plain, is an Oak-tree which bears a top, whose boughs shoot from the boal some fifteen, and some sixteen yards. " _ 0*}((c@"ԌThen admitting 15 yards for the common, or mean extent of the boughs from the boal, which being doubled is 31 yards; and if it be imagin'd for a diameter, because the Ratio of  Xhthe diameter to the circumference is 113/355 it follows 113.355: : 31.97 44/113 yards which is the circumference belonging to this diameter. Then farther it is demonstrable in Geometry, that half the diameter multiplied into half the circumference produces the Area or quantity of the Circle, and that will be found to be 754  Xh347/452 which is 755 square yards fer/. Then lastly, if a Horse can be limited to three square yards of ground to stand on (which may seem a competent proportion of three yards long, and one yard broad) then may 251 Horse be well said to stand under the shade of this Tree. But of Scotch Cattle certainly, more then twice that number. Oe  Oe   Oe (  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe [WWorksopp-Park. s16. In this Park, at the corner of the Bradshaw-rail, lyeth the boal of an Oaktree which is twenty nine foot about, and would be found thirty, if it could be justly measur'd; because it lyeth upon the ground; and the length of this boal is ten foot, and no arm, nor branch upon  XH 4it.H + X4( Ѝ E's note: 'Kenhelm Homer.' sIn the same Park, at the white-gate, a Tree did stand that was from bough end to bough end (that is, from the extream ends of two opposite boughs) 180 foot; which is witness'd by  X4Jo. Magson and Geo. Hall, and measur'd them both.y+ X4( Ѝ E's note: 'Jo Magson. Geo. Hall.' (  Then because 180 foot, or 60 yards is the diameter; 30 yards will be the semidiameter: And by the former  X4Analogies jK113. 355 : : 60. 188 \}and D1. 30 : : 94. 2827 That is, the Content of ground upon which this Tree perpendicularly drops, is above 2827 square yards, which is above half an Acre of ground: And the assigning three square yards (as above) for an Horse, there may 942 be well said to stand in this compass.  In  xEthe same Park (after many hundreds sold, and carried away) there is a Tree which did yield  xquarter-cliff bottoms that were a yard square: and there is of them to be seen in Worksopp, at  X4this day, and some Tables made of the said quarter-cliff likewise.*< Xk 4Ѝ E's note: Jo. Magson.'  xIn the same Park, in the Place there call'd the Hawks-nest, are Tree forty foot long of Timber which will bear two foot square at the top-end or height of forty foot. D  xIf then a square whose side is two foot, be inscribed in a Circle, the proportions at that Circle are 4DDfeet  X 44DiameterDD2:8284  X 44CircumferenceDD8:8858  X!44AreaDD6:2831"!`0*}((c@ &"Ԍ xԙAnd because a Tun of Timber is said to contain forty solid foot: one of these Columns of Oak  xAwill contain above six Tun of Timber and a quarter: in this computation taking them to be Cylinders, and not tapering like the segment of a Cone. Oe  Oe   Oe D<0$| Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe \Welbeck-Lane  <<<,17. The Oak which stands in this Lane call'd Grindal-Oak hath at these several distances from the ground these Circumferences  V@4<<,00R$$y||footfootinch  X4<<,00R$$yat||133:01  X4<<,00R$$yat||228:05  X4<<,00R$$yat||625:07  X( 4 <U<<,The breadth is from bough-end to bough-end (i.) diametrically  x_88 foot; the height from the ground to the top-most bough 81 foot [this dimension taken from  xthe proportion that a Gnomon bears to the shadow] there are three Arms broken off and gone, and eight very large ones yet remaining, which are very fresh and good Timber. <0$|  x88 foot is 29@ yards, which being in this case admitted for the diameter of a circle, the square  x3yards in that circumference will be 676 fer/; and then allowing three yards (as before) for a beast, leaves 225 beasts, which may possibly stand under this Tree.   xBut the Lords-Oak that stood in Rivelin was in diameter three yards, and twenty eight inches; and exceeded this in circumference three feet at one foot from the ground. 9hShire-Oak.  X4 xShire-Oak is a Tree standing in the ground late Sir Tho. Hewets,F< X4Ѝ Probably Sir Thomas Hewet, cr. baronet 1660, of PishoBury (?), Hertford.F about a mile from  X4 xWorksopp-Park, which drops into three Shires, viz. York, Nottingham, and Derby, and the  X4distance from bough-end to bough-end is ninety foot or thirty yards.y< X4Ѝ E's note: 'Hen. Homer'.  This circumference will contain neer 707 square-yards, sufficient to shade 235 horse. Thus for the accurate M. Halton. Oe  Oe   Oe   Oe  Oe   M Oe  Oe s18. Being inform'd by a person of credit, that an Oak in Sheffield-Park, call'd the Ladies-Oak,  xIfell'd, contain'd forty two Tun of Timber, which had Arms that held at least four foot square for  xlten yards in length; the Body six foot of clear Timber: That in the same Park one might have  X4 xchosen above 1000 Trees worth above 6000 li. another 1000 worth 4000 li. & sic de c%teris: To  xthis M. Halton replies, That it might possibly be meant of the Lords-Oak already mention'd to  x+have grown in Rivelin: For now Rivelin it self is totally destitute of that issue she once might  xNhave gloried in of Oaks; there being only the Hall-park adjoyning which keeps up with its  xnumber of Oaks. And as to the computation of 1000 Trees formerly in Sheffield-Park worth  X 4 x6000 li. it is believ'd there were a thousand much above that value; since in what is now inclos'd, it is evident touching 100, worth a thousand pounds."!a*0*}((c@S%"Ԍ X4 MysMy worthy friend Leonard Pinckney Esq. first Clerk of his Majesties Kitchine5 Xy4 x Ѝ Leonard Pinckney (d.1667). E dined with him on August 6 1662 (de Beer, III, 330, and note).e (from whom  x<I receiv'd the first hints of many of these particulars) did assure me, that one John Garland built  xa very handsome Barne containing five Baies, with Pan, Posts, Beams, Spars, &c. of one sole  xyTree growing in Worksoppark. But these shall suffice, I should never finish to pursue these  xInstances through our once goodly Magazines of Timber for all uses, growing in this our native  xpCountry, comparable (as I said) to any we can produce of elder times; and that not only (though  xlchiefly) for the encouragement of Planters, and Preservers of one of the most excellent, and  xRnecessary Materials in the World for the benefit of Man; but to evince the continu'd vigor of  xNature, and to reproach the want of Industry in this Age of ours; and (that we may return to the  xArgument of this large Chapter) to assert the procerity and stature of Trees from their very great  X4 xAntiquity: For certainly if that be true, which is by divers affirmed concerning the Quercetum  X4 x/of Mambre?b5 X 4 Ѝ Quercetum, = an oakforest, in the Plain of Mamre in Judaea.?, recorded by Eusebius to have continued till the time of Constantine the Great,5 X^4 Ѝ AD307337.  xwe are not too prejudicately to censure what has been produc'd for the proofs of their Antiquity;  x/nor for my part do I much question the Authorities: But let this suffice; what has been produc'd  xbeing only an historical speculation, of more encouragement haply then other use, but such as  xwas pertinent to the subject under consideration, as well as what I am about to add concerning  x8the Texture and similar parts of the body of Trees, which may also hold in shrubs, and other  xlignous plants, because it is both a curious and Rational account of their Anatomization, and  X4 x"worthy of the sagacious Inquiry of that incomparably learned Person Dr Goddard,5 X4 x Ѝ Dr. Jonathan Goddard (161775) physician (DNB). Goddard was one of the members,  xincluding E, of the Royal Society to whom the inquiries about timber by the Commissioners of the Navy were referred. See K. October 15 1662 (de Beer, III, 340 and note). as I find it entered amongst other of those precious Collections of this Illustrious Society.  MEs19. The Trunk, or bough of a Tree being cut transversely plain and smooth, sheweth several  xACircles or Rings more or less Orbicular, according to the external figure, in some parallel  x}proportion, one without the other, from the centre of the Wood to the inside of the Bark, dividing  xthe whole into so many circular spaces. These rings are more large, gross, and distinct in colour  xand substance in some kind of Trees, generally in such as grow to a great bulk in a short time,  xEas Fir, Ash, &c. smaller or less distinct in those that either not at all or in a longer time grow  XP4 xVgreat, as Quince, Holly, Box, Lignumvit%, Ebony, and the like sad colour'd and hard woods; so  x/that by the largeness or smallness of the Rings, the quickness or slowness of the growth of any Tree may perhaps at certainty be estimated.  MsThese spaces are manifestly broader on the one side then on the other, especially the more outer, to a double proportion, or more; the inner being neer an equality.  MsIt is asserted, that the larger parts of these Rings are on the South and sunny side of the Tree  x(which is very rational and probable) insomuch that by cutting a Tree transverse, and drawing  xa diametre through the broadest and narrowest parts of the Rings, a Meridian line may be  X4described.5I 5 X&4 Ѝ E discussed this above in Chap. III Of the Oak, 7.5"b 0*}((c@"Ԍ MlsThe outer spaces are generally narrower then the inner, not only on their narrower sides, but  xalso on their broader, compared with the same sides of the inner: Notwithstanding which, they are for the most part, if not altogether, bigger upon the whole account.  MsOf these spaces the outer extremities in Fir, and the like woods, that have them larger and  xgrosser, are more dense, hard, and compact; the inner more soft and spungy; by which difference of substance it is that the Rings themselves come to be distinguished.  MNsAccording as the bodies and boughs of Trees, or several parts of the same, are bigger or  xlesser, so is the number as well as the breadth of the circular spaces greater or less; and the like according to the age, especially the number.  MEsIt is commonly and very probably asserted, That a Tree gains a new one every year. In the  x+body of a great Oak in the New-Forest, cut transversly even (where many of the Trees are  xaccounted to be some hundreds of years old) three and four hundred have been distinguish'd. In  xa Fir-tree, which is said to have just so many rows of boughs about it as of years growth, there  xlhas been observed just one less immediately above one row, then immediately below: Hence  xVsome probable account may be given of the difference between the outer and the inner parts of  xthe Rings, that the outermost being newly produced in the Summer, the exterior superficies is condens'd in the Winter.  Mus20. In the young branches and twigs of Trees there is a pith in the middle, which in some,  x&as Ash, and especially Elder, equals or exceeds in dimensions the rest of the substance, but waxes  xless as they grow bigger, and in the great boughs and trunk scarce is to be found: This gives way  xfor the growth of the inward Rings, which at first were less then the outer (as may be seen in any  xshoot of the first year) and after grow thicker, being it self absum'd, or perhaps converted into  xWood; as it is certain Cartilages or Gristles are into bones (in the bodies of Animals) from which to sense they differ even as much as pith from Wood.  M4sThese Rings or spaces appearing upon transverse Section (as they appear elliptical upon  xoblique, and strait upon direct Section) are no other then the extremities of so many Integuments  xinvesting the whole Tree, and (perhaps) all the boughs that are of the same age with any of them, or older.  MusIn the growth of Trees Augmentation in all dimensions is acquired, not only by Accession  x}of a new Integument yearly, but also by Reception of nourishment into the Pores, and substance  xof the rest, upon which they also become thicker; not only those towards the middle, but also the  xrest, in a thriving Tree: Yet the principal growth is between the Bark and the Body, by Accession  xof a new Integument yearly, as hath been mentioned: Whence the cutting of the Bar of any Tree or Bough round about will certainly kill it.  MsThe Bark of a Tree is distinguished into Rings or Integuments noe less then the Wood,  xlthough much smaller or thinner, and therefore not distinguishable except in the thick barks of  xgreat old Trees, and toward the inside next the Wood; the outer parts drying and breaking with  xinnumerable fissures, growing wider and deeper, as the body of the Tree grows bigger, and mouldering away on the out side.  MsThough it cannot appear by reason of the continual decay of it upon the account aforesaid;  x&yet it is probable the Bark of a Tree hath had successively as many Integuments as the wood; and  xthat it doth grow by acquisition of a new one yearly on the inside, as the wood doth on the  xVout-side; so that the chief way, and conveyance of nourishment to both the Wood and the Bark, is between them both.  M_sThe least Bud appearing on the body of a Tree doth as it were make perforation through the  xseveral Integuments to the middle, or very neer; which part is, as it were, a Root of the bough  xVinto the body of the Tree; and after becomes a knot, more hard then the other wood: And when  xit is larger, manifestly shewing it self also to consist of several Integuments, by the circles  xappearing in it, as in the body: more hard, probably; because streightned in room for growth; as  xappears by its distending, buckling, as it were, the Integuments of the wood about it; so implicating them the more; whence a knotty piece of wood is so much harder to cleave."'c0*}((c@*+"Ԍ MsIt is probable, that a Cience or Bud, upon Grassing, or Inoculating, doth, as it were, Root it  xself into the stock in the same manner as the branches, by producing a kind of knot. Thus far  X4the accurate Doctor.5 X 4 Ѝ Jonathan Goddard, see note above.  Ms20. To this might be subjoyn'd the vegetative motion of Plants, with the diagrams of the  X 4 xJesuite Kercher,  y5 XJ4 x Ѝ Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit and mathematician (160280), author of Magnes Sive  X54 xde Arte Magnetica Opus Tripartitum, Rome, 1641. E's copy (Lot no.854) bears the inscription  X 4 x}in his hand Ex libris IEvelyni emptus Rom% Mart 13 1645: Dominus providebit. et Melior a  xRetinete. pret 33 gul: Catalogo IEvelyni inscriptus: Meliora Retinete: 1650. Rom% Emptus:  X 41645. Pressmark L.30. where he discourses of their stupendious Magnetisms, &c. could there any  x_thing material be added to what has already been so ingeniously inquir'd into: therefore let us  X4proceed to their Felling.:!5 X74 Ѝ Note that this para number (20), has already been used above.:  V@4Felling.  Ms21. It should be in this status, vigour and perfection of Trees, that a Felling should be  xccelebrated; since whiles our Woods are growing it is a pity, and indeed too soon; and when they  xare decaying, too late: I do not pretend that a man (who has occasion for Timber) is obliged to  xattend so many ages ere he fell his Trees; but I do by this infer, how highly necessary it were,  xthat men should perpetually be planting; that so posterity might have Trees fit for their service  x/of competent, that is, of a middle growth and age, which it is impossible they should have, if we  xthus continue to destroy our Woods, without this providential planting in their stead, and felling what we do cut down, with great discretion, and regard of the future.  Ms22. Such therefore as we shall perceive to decay are first to be picked out for the Ax; and  x+then those which are in their state, or approaching to it; but the very thriving, and manifestly improving, indulg'd as much as possible.  MAs23. The time of the year for this destructive work is not usually till about the end of April  x(at which season the bark does commonly rise freely) though the opinions and practice of men  X4 xhave been very different: Vitruvius is for an Autumnal Fall;" 5 X04 Ѝ De Architectura II.9.1. others advise December and  xJanuary: Cato was of opinion Trees should have first born their Fruit, or, at least, not till full  X4 xripe,#: 5 Xs 4 Ѝ De Re Rustica XVII. which agrees with that of the Architect: And though Timber unbarked be more obnoxious  xNto the Worm, and to contract somewhat a darker hue (which is the reason so many have  xcommended the season when it will most freely strip) yet were this to be rather consider'd for  xsuch Trees as one would leave round, and unsquar'd; since we finde the wilde Oak, and many  xEother sorts, fell'd over late, and when the sap begins to grow proud, to be very subject to the  x}worm; whereas being cut about mid-winter it neither casts, rifts, nor twines; because the cold of  xthe winter does both dry, and consolidate; whiles in spring, and when pregnant, so much of the  xEvirtue goes into the leaves and branches: Happy therefore were it for our Timber, some real"d #0*}((c@""  X4 x Inventions of Tanning without so much Bark (as the Honourable Mr. Charles Howard$5 Xy4 Ѝ See above Chapter XV, 2, note 1. has most  xpingeniously offer'd) were become universal, that Trees being more early fell'd, the Timber might  xbe better season'd and condition'd for its various Uses. But as the custom is, men have now time to fell their woods, even from midwinter to the spring but never any after the Summer Solstice.  Ms24. Then for the Age of the Moon, it has religiously been observ'd; and that Dianas  xpresidency in Sylvis was not so much celebrated to credit the fictions of the Poets; as for the  x_dominion of that moist Planet, and her influence over Timber: For my part, I am not so much  xhinclin'd to these Criticisms, that I should altogether govern a Felling at the pleasure of this mutable Lady; however there is doubtless some regard to be had,  X4sNec frustra signorum obitus speculamur & ortus.I%y5 X 4 Ѝ 'Nor is't in vain Signs fall and rise to note.' Virgil, Georg. I.257.I sThe old Rules are these:  MsFell in the decrease, or four days after conjunction of the two great Luminaries; some the last  x/quarter of it; or (as Pliny) in the very article of the change, if possible; which hapning (saith he)  X 4 xyin the last day of the Winter Solstice, that Timber will prove immortal:& ,5 X4 Ѝ XVI.191. At least should it be  xfrom the twentieth to the thirtieth day, according to Columella: Cato four days after the Full, as  XH 4 xcfar better for the growth:'H 5 X4 Ѝ De Re Rustica XXXI. But all viminious Trees silente Luna; such as Sallies, Birch, Poplar,  x&c. Vegetius for Ship-timber, from the 15th, to the 25th, the Moon as before; but never during  xhthe Increase, Trees being then most abounding with moisture, which is the only source of putrifaction.  Ms25. Then for the Temper, and time of day: The wind low, neither East nor West; neither in  xfrosty, wet or dewy weather; and therefore never in a Forenoone. Lastly, touching the species;  xFell Fir when it begins to spring; not only because it will then best quit its coat and strip; but for  xIthat they hold it will never decay in water; which howsoever Theophrastus deduce from the old  x'Bridge made of this material over a certain River in Arcadia, cut in this season, is hardly sufficient to satisfie our inquiry.  X4 Ms26. Previous to this work of Felling is the advice of our Country-man Markham,2(5 XY4 Ѝ See above Chapter XX, on Quicksets, 7, note 2.2 and it is  xnot to be rejected: "Survey (saith he) your Woods as they stand immediately after Christmas, and  xVthen divide the species in your mind: (I add, rather in some Note Book, or Tablets) and consider  xfor what purpose every several kind is most useful: After this, reckon the bad and good together,  xso as one may put off the other, without being forc'd to glean your Woods of all your best  x_Timber. This done (or before) you shall acquaint your self with the marketable prices of the  x<Country where your Fell is made, and that of the several sorts; as what so many inches, or foot  xsquare and long, is worth for the several imployments: What planks? what other scantlings for  xso many Spoaks, Naves, Rings, Pales, Spares, &c. allowing the waste for the charges of Felling,  x+&c. all which you shall compute with greater certainty, if you have leisure, and will take the  xVpains to examine some of the Trees either by your own Fathom; or (more accurately) by girting  x}it about with a string, and so reducing it to the square, &c. by which means you may give a neer"eC (0*}((c@P!"  xguess: or, you may mark such as you intend to fell; and then begin your sale about Candlemas  xtill the Spring; before which you must not (according as our Custom is) lay the Ax to the Root;  xthough some, for particular imployments, as for Timber to make Plows, Carts, Axeltrees, Naves, Harrows, and the like Husbandrytools, do frequently cut in October."  MsBeing now entering with your Workmen, one of the first, and most principal things is, the  xskilful disbranching of the Boal of all such Arms and Limbs as may endanger it in the Fall,  xwherein much forecast and skill is requir'd of the Woodman; so may excellent Trees being  xutterly spoiled for want of this only consideration: And therefore in arms of Timber which are  xvery great, chop a nick under it close to the Boal, so meeting it with the downright strokes, it will be cut without splicing.  Ms27. Some there are who cut a kerfe round the body, almost to the very pitch, or heart, and  x_so let it remain a while; by this means to drain away the moisture, which will distill out of the  x/wounded Veins, and is chiefly good for the moister sort of Trees: And in this work the very Ax  xRwill tell you the difference of the Sex; the Male being so much harder, and browner then the  xVFemale: But here (and wherever we speak thus of Plants) you are to understand the analogical,  xnot proper distinction. Fell as close to the ground as possible may be, if you design a renascency  xfrom the roots; unless you will grub for a total destruction, or the use of that part we have  xalready mention'd, so far superiour in goodness to what is more remote from the Root. Some are  xof opinion, that the seedling Oak should never be cut to improve his Boal; because, they say, it  xproduces a reddish wood not so acceptable to the Workman; and that the Tree which grows on  xthe head of his Mother does seldom prove good Timber: It is observ'd, indeed, that one foot of  xTimber neer the Root (which is the proper kerfe, or cutting place) is worth three farther off: And  x"haply, the successor is more apt to be tender, then what was cut off to give it place; but let this be inquir'd into at leasure.  Mls28. When your Tree is thus prostrate, strip off the Bark; and let it so as it may best dry; then  xcleanse the Boal of the Branches which were left, and saw it into lengths for the squaring, to  xpwhich belongs the Measure, and Girth (as our Workmen call it) which I refer to the Buyer, and  x to many subsidiary Books lately printed, wherein it is taught by a very familiar and easie Method: A Tun of Timber is forty solid feet, a load fifty.  M s29. If you are to remove your Timber, let the Dew be first off, and the Southwind blow  xEbefore you draw it: Neither should you by any means put it to use for three, or four moneths  X84 xafter, unless great necessity urge you, as it did Duilius,D)85 X4 Ѝ Gaius Duilius Nepos, in 260 BC; the information is from Pliny, XVI.192.D who in the Punic War built his Fleet  x}of Timber before it was season'd, being not above two moneths from the very first Felling to the  X4 xcLaunching: and as were also those Navies of Hiero.*y5 X4 Ѝ Presumably Hiero II, king of Sicily (d. c.225 BC). after forty days; and that of Scipio, in the  X4 x+third Carthaginean War,y+*5 Xk 4 x Ѝ P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (184129 BC), grandson of Scipio Africanus, and the Third Punic War (147146 BC).y from the very Forest to the Sea. July is a good time for bringing home your fell'd Timber.  Ms30. To make excellent Boards and Planks, 'tis the advice of some, you should Bark your  xTrees in a fit season, and so let them stand naked a full year before the felling; and in some  xcases, and grounds, it may be profitable: But let these, with what has been already said in the  xforegoing Chapters of the several kinds, suffice for this Article: I shall add one Advertisement  x of Caution to those Noble persons, and others who have Groves and Trees of ornament neer their  xhhouses, and in their Gardens in London, and the Circle of it; especially, if they be of great  xstature, and well grown; such as are the Groves in the several Inns of Court; nay, even that" f+0*}((c@$"  X4 x(comparatively, new Plantation) in my Lord of Bedfords Garden, &c.K,5 Xy4 Ѝ Presumably William Russell, fifth earl and first duke of Bedford (16131700). K and wherever they stand  xin the more interiour parts of the City; that they be not over hasty, or by any means perswaded  xto cut down any of their old Trees, upon hope of new, more flourishing Plantations; thickning,  xor repairing deformities, because they grow so well when first they were set: It is to be consider'd  xhow exceedingly that pernicious smoak of the Seacoal is increas'd in and about London since  xthey were first planted, and the buildings environing them, and inclosing it in amongst them,  X4 xwhich does so universally contaminate the Air,-y5 X4 Ѝ see Fumifugium, 1661. that what Plantations of Trees shall be now  xbegun in any of those places will have much ado, great difficulty, and require a long time, to be  x brought to any tolerable perfection: Therefore let them make much of what they have; and though I discourage none, yet I can animate none to cut down the old.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe ^CHAP. XXX.  X 4 Of Timber the Seasoning and Uses, and of Fuel. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   XH 4 Oe  Oe Seasoning.  xWe have before spoken concerning some preparations of standing Trees design'd for Timber, by a halfcutting, disbarking and the seasons of drawing, and using it.  xI. Lay up your Timber very dry, in an airy place (yet out of the Wind, or Sun) and not standing  xlupright, but lying along one piece upon another, interposing some short blocks between them,  xto preserve them from a certain mouldiness which they usually contract while they sweat, and which frequently produces a kind of fungus, especially if there be any sappy parts remaining.  Ms2. Some there are yet, who keep their Timber as moist as they can, by submerging it in  x/Water, where they let it imbibe to hinder the cleaving; and this is good in Fir, both for the better stripping and seasoning.  MEs3. Some again commend Buryings in the Earth; others in Wheat; and there be seasonings of  xcthe Fire, as for the scorching and hardning of Piles which are to stand either in the water, or the earth: Thus do all the Elements contribute to the Art of Seasoning.  Ms4. And yet even the greenest Timber is sometimes desirable for such as Carve and Turn; but  xit choaks the teeth of our Saws; and for Doors, Windows, Floors, and other close Works, it is  x8altogether to be rejected; especially where Walnuttree is the material, which will be sure to  xshrink: Therefore it is best to chuse such as is of two or three years seasoning, and that is neither  XX4 xmoist nor over-dry; the mean is best. Sir Hugh Plat.X,5 X5!4 Ѝ See above Chapter IV, 10, note. informs us that the Venetians use to burn  xRand scorch their Timber in a flaming fire; continually turning it round with an Engine, till they  xhave gotten upon it an hard, black, coaly crust; and the secret carries with it great probability;  X4 xfor that the wood is brought by it to such a hardness and driness, ut cum omnis putrifactio  Xx4 xincipiat ab humido, nor earth nor water can penetrate it; I my self remembring to have seen"xg.0*}((c@!"  xCharcoals dug out of the ground amongst the ruines of ancient buildings, which have in all  X4probability lain cover'd with earth above 1500 years./5 XA4 x} Ѝ One possible occasion was on September 26 1658 at Banstead when E discussed Roman remains with local shepherds, see K. (de Beer, III, 221).  Ms5. Timber which is cleft is nothing so obnoxious to rift and cleave as what is hewn; nor that  xywhich is squar'd, as what is round; and therfore where use is to be made of huge and massie  xColumns, let them be boared through from end to end; it is an excellent preservative from  x+splitting, and not un-philosophical; though to cure this accident, the rubbing them over with a  xcwax-cloath is good, Painters Putty, &c. or before it be converted, the smearing the Timber over  xwith Cow-dung, which prevents the effects both of Sun and Air upon it, if of necessity it must  xlye expos'd: But besides the former remedies I find this for the closing of the chops and clefts  x"of green Timber, to anoint and supple it with the fat of powder'd-beef-broth, with which it must  xbe well soak'd, the chasm's fill'd with spunges dipt into it; this to be twice done over: Some  xCarpenters make use of grease and saw-dust mingled; but the first is so good a way (says my  X` 4 x&Author) that I have seen Wind-shock-timber$0` b5 Xs4 Ѝ Timber broken from trees by high winds.$ so exquisitely closed, as not to be discerned where the defects were: This must be us'd when the Timber is green: Finally,  Mhs6. I must not omit to take notice of the coating of Timber in Work, us'd by the Hollanders  xfor the preservation of their Gates, Port-cullis's, Draw-bridges, Sluces, and other huge Beams and  xContignations of Timber expos'd to the Sun, and perpetual injuries of the Weather, by a certain  x}mixture of Pitch and Tar, upon which they strew small pieces of Cockle and other shells, beaten  xalmost to powder, and mingles with Sea-sand, which incrusts and arms it after an incredible  X4manner against all these assaults and foreign invaders..15 X4 Ѝ E toured the Low Countries in the summer of 1641..  Vh4Uses.  MAs7. For all uses that Timber is esteem'd the best which is the most light, without knots, yet  x[firm, and free from sap; which is that fatty, whiter, and softer part, call'd by the Ancients  X4 xAlburnam,,25 X4 Ѝ From albus = white; see Pliny, XVI.1813., which you are diligently to hew away; You shall perceive some which has a spiral  xconvolution of the veins; but it is a vice proceeding from the severity of unseasonable Winters, and defect of good nutriment.  Mus8. Moreover, it is expedient that you know which is the Grain, and which are the Veins in  xTimber; because of the difficulty of working against it: Those therefore be the veins which grow  xlargest, and are softer for the benefit of cleaving and hewing; that the Grain which runs in waves,  xand makes the divers and beautiful chamfers which some woods abound in to admiration. The Grain of Beech runs two contrary ways, and is therefore to be wrought accordingly.  Ms9. For the place of growth, that Timber is esteem'd best which grows most in the Sun, and  xon a dry and hale ground; The Climate contributes much to its quality, and the Northern situation  x is preferr'd to the rest of the quarters; so as that which grew in Tuscany was of old thought better  x8then that of the Venetian side; and Trees of the wilder kind, and barren, then the over much cultivated, and great bearers: but of this already.  Ms10. To omit nothing, Authors have summ'd up the natures of Timber; as the hardest Ebeny,  x4Box, Larch, Lotus, Terebinth, Eugh, &c. which are best to receive polishing; and for this  x Lin-seed, or the sweeter Nut-oyl does the effect best: Pliny gives us the Receipt, with a decoction"@hw20*}((c@""  X4 xof Walnut-shales, and certain wild-pears:35 Xy4 Ѝ XVI.205. Next to these, Oak for Ships, and Houses; Cornel,  xHolly, &c. for Pins, Wedges, &c. Chess-nut, Horn-beam, Poplar, &c. Then for Bucklers, and  x3Targets, were commended the more soft and moist; because apt to close, swell, and make up their wounds again; such as Willow, Lime, Birch, Alder, Elder, Ash, Poplar, &c.  X 4sThe Robur, or Wild-oak Timber, best to stand in ground; the Quercus without.  M sPines, Pitch, Alder and Elm, are excellent to make Pumps and Conduitpipes, and for all  x Water-works, &c. Fir for Beams, Bolts, Bars; being tough, and not so apt to break as the hardest Oak: In sum, the more odiferous Trees are the more durable and lasting.  X@4 Ms11. We did, in Chap. 21. mention certain Subterranean Trees, which Mr Cambden4@y5 Xj 4 Ѝ See above Chapter XXI, 13, note. supposes  xgrew altogether under the ground: And truly, it did appear a very Paradox to me, till I both saw  X4 xpand diligently examin'd that piece (Plank, Stone, or both shall I name it) of Lignum fossile taken  X4 xNout of a certain Quarry thereof at Aqua Sparta not far from Rome, and sent to the most  X` 4 xincomparably learn'd Dr Ent,G5` *5 X;4 Ѝ Sir George Ent (160489), physician and Fellow of the Royal Society (DNB).G by that obliging Virtuoso Cavalier dal Pozzo. He that shall  xexamine the hardness, and feel the ponderousness of it, sinking in water, &c. will easily take it  xfor a stone; but he that shall behold its grain, so exquisitely undulated, and varied, together with  xits colour, manner of hewing, chips, and other most perfect resemblances, will never scruple to  X 4pronounce it arrant wood.K6x 5 X 4 x Ѝ E was in Rome in 164445 but does not mention the quarry. On November 21 1644 he  xvisited one 'Cavalliero Pozzo' who was Cassiano dal Pozzo (c.15901657) an art collector. Pozzo  xshowed E a stone mounted in a ring 'which yet he affirm'd to be the true Carbuncle & harder  xthan the Diamond'. This may be the piece in question; even if not this almost certainly the  X4 xoccasion when he did see the Lignum fossile but may even have taken it to Pozzo himself. See K. (de Beer, II, 277).K  M sSignor Stelluti (an Italian) has publish'd a whole Treatise expressly to describe this great  X4 xcuriosity:g7 5 X4 x Ѝ Francesco Stelluti, Italian poet and naturalist (1577 to post1651), author of Trattato del  X4 xLigno Fossile, Rome, 1637. If E possessed this book it was not listed in his catalogue, and it  xwas not at the Library sale. He may have consulted it in the Royal Society library, or saw it in Italy.g But, whiles others have Philosophiz'd according to their manner upon these  X4 xextraordinary Concretions; see what the most industrious, and knowing M. Hook,y85 X!4 x Ѝ Robert Hooke (16351703), experimental philosopher, curator of experiments to the Royal Society from 1662 (DNB).y Curator of  xthis Royal Society, has with no less Reason, but more succinctness, observ'd from a late  xMicroscopical Examen of another piece of petrifi'd-wood; the Description, and Ingenuity whereof  xycannot but gratifie the Curious, who will by this Instance, not only be instructed how to make  xyInquiries upon the like occasions; but see also with what accurateness the Society constantly  xproceeds in all their Indagations, and Experiments; and with what Candor they relate, and communicate them. ,s12. "It resembl'd Wood, in that(#"Pi%80*}((c@"Ԍ M8s"First, all the parts of the petrifi'd substance seem'd not at all dislocated, or alter'd from their  xnatural position whiles they were wood; but the whole piece retain'd the exact shape of wood,  xlhaving many of the conspicuous pores of wood still remaining pores, and shewing a manifest  x/difference visible enough between the grain of the wood and that of the Bark; especially, when  xany side of it was cut smooth and polite; for then it appear'd to have a very lovely grain, like that of some curious close wood.  Ms"Next (it resembled wood) in that all the smaller and (if so I may call those which are only  xto be seen by a good glass) microscopical pores of it, appear (both when the substance is cut and  xpolish'd transversly, and parallel to the pores) perfectly like the Microscopical pores of several kinds of wood, retaining both the shape, and position of such pores. s"It was differing from wood.  Ms"First, in weight, being to common water, as 3 to 1. whereas there are few of our English woods, that, when dry, are found to be full as heavy as water.  Ms"Secondly, in hardness, being very neer as hard as a Flint, and in some places of it also  xresembling the grain of a Flint: it would very readily cut Glass, and would not without difficulty  x(especially in some parts of it) be scratch'd by a black hard Flint: it would also as readily strike fire against a Steel, as also against a Flint.  Ms"Thirdly, In the closeness of it; for, though all the microscopical pores of the wood were very  xVconspicuous in one position, yet by altering the position of the polish'd surface to the light, it was  xalso manifest that those pores appear'd darker then the rest of the body, only because they were fill'd up with a more dusky substance, and not because they were hollow.  Ms"Fourthly, in that it would not burn in the Fire; nay, though I kept it a good while red-hot in  xthe flame of a Lamp, very intensly cast on it by a blast through a small pipe; yet it seem'd not  xat all to have diminish'd its extension; but only I found it to have chang'd its colour, and to have  x"put on a more dark, and dusky brown hue. Nor could I perceive that those parts which seem'd  xcto have been Wood at first, were any thing wasted, but the parts appear'd as solid, and close, as  xRbefore. It was farther observable also, that as it did not consume like wood; so neither did it crack and fly like a Flint, or such like hard stone; nor was it long before it appeared red-hot.  Ms"Fiftly, in its dissolubleness; for putting some drops of distilled Vinegar upon the stone, I  x8found it presently to yield very many bubbles, just like those which may be observed in spirit  xof Vinegar when it corrodes Coral; though I guess many of those bubbles proceeded from the  xhsmall parcels of Air, which were driven out of the pores of this petrifi'd substance, by the insinuating liquid menstruum.  Ms"Sixthly, in its Rigidness, and friability; being not at all flexible, but brittle like a Flint;  xinsomuch that with one knock of a Hammer I broke a small piece of it, and with the same hammer quickly beat it to pretty fine powder upon an Anvil.  Ms"Seventhly, it seem'd also very differing from wood, to the touch, feeling more cold then wood usually does, and much like other close Stones and Minerals. s"The Reasons of all which Ph%nomona seem to be.  Ms"That this petrifi'd wood having lain in some place where it was well soaked with petrifying  x water (that is, such a water as is well impregnated with stony and earthy particles) did by degrees  xseparate, by straining and filtration, or perhaps by pr%cipitation, co-h%sion or co-agulation,  xabundance of stony particles from that permeating water, which stony particles having, by means  xyof the fluid Vehicle, convey'd themselves not only into the microscopical pores, and perfectly  x8stop'd up them; but also into the pores, which may perhaps be even in that part of the Wood  xwhich through the microscope appears most solid; do thereby so augment the weight of the wood,  xas to make it above three times heavier then water, and perhaps six times as heavy as when it  xlwas wood; next, they hereby so lock up and fetter the parts of the wood, that the fire cannot  x}easily make them fly away, but the action of the Fire upon them is only able to Char those parts,  xas it were, like as a piece of wood if it be closed very fast up in clay, and kept a good while  x"red-hot in the fire, will by the heat of the fire be charr'd, and not consum'd; which may perhaps  xbe the Reason why the petrifi'd substance appear'd of a blakish brown colour after it had been"'j80*}((c@,"  x}burnt. By this intrusion of the petrifi'd particles it also becomes hard, and friable; for the smaller  xpores of the wood being perfectly stuffed up with these stony particles, the particles of the wood  xhave few, or no pores in which they can reside, and consequently, no flexion or yielding can be  xcaus'd in such a substance. The remaining particles likewise of the wood among the stony particles may keep them from cracking and flying, as they do in a Flint."  M_s2. Finally, for the use of our Chimneys, and maintenance of fire, the plenty of wood for Fuel,  xrather then the quality is to be looked after; and yet are there some greatly to be preferr'd before  x others, as harder, long-lasting, better heating, and cheerfully burning; for which we have  xcommended the Ash, &c. in the foregoing Paragraphs, and to which I pretend not here to add  xmuch, for the avoiding repetitions; though even an History of the best way of Charking would not mis-become this Discourse.  Ms3. But in this penury of that dear Commodity, to incite all ingenious persons, studious of the  xbenefit of their Country, to think of ways how our Woods may be preserved, by all manner of  xArts which may prolong the lasting of our Fuel, I would give the best encouragements. Those  X 4 xthat shall seriously consider the intolerable misery of the poor Cauchi.9 5 X14 Ѝ Correctly, the Chauci or Chayci of Lower Germany.., the then inhabitants of  X 4 x"the Low Countries describ'd by Pliny, lib. 16. cap. 1.: y5 X4 Ѝ The reference is correct. (how opulent soever their late Industry  xyhas render'd them) for want only of wood for Fuel, will have reason to deplore the excessive  xdecay of our former store of that useful Commodity; and by what shifts our Neighbours the  xIHollanders do yet repair that defect, be invited to exercise their ingenuity: For besides the Dung  xof Beasts, and the Turf for their Chimneys, they make use of Stoves both portable, and standing;  xand truly the more frequent use of those Inventions in our great, and wasting Cities (as the  X04 xcustom is through all Germany) as also of those new, and excellent Ovens invented by Dr  X4 xKeffler,;*5 X4 xl Ѝ Johannes Sibertus Kuffeler (15951677). E went to visit him in London and to see the portable ovens in 1666, see K. August 1 1666 (de Beer, III, 4467, and note). for the incomparably baking of Bread, &c. would be an extraordinary expedient of  xhusbanding our Fuel; as well as the right mingling, and making up of Charcoaldust, and loam,  X4 xas 'tis hinted to us by Sir Hugh Plat,<5 X4 Ѝ See above Chapter IV, 10, note. and is generally us'd in Mastricht and the Country about it; then which there is not a more sweet, lasting and beautiful Fuel; The manner of it is thus:  Ms4. Take about one third part of the smallest of any Coal, Pit, Sea or Charcoal; and commix  xthem very well with loam (whereof there is in some places to be found a sort somewhat  xVcombustible) make these up into balls, as big as an ordinary Cannon-bullet, or somewhat bigger;  xcor if you will in any other form, like brick-bats, &c. expose these in the air till they are throughly  x dry; they will be built into the most orderly fires you can imagine, burn very clear, give a wonderful heat, and continue a very long time.  MsTwo or three short Billets cover'd with Char-coal last much longer, and with more life, then  x twice the quantity by it self, whether Char-coal alone, or Billet; and the Billets under the Char-coal being undisturb'd, will melt as it were into Char-coals of such a lasting size."Xku<0*}((c@"Ԍ MsIf Small-coals be spread over the Char-coal, where you burn it alone, 'twill bind it to longer  xNcontinuance; and yet more, if the Small-coal be made of the roots of Thornes, Briers and  X4Brambles. Consult L. Bacon, Exp. 775.=5 X 4 Ѝ See above Chapter III, 2, note.  MsThe Sea-weed which comes in our Oyster-barrels laid under New-Castle-coal to kindle it (as  xthe use is in some places) will (as I am inform'd) make it outlast two great fires of simple coals,  x}and maintain a glowing luculent heat without waste: It was not try'd by my Friend, what it would  x[do as to Fuel burnt by it self; but, that it adds much life, continuance and aid, to our sullen  Xx4 xSea-coal fuel; and if the main Ocean should afford Fuel, (as the Bernacles$>xy5 X 4 Ѝ Wild goose native to arctic seas (OED).$ and SolandGeeseA?x*5 XS 4 Ѝ Gannet inhabiting remote areas of Britain, Iceland and Canada (OED).A  xare said to do in some parts of Scotland with the very sticks of their Nests) we in these Isles may  xthank our selves if we be not warm: These few particulars I have but mention'd to animate  xImprovements, and ingenious Attempts of detecting more cheap, and useful processes, for ways  xof Charking-coals, Peat, and the like fuliginous materials; as the accomplish'd M. Boyle has  X` 4 xyintimated to us in the Fift of those his precious Essays concerning the usefulness of Natural  X( 4Philosophy, Part 2. cap.Ġ7. &c. to which I refer the curious.@( 5 X4 Ѝ See above Chapter XV, 3, note.  X 4 Mcs6, A 5 X-4 Ѝ E means 5. here.  By the Preamble of the Statute 7, Ed. 6B = 5 X4 Ѝ Edward VI (154753). one may perceive (the Measurescompar'd) how  x"plentiful Fuel was in the time of Edward the 4th to what it was in the Reigns of his Successors:  xThis suggested a review of Sizes, and a reformation of Abuses; in which it was Enacted, that  xevery Sack of Coals should contain four Bushels: Every Taleshide to be four foot long, besides  xthe carf; and if nam'd of one, marked one, to contain 16 inches circumference, within a foot of  xthe middle: If of two marks, 23 inches; of 3.28. of 4.35; of 5.38. inches about, and so proportionably.  Ms6. Billets were to be of three foot, and four inches in length: the single to be 17 inches and  xan half about; and every Billet of one cast (as they term the mark) to be ten inches about: of two  xcast, fourteen inches, and to be marked (unless for the private use of the Owner) within six inches of the middle: of one cast within four inches of the end, &c.  M8sEvery bound Fagot should be three foot long; the band twenty four inches in circumference, besides the knot.  X4 MRsIn the 43. Eliz. the same Statute (which before only concern'd London and its Suburbs) was  X4 xEmade more universal; and that of Edw. 6 explain'd with this addition: For such Taleshides as  xwere of necessity to be made of cleft-wood, if of one mark, and half round, to be 19 inches  xabout; if quarter-cleft, 18 inches : Marked two, being round it shall be 23 inches compass:  xhalf-round 27: quarter-cleft 26: marked three, round 28: half-round 33: quarter-cleft 32: marked  xfour, being round 33 inches about: half-round 39: quarter-cleft 38: marked five round, 38 inches  xabout: half-round 44: quarter-cleft 43: the measure to be taken within half a foot of middle of the length mention'd in the former Statute.  M_sThen for the Billet every one nam'd a single; being round to have 7 inches  circumference;  xbut no single to made of cleft wood: If marked one, and round, to contain 11 inches compass: if half-round 13: quarter-cleft 12 ."l B0*}((c@Y "Ԍ MlsIf marked two, being round, to contain 16 inches: half-round 19: quarter-cleft 18: the length as in the Statute of King Ed. 6.  Ms7. Fagots to be every stick of three foot in length, excepting only one stick of one foot long,  xto harden and wedge the binding of it: This to prevent the abuse (too much practis'd) of filling  xthe middle part, and ends with trash, and short sticks, which had been omitted in the former  X4 xStatute: concerning this and of the dimensions of wood in the Stack, see Chap. 27. C5 Xa4 Ѝ Of Copses.  to direct  xthe less instructed Purchaser: and I have been the particular upon this occasion; because then our  x/Fuel bought in Billet by the Notch (as they call it in London) there is nothing more deceitful; for  xby the vile iniquity of some Wretches, marking the Billets as they come to the Wharf, Gentlemen  X4 x"are egregiously cheated.0D{5 X4 4 x Ѝ E generally objected to 'persons of quality' being conned. See his Diary May 10 1654  xV'My Lady Gerrard treated us at MulberyGarden, now the onely place of refreshment about the Towne for persons of the best quality, to be exceedingly cheated at.' (de Beer, III, 967).0 I could produce an instance of a Friend of mine (and a Member of  x"this Society) for which the Wood-monger has little cause to brag; since he never durst come at  xlhim, or challenge his Money for the Commodity he bought; because he durst not stand to the measure.  Ms8. But I will now describe to you the Mystery of Charking (whereof something was but  x}touch'd in the Process of extracting Tar out of the Pines) as I receiv'd it from a most industrious person, and so conclude the Chapter.  X 4 MAsThere is made of Char-coal usually three sorts, viz. one for the Iron-works, a second for  XH 4 xGun-powder,EH 5 X4 xp Ѝ The Evelyn family wealth was based on the manufacture of gunpowder. E's grandfather  xGeorge (15261603) had been awarded a monopoly of supply to the government during the reign  x}of Elizabeth. One of the reasons he purchased estates such as Wotton, where E was born, was  x~due to the extensive availability of timber suitable for making charcoal, essential to the manufacture of gunpowder. and a third for London and the Court, besides Smallcoals, of which we shall also speak in its due place.  MsWe will begin with that sort which is us'd for the Iron-works, because the rest are made much after the same manner, and with very little difference.  xThe best Wood for this is good Oak, cut into lengths of three foot, as they size it for the Stack: This is better then the Cord-wood, though of a larger measure, and much us'd in Sussex.  MsThe wood cut, and set in stacks ready for the Coaling; chuse out some level place in the  xCopse, the most free from stubs, &c. to make the Hearth on: In the midst of this area drive down  xa stake for your Centre, and with a pole, having a ring fastn'd to one of the extreams (or else  xwith a Cord put over the Centre) describe a Circumference from twenty, or more feet  xsemidiameter, according to the quantity of your wood design'd for coaling, which being neer may  xconveniently be charked in that Hearth; and which at one time may be 12, 16, 20, 24, even to  x30 stack: If 12 therefore be the quantity you will coal, a Circle whose diameter is 24 foot, will suffice for the Hearth; If 20 stack, a diameter of 32 foots; If 30, 40 foot, and so proportionably.  MsHaving thus marked out the ground, with Mattock, haws, and fit Instruments, bare it of the  xTurf, and of all other combustible stuft whatsoever, which you are to rake up towards the  xPeripherie, or out-side of the circumference, for an use to be afterwards made of it; plaining, and  xlevelling the ground within the circle: This done, the wood is to be brought from the neerest parts  xwhere it is stack'd, in wheel-barrows; and first the smallest of it plac'd at the utmost limit, or very  xmargent of the Hearth, where it is to be set longways, as it lay in the stack; the biggest of the" mU E0*}((c@b"  xwood-pitch, or set up on end round about against the small-wood, and all this within the circle,  xtill you come within five, or six foot of the centre; at which distance you shall begin to set the  X4 xwood in a Triangular form (as in Fig. 2A)F5 X 4 Ѝ See below. till it become to be three foot high: Against this  xagain place your greater wood almost perpendicular, reducing it from the triangular to the circular  xform, till being come within a yard of the centre you may pile the wood long-ways, as it lay in  xRthe stack, being careful that the ends of the wood do not touch the Pole, which must now be  xerected in the centre, nine foot in height, that so there may remain a round hole, which is to be  xform'd in working up the stack-wood, for a tunnel, and the more commodious firing of the pit,  xAas they call it. This provided for, go on to pile, and set your wood upright to the other, as  xbefore; till having gain'd a yard more, you lay it long-ways again as was shew'd: And thus  x<continue the work, still enterchanging the position of the wood till the whole Area of the Hearth  xand Circle be fill'd, and pil'd up at the least eight foot high, and so drawn in by degrees in piling,  xNthat it resemble the form of a copped brown Houshold-loaf, filling all inequalities with the  xEsmaller trunchions till it lye very close, and be perfectly, and evenly shaped. This done, then  xtake some straw, haume or ferne, and lay it on the out-side of the bottom of the heap of wood,  xpto keep the next cover from falling amongst the sticks: Upon this put on the turf, and cast on the  xdust and rubbish which was grubb'd and raked up at the making of the Hearth, and reserved neer  xythe circle of it; with this cover the whole heap of wood to the very top of the pit, or tunnel, to  xa reasonable and competent thickness beaten close and even, that so the fire may not vent but  xhin the places where you intend it; and if in preparing the Hearth, at first, there did not rise  xsufficient turf and rubbish for this work, supply it from some convenient place neer to your heap:  xThere be who cover this again with a sandy, or finer mould, which if it close well need not be  xabove an inch or two thick: This done, provide a Screene, by making light hurdles with slits,  xrods, and straw of a competent thickness, to keep off the wind; and broad, and high enough to  xdefend an opposite side to the very top of your pit, being eight or nine foot; and so as to be easily remov'd as need shall require for the luing of your pit.  MsWhen now is all in this posture, and the wood well rang'd, and clos'd, as has been directed,  xset fire to your heap: But first, you must provide you of a Ladder to ascend the top of your pit:  xythis they usually make of a curved Tiller fit to apply to the convex shape of the heap, and cut  xit full of notches for the more commodious setting their feet whiles they govern the fire above;  xtherefore now they pull up, and take away the stake which was erected at the centre to guide the  xRbuilding of the pile, and cavity of a Tunnel. This done, put in a quantity of Char-coals (about  xa peck) and let them fall to the bottom of the Hearth; upon them cast in coals that are fully  xkindled; and when those which were first put in are beginning to sink, throw in more fuel; and  x"so, from time to time, till the Coals have universally taken fire up to the top: Then cut an ample,  x"and reasonable thick turf, and clap it over the hole, or mouth of the Tunnel, stopping at as close  xas may be with some of the former dust and rubbish. Lastly, with the handles of your Rakers,  xor the like, you must make Ventholes, or Registers (as our Chymists would name them) through  xthe stuff which covers your heap to the very wood, these in ranges of two or three foot distance  xquite round within a foot (or thereabout) of the top, though some begin them at the bottom: A  xday after begin another row of holes a foot and half beneath the former; and so more, till they  x"arrive to the ground, as occasion requires. Note, that as the Pit does coal and sink towards the  xEcentre, it is continually to be fed with short, and fitting wood, that no part remain unfir'd; and  xif it charks faster at one part then at another, there close up the ventholes, and open them where  xneed is: A pit will in this manner be burning off, and Charking, five, or six days, and as it coals  x"the smoak from thick and gross clouds will grow more blew, and livid, and the whole mass sink  xaccordingly; so as by these indications you may the better know how to stop, and govern your  xspiracles. Two or three days it will only require for cooling, which (the vents being stopp'd) they"$nyF0*}((c@("  xassist, by taking now off the outwards covering with a Rabil or Rubber; but this not for above  xthe space of one yard breadth at a time; and first they remove the coursest, and grossest of it,  xthrowing the finer over the heap again, that so it may neither cool too hastily, nor endanger the  xyburning and reducing all to Ashes, should the whole pit be uncover'd and expos'd to the air at once; therefore they open it thus round by degrees.  MsWhen now by all the former Symptoms you judge it fully chark'd, you may begin to draw;  x8that is, to take out the Coals, first round the bottom, by which means the Coals, Rubbish and Dust sinking and falling in together may choak, and extinguish the fire.  MsYour Coals sufficiently cool'd, with a very long-tooth'd Rake, and a Vann, you may load them  xinto the Coal-wains, which are made close with boards, purposely to carry them to Market: Of  xthese Coals the grosser sort are commonly reserv'd for the Forges, and Iron-works, the middling  xand smoother put up in sacks and carried to the Colliers to London and the adjacent Towns; those  xcwhich are chark'd of the roots, if pick'd out, are accounted best for Chymical fires, and where a lasting, and extraordinary blast is requir'd.  Ms9. Coal for the Powder-mills is made of Alder-wood (but Lime-tree were much better had we  xit in that plenty as we easily might) cut, stack'd, and set on the Hearth like the former: But first  xought the wood to be wholly disbark'd (which work is to be done about Mid-summer before) and  x[being throughly dry it may be coaled in the same method, the heap or pits only somewhat  x[smaller, by reason that they seldom Coal above five, or six stack, a time, laying it but two  xlengths of the wood one above the other, in form somewhat flatter on the top then what we have  xRdescrib'd. Likewise do they fling all their rubbish and dust on the top, and begin not to cover  xat the bottom, as in the former example. In like sort, when they have drawn up the fire in the  xTunnel, and stopp'd it, they begin to draw down their dust by degrees round the heap; and this  xproportionably as it fires, till they come about to the bottom; all which is dispatch'd in the space  xof two days. One of these heaps will char threescore sacks of Coal, which may all be carried at one time in a Waggon; and some make the Court-coals after the same manner. Lastly,  Ms10. Small-coals are made of the spray, and brush-wood which is shripped off from the  xbranches of Copse-wood, and which is sometimes bound up into Bavins for this use; though also  xyit is as frequently charked without binding, and then they call it cooming it together: This they  xstand in some neer floor, made level, and freed of incumbrances, where setting one of the Bavins  x}or part of the spray, on fire, two men stand ready to throw on Bavin upon Bavin (as fast as they  x"can take fire, which makes a very great and sudden blaze) till they have burnt all that lyes neer  xpthe place, to the number (it may be) of five, or six hundred Bavins: But ere they begin to set fire  xthey fill great Tubs or Vessels with water, which stand ready by them, and this they dash on with  x_a great dish or scoup so soon as ever they have thrown on all their Bavins, continually plying  xthe great heap of glowing Coals, which gives a sudden stop to the fury of the fire, whiles with  xa great Rake they lay, and spread it abroad, and ply their casting of water still on the Coals,  xIwhich are now perpetually turn'd by two men with great Shovels, a third throwing on the water:  xThis they continue till no more fire appears, though they cease not from being very hot: After  xthis, they shovel them up into great heaps, and when they are throughly cold, put them up in  xsacks for London, where they use them amongst divers Artificers, both to kindle greater fires, and to temper, and aneal their several Works.  MlsThe best season for the fetching home of other Fuel, is from June; the ways being then most dry, and passable. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe "'oF0*}((c@*+"Ԍ  X4s B4the centralpole the place s 4of the Tunnel. s A the Wood laid in Triangle. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   M Oe  Oe s11. And thus we have seen how for House-boot, and Ship-boot, Plow-boot, Heyboot and  xVFire-boot, the Planting, and Propagation of Timber and Foresttrees is requisite; so as it was not  xfor nothing, that the very name (which the Greeks generally apply'd to Timber) , by  X4 x@Senechdoche,}G5 X 4 x Ѝ E means 'Sunechdoche', from the Greek %+ / /  which means a process where a  xword which originally meant something specific has taken on a more general meaning. In this  xcase the Greek word for wood had come to mean any basic material used for manufacture or construction because wood was so widely used.} was taken always pro Materia; H45 X 4 Ѝ 'for timber'.  since we hardly find any thing in Nature more  X4universally useful; or, in comparison with it, deserving the name of Material.  x9. To sum up all the good qualities then, and transcendent perfections of Trees, let us hear the harmonious Poets, in this comfort of their Elogies:  X 4s MMMMMMMMMMM dant utile lignum s Navigiis pinos, domibus cedrosqus cupressosque; s Hinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plaustris s Agricol%, & pandas ratibus posuere carinas. s Viminibus salices, fcund% frondibus Ulmi: s At Myrtus validis hastilibus, & bona bello s Cornus: Ityreos Taxi torquentur in arcus. s Nec Tili% l%ves, aut torno rasile Buxum, s Non formam accipiunt ferroque cavantur acuto. s Nec non & torrentem undam in levis innatat Alnus s Missa Pado; nec non & apes examina condunt  X4s Corticibusque cavis, vitios%que Ilicis alvo:I 5 X4 ЍPines are for Masts an useful Wood, sCedar and Cypress, to build Houses good, sHence Covers for their Carts, and Spokes for Wheels, sSwains make, and Ships do form their crooked Keels, sWith Twiggs the Sallows, Elms with Leaves are straight; sMyrtles stout Spears, and Cornel good for fight: sThe Yews into Ityrean Bows are bent; sSmooth Limes, and Box, the Turners Instrument sShaves into form, and hollow Cups does trim; sAnd down the rapid Po light Alders swim: sIn hollow Bark Bees do their Honey stive,  X!&4sAnd make the Trunk of an old Oak their Hive. Virgil, Georg. II.44258. "PpI0*}((c@"Ԍ xIand the most ingenious Ovid, where he introduces the miraculous Grove rais'd by the melodious Song of Orpheus,  XX4s MMMMMM non chaonis abfuit arbor, s Non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus %sculus altis, s Nec Tilia molles, nec Fagus, & innuba Laurus, s Et Coryli fragiles, & Fraxinus utilis hastis; s Enodisque Abies, curvataque glandibus Ilex, s Et Platanus genialis, Acerque coloribus impar. s Amnicolaque simul Salices, & aquatica Lotos, s Perpetuoque virens Buxus, tenuesque Myric%, s Et bicolor Myrtus, & baccis c%rula Ficus. s Vos quoque flexi-pedes Heder% venistis, & una s Pampine% Vites, & amict% Vitibus Ulmi, s Ornique, & Pice%, Pomoque onerata rubenti s Arbutus, & lent% victoris pr%mia Palm%, s Et succincta comas, hirsutaque vertice Pinus  XH 4s Grata Deum matri, &c. MMMMMMMM MJ H 5 X4 Ѝ MMMMMM Nor Trees of Chaony, sThe Poplar, various Oaks that pierce the Sky, sSoft Linden, smoothrind Beech, unmarried Bays, sThe brittle Hasel, Ash, whose Spears we praise, sUnknotty Fir, the solace shading Planes, sRough Chesnuts, Maple fleck'd with different Granes, sStreambordering Willow, Lotus loving Lakes, sTough Box, whom never sappy spring forsakes, sThe Tender Tamarisk, with Trees that bear  X4sA purple Fig, nor Myrtles absent were. Ovid Met. X.90104.M  X4 xas the incomparable Poet goes on, and is imitated by our divine Spencer,$K 5 X54 Ѝ Edmund Spenser (c.155299), poet (DNB).$ where he brings his gentle Knight into a shady Grove praising s MMMMM the Trees so straight, and high, s The sailing Pine, the Cedar proud, and tall, s The Vine-prop Elm, the Poplar never dry s The builder Oak, sole King of Forests all; s The Aspine, good for staves; the Cypress funeral: s The Laurel, meede of mighty Conquerours s And Poets sage; the Fir, that weepeth still; s The Willow, worn of forlorne Paramours; s The Eugh, obedient to the benders will; s The Birch for shafts; the Sallow for the Mill; s The Myrrhe sweet bleeding in the bitter wound; s The war-like Beech; the Ash for nothing ill; s The fruitful Olive, and the Platane round;"q] K0*}((c@"Ԍ X4s The Carver Holm; the Maple, seldom inward sound.-L5 Xy4 Ѝ The F%rie Queene, I, Canto 1.89.-  X4 x And in this Symphony might the noble Tasso3M{5 X4 Ѝ Torquato Tasso, see note in To the Reader above.3 bear likewise his part; but that these are  XX4 xsufficient, & tria sunt omnia. What now remains concerns only some general Pr%cepts, and  xDirections applicable to most of that we have formerly touched; together with a Brief of what  xfarther Laws have been enacted for the Improvement, and preservation of Woods; and which  xhaving dispatch'd, shall with a short Par%nesis touching the present ordering, and disposing of his Majesties Plantations for the future benefit of the Nation, put an end to this rustick Discourse.  X4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe \CHAP. XXXI.  X( 4c Aphorisms, or certain general Pr%cepts of use to the  V 4Hforegoing Chapters. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   x Oe  Oe I. Try all sorts of Seeds, and by their thriving you shall best discern what are the most proper kinds for Grounds,  X4sQuippe solo natura subest MMMMMM N.5 X4 Ѝ Virgil, Georg. II.49. and of these design the main of your Plantation.  Ms2. Keep your newly sown seeds continually fresh, and in the shade (as much as may be) till they peep.  Ms3. All curious seeds, and plants are diligently to be weeded till they are strong enough to  xover-drop or suppress them: And you shall carefully haw, halfdig, and stir up the earth about  xItheir Roots during the first three years; especially in the Vernal, and Autumnal $quinoxes: This  xwork to be done in a moist season for the first year to prevent the dust, and the suffocating of the tender buds; but afterwards in the more dry weather.  Ms4. Plants rais'd from seed, shall be thinn'd where they come up too thick; and none so fit as you thus draw to be transplanted into Hedge-rows; especially where ground is precious. s5. In transplanting, omit not the placing of your Trees towards their accustom'd Aspect. s6. Remove the softest wood to the moistest grounds,  X4sDivis% arboribus patri% MMMMMMMMO5 X""4 Ѝ op. cit. II.116.  Ms7. Begin to Transplant Forest-trees when the leaves fall after Mich%lmas; you may adventure  xwhen they are tarnish'd, and grow yellow: It is lost time to commence later, and for the most part  xof your Trees, early Transplanters seldom repent; for sometimes a tedious band of Frost prevents  xthe whole season, and the baldness of the Tree is a note of deceipt; for some Oaks, and most Beeches, preserve their dead-leaves till new ones push them off."@rO0*}((c@""Ԍ X4 Ms8. Set deeper in the lighter grounds than6P5 Xy4 Ѝ An unusual instance of spelling: E normally gives 'then'.6 in the strong; but shallowest in Clay: five inches  xEis sufficient for the dryest, and one or two for the moist, provided you establish them against winds.  Ms9. Plant forth in warm, and moist seasons; the Air tranquil and serene; the wind westerly; but never whiles it actually freezes, rains, or in misty weather; for it moulds, and infects the Roots.  M8s10. What you gather, and draw out of Woods, plant immediately, for their roots are very apt to be mortified by the winds and cold air.  Ms11. Trees produc'd from seeds must have the Tap-roots abated (the Walnuttree, and some  xothers excepted) and the bruised parts cut away; but sparing the fibrous, for they are the principal feeders; and those who cleanse them too much, are punish'd for the mistake.  Ms12. In spring rub off some of the Collateral Buds, to check the exuberancy of sap in the Branches, till the Roots be well establish'd.  Ms13. Transplant no more then you well Fence; for that neglected, Treeculture comes to  xnothing: Therefore all young set Trees shoudl be defended from the winds, and Sun; especially  x8the East, and North, till their roots are fixed; that is, till you perceive them shoot; and the not  xexactly observing of this Article is cause of the perishing of the most tender Plantations; for it  x/is the invasion of these two assailants which does more mischief to our new set, and less hardy Trees, then the most severe and durable Frosts of a whole Winter.  X4 M<s14. The properest soil, and most natural, apply to distinct Species, Nec vero terr% ferre omnes  X4 x/omnia possunt. Yet we find by experience, that most of our Foresttrees grow well enough in  xthe coursest lands; provided there be a competent depth of mould: For albeit most of our wild  xplants covet to run just under the surface, yet where there is not sufficient depth to cool them, and entertain the Moisture and Influences, they are neither lasting, nor prosperous.  Ms15. Wood well planted will grow in Moorish, Boggy, Heathy, and the stoniest grounds: Only  x<the white and blew Clay (which is commonly the best Pasture) is the worst for wood; and such  xcgood Timber as we find in any of these (Oaks excepted) is of an excessive age, requiring thrice the time to arrive at their stature.  Mys16. If the season require it, all new Plantations are to be plied with waterings, which is better  xVpour'd into a circle at some distance from the Roots, that percolating through a quantity of earth  xit may carry the nitrous virtue of the soil with it; and by no means at the stem; because it washes the mould from the Root, comes too crude, and endangers their rotting: But,  Ms17. For the cooling, and refreshing Tree-roots, the congesting of Flints, or Pibbles neer the foot of the stem, is preferable to all other; and so the Poet,  V4s Aut lapidem bibulum, aut squallenteis infode conchas, s Inter enim labentur aqu%, tenuisque subibit  X 4s HalitusMMMMMMMMMMMQ y5 XJ 4 Ѝ'Limestones, or squalid Shells, that may the Rain,  X3!4sVapours, and gliding Moisture entertain.' Virgil, Georg. II.348.   Mqs18. Cut no Trees when either heat, or cold are in extreams; nor in very wet, or snowy  x0weather; and in this work it is profitable to discharge all Trees of unthriving, broaken,  X@4wind-shaken, browse, and such as our Law terms CabliciaLR@5 X&4 Ѝ This word is not listed either in Latin or Classical dictionaries, or the OED. L, and to take them off to the quick,  X 4sMMMMMMMMMM ne pars sincera trahatur." sR0*}((c@$"Ԍ x[ԙMany more useful Observations are to be collected, and added to these, from the diligent experience of Planters.  XX4`(#(# Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe tYCHAP. XXXII.  Xx4 Of the Laws and Statutes for the Preservation, and  V@4G.Improvements of Woods, &c. Oe  Oe ԃ  Oe  Oe  Oe   X4 x Oe  Oe I. To let pass the Laws, and civil Constitutions of great Antiquity, by which Servius8S5 XI 4 Ѝ Servius Sulpitius Rufus, jurist and contemporary of Cicero.8 informs  X4 xus 'twas no less then Capital, alienas arbores incidere; the lex Aquilia, and those of the xii.  X` 4 xTabb.HT` y5 X 4 Ѝ The Leges XII Tabularum, a code of Roman law drawn up in 451BC.H mention'd by Paulus, Cajus, Julianus and others of that RobeU` ,5 X=4 x Ѝ Julius Paulus (early third century); Gaius (c.110180); Salvius Julianus (early second century) all celebrated Roman jurists. repeated divers more.  X( 4 xThe wise Solon prescribed Ordinances for the very distances of Trees;FV( 5 X4 Ѝ Athenian statesman and poet (c.640560BC), see Plutarch, Solon, 23.F as the divine Plato did  X 4 xagainst stealing of Fruit, and violating of Plantations:W y5 X4 Ѝ Plato's Laws VIII.8445 And the interdiction of de Glande  X 4 xlegendaX , 5 X4 Ѝ Law concerning acorns. runs thus in Ulpian,)Y 5 XF4 Ѝ Ulpius Domitius, early third century jurist.) AIT PR$TOR, GLANDEM, QU$ EX ILLIUS AGRO IN TUUM  xCADIT, QUO MINUS ILLI TERTIO QUOQUE DIE LEGERE AUFERRE LICEAT, VIM FIERI  XH 4 xVETO. But it is not here that I design to enlarge, as those who have philologiz'd on this occasion  X4 xcde Sycophantis, and other curious Criticismes; but pass on, and continue my self to the prudent Sanctions of our own Parliaments, which I deduce in this Order.  X4 Ms2. From the time of Edward the fourth,Z 5 X4 Ѝ 146170 and 147183. were enacted many excellent Laws for the planting,  xsecuring, cutting, and ordering of Woods, Copses, and Underwoods, as then they took  x<cognizance of them; together with the several penalties upon the Infringers; especially from the  X4 x25. of Hen. 8.17.&c. confirm'd by the 13. and 27. of Q. Eliz. cap. 25.19. &c. which are diligently  xto be consulted, revived, put in execution, and enlarg'd where any defect is apparent; as in  X4 xparticular the Act of exempting of Timber of 22 years growth from Tythe, for a longer period,  xto render it compleat, and more effectual to their Improvement: And that Law repealed, by which Willows, Sallows, Oziers, &c. which they term Sub-boys, are reputed but as Weeds.  Ms3. Severer punishments have lately been ordain'd against our Woodstealers, destroyers of  xyoung Trees, &c. I cannot say they are sharp ones, when I compare the severity of our Laws  xagainst Mare-stealers; nor am I by inclination the least cruel; But I do affirm, we might as well live without Mares, as without Ships, which are our Wooden, but no less profitable Horses."8t?Z0*}((c@_"Ԍ Ms4. I have heard, that in the great Expedition of 88, it was expressly enjoyn'd the Spanish  xCommanders of that signal Armada; that if when landed they should not be able to subdue our  xNation, and make good their Conquest; they should yet be sure not to leave a Tree standing in  x"the Forest of Dean: It was like the Policy of the Philistines, when the poor Isr%lites went down  X 4 xto their Enemies Smiths to sharpen every man his Tools; for as they said, lest the Hebrews make  X4 xthem Swords, or Spears; so these, lest the English build them Ships, and Men of War: Whether  xthis were so, or not; certain it is, we cannot be too jealous for the preservation of our Woods; and  xespecially of those eminent, and with care inexhaustible Magazines: I dare not suggest the  xencouragement of a yet farther restraint, that even Proprietors themselves should not presume to  xmake havoc of some of their own Woods, to feed their prodigality, and heap fuel to their vices;  X4 x}but it is worthy of our observation, that (in that in-imitable Oration, the second Philippic) Cicero  xdoes not so sharply reproach his great Antagonist for any other of his extravagancies (which yet  xhe there enumerates) as for his wasteful disposure of certain Wood-lands belonging to the  X( 4 xCommonwealth, amongst his jovial Bravos, and leud companions; tua ista detrimenta sunt  X 4(speaking of his Debauches) illa nostra; speaking of the Timber.s[ 5 Xi 4 x Ѝ Cicero, Second Philippic against Anthony XL, 'Those damages of yours are our damages'.  xCicero was referring to Antony's distribution of Campanian land amongst his drinking cronies.  xThe drinking parties had damaged Antony, the distribution of land had damaged everyone else. There is no specific mention of timber.s  Ms5. But to the Laws: it were to be wish'd that our tender, and improvable Woods, should not  xadmit of Cattle, by any means, till they were quite grown out of reach; the Statutes which  xqconnive at it, in favour of Custom, and for the satisfying of a few clamorous, and rude  xCommoners, being too indulgent; since it is very evident that less then a 14 or 15 years enclosure  xyis, in most places, too soon; and our most material Trees would be of infinite more worth and  ximprovement, were the Standards suffer'd to grow to Timber, and not so frequently cut, at the  Xh4 xnext Felling of the Wood, as the general custom is. In 22. Edw. 4. the liberty arriv'd but to seven  xyears after a felling of a Forest or Purlieu; and but three years before, without special license: This was very narrow; but let us then look on England as an over-grown Country.  Ms6. Wood in Parks was afterwards to be four years fenced upon felling: and yearling Colts, and  X4 x8Calves might be put into inclosed Woods after two: By the 13. Eliz. five years, and no other  xECattle till six, if the growth was under fourteen years; or untill eight, if exceeding that age till  X4 xthe last felling: All which Statutes being by the Act of Hen. 8. but temporal, this Parliament of Eliz. thought fit to make perpetual.  Ms7. Then to prevent the destructive razing and converting of Woods to Pasture: No wood of  x4two Acres, and above two furlongs from the Mansion house, should be indulg'd: And the  xyprohibitions are good against Assarts made in Forests, &c. without license: The penalties are  xcindeed great; but how seldom inflicted; and what is now more easie, then compounding for such a license?  MsIn some parts of Germany, where a single Tree is observ'd to be extraordinary fertile, a  xconstant, and plentiful Mast-bearer; there are Laws to prohibite their felling without special leave:  xVAnd it was well Enacted amongst us, that even the Owners of Woods within Chases should not  xcut down the Timber without view of Officers; or if not within Chases, yet where a  xCommon-person had liberty of Chase, &c. and this would be of much benefit, had the Regarders  Xx4 xpperform'd their duty, as 'tis at large describ'd in the Writ. of 12. Articles; and that the Surcharge  xof the Forests had been honestly inspected with the due Perambulations, and ancient Metes: Thus  X 4 xshould the Justices of Eire\ 65 X&4 Ѝ The court circuit. dispose of no Woods without express Commission, and in" u\0*}((c@#"  X4 xconvenient places: Minuti blaterones quercuum, culi, & curbi, as our Law terms wind-falls, dotterels, scrags, &c. and no others.  Ms8. Care is likewise by our Laws to be taken that no unnecessary Imbezelment be made by  xpretences of Repair of Paling, Lodges-Browse for Deer, &c. Wind-falls, Root-falls; dead, and  xgSear-trees, all which is subject to the Inspection of the Wardens, Justices, &c. and even trespasses  X4 x/done de Viridi on boughs of Trees, Thickets and the like; which (as has been shew'd) are very  x[great impediments to their growth and prosperity, be duly looked after, and punished: See  Xx4 xRConsuet. & Assis. Forest. Pannagium, or Pastura pecorum & de Glandibus, Fleta, &c.  X@4Man-woods Forest Laws: Cook pla. fol.366, li.8. fol.138.  Ms9. Finally, that the exorbitance, and increase of devouring Iron-mills were looked into, as to  x"their distance, and number neer the Seas, or navigable Rivers; And what if some of them were  xeven remov'd into another World? 'twere better to purchase all our Iron out of America, then thus  xto exhaust our Woods at home, although (I doubt not) they might be so order'd, as to be rather  x a means of conserving them. There was a Statute made by Queen Eliz. to prohibite the  xconverting of Timber-trees for Coal, or other Fuel for the use of Iron-mills; if the Tree were of  xone foot square, and growing within 14 miles of the Sea, or the greater Rivers, &c. 'tis pity some  X 4 xZof those places in Kent, Sussex and Surrey were excepted in the Proviso, for the reason express'd  XH 4 x_in a Statute made 23. Eliz. by which even the imploying of any under-wood, as well as great  xITrees, was prohibited within 22 miles of London, and many other navigable Rivers, Creeks, and  X4other lesser distances from some parts of Sussex Downs, Cinque-ports,]5 XQ4 x Ѝ The Cinque ports were: Hastings, Sandwich, Dover, Romney, and Hythe, to which Rye  xand Winchelsea were added. They were of vital importance to the navy as bases and sources of supply and repair. Havens, &c.  X4 Ms10. And yet to prove what it is to manage Woods discreetly; I reade of one Mr Christopher  Xh4 xDarell a Surrey Gent. of Nudigate,^hK5 Xd4 x Ѝ The place is Newdigate, about 4 miles southeast of the Evelyn family estate at Wotton.  xAs a propertied neighbour he is likely therefore to have been known to the Evelyn family.  xHowever E implies not only that he did not know Darell but that he lived at some earlier date.  x}Christopher Darell does not appear in the Diary though the Darells of Kent do (see de Beer, III, 201 & 620). that had a particular Indulgence for the cutting of his Woods  x at pleasure, though a great Ironmaster; because he so order'd his Works, that they were a means  xof preserving even his Woods; notwithstanding those unsatiable devourers: This may appear a  xParadox, but is to be made out; and I have heard my own Father (whose Estate was none of the  xcleast wooded in England) affirm, that a Forge, and some other Mills, to which he furnish'd much  xFuel, were a means of maintaining, and increasing his Woods; I suppose, by increasing the  xIndustry of planting, and care; as what he has now left standing of his own planting, enclosing  X4 xand cherishing in the possession of my most honour'd brother, Geo. Evelin,_ 5 X1!4 Ѝ The name Evelyn is frequently spelled this way., of Wotton in the  xusame County, does suffiently evince; a most laudable Monument of his Industry, and rare  Xp4Example.`pQ 5 Xr$4 x} Ѝ This became a problem in later years when E had to restrict his brother's felling of timber to raise cash. See for example K. February 16 1692, p. 382 (de Beer, V, 89).  Mhs11. The same Act we have confirmed, and enlarg'd in the 17th of the said Queen, for the  xpreserving of Timber-Trees, and the penalties of impairing Woods much increased; the tops, and offals only permitted to be made use of for this imployment: But let us see what others do."v `0*}((c@"Ԍ X4 Ms12. The King of Spaina5 Xy4 Ѝ Philip IV (162165). has neer Bilbao sixteen times as many Acres of Copsewood as are  xcfit to be cut for Coal in one year; so that when 'tis ready to be fell'd, an Officer first marks such  xas are like to prove Ship-timber, which are let stand, as so many sacred, and dedicate Trees: But  x}by this means the Ironworks are plentifully supplied in the same place, without at all diminishing  xthe stock of Timber. Then in Biscay again, every proprietor, and other, plants three for one  xwhich he cuts down; and the Law obliging them is most severely executed. There indeed are  xfew, or no Copses; but all are Pollards; and the very lopping (I am assur'd) does furnish the Iron-works with sufficient to support them.  M4s13. What the practice is for the maintaining of these kind of Plantations in Germany, and  X4 x}France, has already been observ'd to this Illustrious Society by the learned Dr Meret;Pby5 X2 4 Ѝ Christopher Merret (161595), see K. October 3 1662 (de Beer, III, 3378 and note).P viz. that  xthe Lords (for the Crown-lands) the Kings Commissioners, divide the Woods, and Forests, into  xeighty partitions; every year felling one of the divisions; so as no Wood is fell'd in less then  xfourscore years: And when any one partition is to be cut down, the Officer, or Lord contracts  xwith the Buyer that he shall at the distance of every twenty foot (which is somewhat neer) leave  xa good, fair, sound and fruitful Oak standing. Those of 'twixt forty, and fifty years they reckon  xfor the best, and then they are to fence these Trees from all sorts of Beasts, and injuries, for a  xcompetent time; which being done, at the season, down fall the Acorns, which (with the  xAutumnal rains beaten into the earth) take root, and in a short time furnish all the Wood again,  xEwhere they let them grow for four or five years; and then grub up some of them for Fuel, or transplantations, and leave the most provable of them to continue for Timber.  X4 MRs14. The French Kingc*5 X{4 Ѝ Louis XIV (16431715). permits none of his Oak-woods, though belonging (some of them) to  Xh4 xhMonsieur (his Royal Brother)dh5 X4 Ѝ Philip, duke of Anjou (16401701). in Appenage, to be cut down; till his own Surveyors, and  xROfficers, have first marked them out; nor are any fell'd beyond such a circuit: Then they are  x/sufficiently fenc'd by him who buys; and no Cattle whatsoever suffer'd to be put in, till the very  xseedlings which spring up of the Acorns are perfectly out of danger. And to these I might superadd others, but I hasten to an end. Oe  Oe   Oe  Oe  Oe   b4 Oe  Oe  The Par%nesis, and Conclusion. Oe  Oe ԃ   xI. Since our Forests are undoubtedly the greatest Magazines of the wealth, and glory of this  xlNation; and our Oaks the truest Oracles of the perpetuity of our happiness, as being the only  xsupport of that Navigation which makes us fear'd abroad, and flourish at Home; it has been  xstrangely wonder'd at by some good Patriots, how it comes to pass that many Gentlemen have  xfrequently repair'd, or gain'd a sudden Fortune, with plowing part of their Parks, and setting out  x}their fat grounds to Dutch-gard'ners, &c. and very wild Wood-land parcels (as may be instanc'd  xEin several places) to dressers of Hop-yards, &c. whiles the Royal portion lyes folded up in a  xNapkin, uncultivated, and neglected; especially, those great, and ample Forests; where though  xplowing, and sowing has been forbidden, a Royal command, and Design, may well dispense with  xit, and the breaking up of those Intervals advance the growth of the Trees to an incredible Improvement.  M+s2. It is therefore insisted on, that there is not a cheaper, easier, or more prompt expedient to  xadvance Ship-timber, then to solicit, that in all his Majesties Forests, Woods, and Parks, the" wd0*}((c@#"  xspreading Oak (which we have formerly described) be cherish'd, by plowing, and sowing Barley,  x<Rye, &c. (with due supply of culture, and soil, between them) as far as may (without danger of  xthe Plow-share) be broken up. But this is only where these Trees are arriv'd to some magnitude,  xand stand at competent distances; a hundred, or fifty yards (for their Roots derive relief far  xbeyond the reach of any boughs) as do the Walnut-trees in Burgundy, which stand in their best plow'd-lands.  Ms3. But that we may particularize in his Majesties Forests of Dean, Sherewood, &c. and in  xsome sort gratifie the Qu%ries of the Honourable the principal Officers and Commissioners of  xthe Navy; I am advis'd by such as are every way judicious, and of long experience in those parts;  X4 xthat to enclose would be an excellent way: But it is to be consider'd, that the people, viz.  x+Foresters and Bordurers, are not generally so civil, and reasonable, as might be wished; and  xItherefore to design a solid Improvement in such places, his Majesty must assert his power, with  xa firme and high Resolution to Reduce these men to their due Obedience, and to a necessity of  xsubmitting to their own, and the publick utility; though they preserv'd their industry this way at  x"a very tolerable rate upon that condition, whiles some person of trust, and integrity did regulate,  xand supervise the Mounds and Fences, and destine some portions frequently set apart, for the raising, and propagating of Woods, till the whole Nation were furnish'd for posterity.  Ms4. And which work if his Majesty shall resolve to accomplish, he will leave such an  xeverlasting obligation on his people, and raise such a Monument to his Fame, as the Ages for a  xthousand years to come shall have cause to celebrate his precious memory, and his Royal  xVSuccessors to emulate his Virtue. For thus (besides the future expectations) it would in present  xbe no deduction from his Majesties Treasure; but some increase; and fall in time to be a fair, and  xuworthy Accession to it; whiles this kind of propriety would be the most likely expedient to  xVcivilise those wild and poor Bordurers; and to secure the vast and spreading heart of the Forest,  xRwhich with all this Indulgence would be ample enough for a Princely Demeasnes: And if the  xdifficulty be to find out who knows, or acknowledges what are the Bordures; this Article were  xVworthy, and becoming of as serious an Inquisition, as the Legislative power of the whole Nation can contrive.  Ms5. The Sum of all is; get the Bordures well Tenanted, by long Terms, and easie Rents, and  xthis will invite and encourage Takers; whilst the middle, most secure, and interiour parts would  xbe a Royal portion. Let his Majesty therefore admit of any willing Adventurers in this vast  x}Circle for such Enclosures in the Precincts; and rather of more, then of few, though an hundred,  xor two should joyn together for any Enclosure of five hundred Acres more, or less; that  xImultitudes being thus engaged, the consideration might procure, and facilitate a full discovery of  x&latter Encrochments, and fortifie the recovery by favourable Rents, Improvements and Reversions  XX4by Copy-hold,;eX5 X4 Ѝ Tenure of a piece of land which was part of a manorial estate.; or what other Tenures and Services shall please to accept of.  Ms6. Now for the planting of Woods in such places (which is the only design of this whole  xTreatise) the Hills, and rough Grounds will do well; but they are the rich fat Vales, and flats  xwhich do best deserve the charge of Walls; such as that spot affords; and the Haw-thorn well  xyplash'd (single or double) is a better, and more natural fence then unmorter'd walls, could our  xNindustry arrive to the making of such, as we have describ'd: besides, they are lasting, and  xprofitable; and then one might allow sufficient bordure for a Mound of any thickness, which may be the first charge, and well supported, and rewarded by the culture of the Land thus enclosed.  Ms7. For Example, suppose a man would take in 500 Acres of good Land, let the Mounds be  xof the wildest ground, as fittest for wood: Two hedges with their Valations, and Trenches will  X(#4 x}be requisite in all the Round; viz. one next to the Enclosure, the other about the Thicket to fence  xpit from Cattle. This between the two hedges (of whatsoever breadth) is fittest for Plantation: In  xthese hedges might be tryed the plantation of stocks; in the intervals all manner of wood-seeds"$xye0*}((c@("  xZsown (after competent plowings) as Acorns, Mast, Fir, Pine, Nuts, &c. the first year chasing away  xlthe Birds, because of the Fir and Pine seeds, for reasons given; the second year loosning the  xground, and thinning the supernumeraries, &c, this is the most frugal way: Or by another Method  xthe Waste places of Forests and Woods (which by through experience is known and tried) might  xbe perfectly extirpated; and then allowing two or three plowings, well-rooted stocks be set, cut  X4 xEand trimm'd as is requisite; and that the Timber-trees may be excellent, those after wardsf5 Xa4 Ѝ sic = afterwards.  x}copsed, and the choicest stocks kept shreaded. If an Enclosure be sow'd, the Seeds may be (as  xpwas directed) of all the species, not forgetting the best Pines, Fir, &c. whiles the yearly removal  xof very incumbrances only will re-pay the Work-men, who fell the Quick, or reserve it to store  xother Enclosures, and soften the circumjacent grounds to the very great improvement of what remains.  X4 Ms9. And how if in such Fencing-works we did sometimes imitate what Quintus Curtius, lib.  X` 4 x 6. has recorded of the Mardorum gens, neer to the confines of Hyreania,Ng` {5 X 4 Ѝ Hyrcania, an area bordering the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea, VI.5.11.N who did by the close  x_planting of Trees alone upon the bordures give so strange a check to the power of that great  xConqueror Alexander? They were a barbarous people indeed, but in this worthy our imitation;  X 4 xand the work so handsomly and particularly describ'd that I shall not grieve to recite it. Arbores  x!dens% sunt de industria consit%, quarum teneros adhuc ramos manu flectunt, quos intortos rursus  x*inserunt terr%: Inde velut ex alia radice l%tiores virent trunci: hos, qua natura fert, adolescere  xnon sinunt: quippe alium alii, quasi nexu conserunt: qui ubi multa fronde vestiti sunt, operiunt  X4 xterram. Itaque occulti ramorum velut laquei perpetua sepe iter claudunt, &c. The Trees (saith  xhe) were planted so neer and thick together of purpose, that when the boughs were yet young and  xflexible, bent and wreath'd within one another, their tops were bowed into the earth (as we  xsubmerge our Layers) whence taking fresh roots, they shot up new stems, which not being  xVpermitted to grow as of themselves they would have done, they so knit and perplex'd one within  xanother, that when they were clad with leaves, they even cover'd the ground, and enclosed the  xwhole Country with a kind of living net, and impenetrable hedge, as the Historian continues the  XP4 x"description. Such works as these would become a Cato, or Varro indeed, one that were Pater  X4Patri%, non sibi soli natus born for Posterity; but we are commonly of another mould,  X4VMMMMMMMM & fruges consumere nati.h,5 X4 x Ѝ Horace Epistulae, I.2.27, 'To Lollius'. The full sentence means '[We are a mere number], and born to consume the fruits of the earth'.փ  M8s10. A fair advance for speedy growth, and noble Trees (especially for Walks and Avenues)  xmay be assuredly expected from the Graffing of young Oaks, and Elms with the best of their  xVkinds; and where the goodliest of these last are growing, the ground would be plow'd, and finely  xraked in the season when the Scales fall; that the flowers and dews fastning the Seed where the  xpwind drives it, it may take root, and hasten (as it will) to a sudden Tree; especially, if seasonable  x<shreading be appli'd, which has sometimes made them arrive to the height of twelve foot by the  X4 xfirst three years, after which they grow a main.i5 Xa%4 Ѝ = amaine, in full strength. And if such were planted as neer to one  xlanother in the Examples we have alledg'd, it is almost incredible what a paling they would be  xto our most expos'd Plantations mounting up their wooden walls to the clouds: And indeed the"xyyi0*}((c@""  xshelving and natural declivity of the Ground more or less to our unkind Aspects, and bleak Winds  xdoes best direct to the thickning of these protections; and the benefit of that soon appear, and recompence our industry in the smoothness and integrity of the Plantations so defended.  Ms11. That great care be had of the Seeds which we intend to sow has already been advised;  xfor it has been seen that Woods of the same age, planted in the same soil discover a visible  x<difference in the Timber and growth; and where this variety should happen if not from the seed  x}will be hard to interpret; therefore let the place, soil and growth of such Trees from whence you  xhave your seeds be diligently examin'd; and why not this, as well as in our care of Animals for our breed and store?  Mls12. As to the Form, obey the natural site, and submit to the several guizes; but ever declining  xto enclose High-ways and Common-roads as much as possible. For the rest be pleased to reflect  xon what we have already said to encourage the planting of the large spreading Oak above all that  xspecies; the amplitude of the distance which they require resign'd to the care of the Verderer for  X( 4 x}grazing Cattle, Deer, &c. and for the great, and masculine beauty which a wild Quincunx,3j( 5 X 4 Ѝ Trees planted in the form of the five spots on a dice.3 as it were, of such Trees would present to your eye.  M+s13. But to advance his Majesties Forests to this height of perfection, I should again urge the  xVremoval of some of our most mischievously plac'd Ironmills; if that at least be true which some  xhave affirm'd, that we had better Iron, and cheaper from Foreigners when those Works were  X4 xstrangers amongst us. I am inform'd that the New-English'ky5 X:4 Ѝ The inhabitants of New England in America.' (who are now become very  xnumerous, and hindred in their advance and prospect of the Continent by their surfeit of the  x+Woods which we want) did about twelve years since begin to clear their High-ways by two  xIron-mills: I am sure their zeal has sufficiently wasted our stately Woods, and Steel in the bowels  xof their Mother old England; and 'twere now but expedient their Brethren should hasten thither  xto supply us with Iron for the peace of our days; whilst His Majesty becomes the great Sovereign  X4 xof the Ocean, free Commerce, Nemorum Vindex & Instaurator magnus.,l*5 X4 Ѝ 'Champion and great restorer of the woodlands'., This were the only  xway to render both our Countries habitable indeed, and the fittest sacrifice for the Royal-Oaks, and their Hamadryad's to whom they owe more then a slight submission.  Ms14. Another thing to be recommended (and which would prove no less then thirty years, in  x/some places forty, and generally twenty years advance) were a good, (if well executed Act) to  xsave our Standards and borduring Trees from the Axe of the Neighbourhood: And who would  x+not preserve Timber when within so few years the price is almost quadrupl'd? I assure you standards of 20, 30 or 40 years growth are of a long day for the concernments of a Nation.  Ms15. And though we have in our general Chapter of Copses declar'd what by our Laws, and  x+common usage is expected at every Fell (and which is indeed most requisite till our store be  xotherwise suppli'd) yet might much even of that rigor be abated by no unfrugal permissions to  xtake down more of the Standards for the benefit of the Under-woods (especially where by over x_dropping, and shade they interrupt the kindly dews, rains and influences which nourish them)  xprovided that there were a proportionable number of Timbertrees duly, and throughly planted,  xRand preserved in the Hedge-rows and Bordures of our grounds: in which case even the total  xcclearing of some Copses would be to their great advance, as by sad experience has been taught  x/some good Husbands, whose necessities sometimes forced them to violate their Standards, and more grown Trees during the late Tyranny.  Ms16. Nor will it be here unseasonable to advise, that where Trees are manifestly perceiv'd to  xdecay, they be marked out for the Axe that so the younger may come on for a supply; especially,"!zl0*}((c@m%"  xVwhere they are chiefly Elms; because their successors hasten to their height and perfection in a  x/competent time; but beginning once to grow sick of age, or other infirmity, suddenly impair, and  xlose much of their value yearly: besides that the increase of this, and other speedy Timber would spare the more Oak for Navigation and the sturdier uses.  M+sHow goodly a fight were it most of the Demesnes of our Country Gentlemen were crown'd  x"and incircl'd with such stately rows of Limes, Firs, Elms, and other ample, shady and venerable  xTrees as adorn New-Hall in Essex, the Seat of that Suffolk Knight neer Yarmouth, and our  xneighbouring Pastures at Barnes? Yet were these Plantations but of late years in comparison: It  xwere a noble and immortal providence to imitate these good Husbands in larger and more august  x/Plantations of such useful Trees for Timber and Fuel, as well as for shade and ornament to our dwellings.  Ms17. But these incomparable undertakings will best of all become the Inspection and care of  xthe Honorable Lieutenants, and Rangers, when they delight themselves as much in the goodliness  xof their Trees, as other men generally do in Dogs, and Horses, for Races and Hunting; neither  xpof which Recreations is comparable to that of Planting, either for virtue or pleasure, were things  xjustly consider'd according to their true estimation: Not yet that I am of so morose an humour,  xthat I reprove any of those noble, and manly Diversions seasonably us'd; but because I would  xcourt the Industry of great, and opulent persons to profitable and permanent delights: For suppose  xthat Ambition were chang'd into a laudable emulation who should best, and with most artifice,  xraise a Plantation of Trees that should have all the proper ornaments, and perfections their nature  X4 xRis susceptible of by their direction and encouragement; such as $lian sums up lib. 25. c. 14.  Xh4 xA%+  ' o 4 o,   ; !o{, &c.mh5 X4 x Ѝ The quote from $lian is paraphrased by E in the next few words. Its literal meaning is 'Kinshoots [i.e. shoots from one family in this case a tree], and much foliage'. kind and gentle Limbs, plenty of large  x}leaves, an ample and fair body, profound or spreading roots, strong against impetuous winds (for  xso I affect to read it) extensive, and venerable shade, and the like: Methinks there were as much  xa subject of glory as could be phancied of the kind; and comparable, I durst pronounce,  xlpreferable, to any of their Recreations; and how goodly an Ornament to their Demesnes and  xDwellings, let their own eyes be the judges. But I now proceed to the more general Concerns, in order to the Qu%ries, and first to the proportion.  Ms18. It were but just, and infinitely befitting the miserable needs of the whole Nation, that  x<every twenty Acres of Pasture made an allowance for half an Acre of Timber, to be planted in  xa clump, well preserv'd, and fenc'd for 14, or 15 years: And where the young Trees stand too  xthick, there to draw, and transplant them in the Hedge-rows, which would also prove excellent  xAshelter for the Cattle: This Husbandry would more especially become Northamptonshire,  xLincolnshire, Cornwall, and such other of our Countries as are the most naked of Timber, Fuel,  x}&c. and unprovided of covert: For it is rightly observ'd, that the most fruitful places least abound in wood, and do most stand in need of it.  Ms19. Such as are ready to tell ye their Lands are so wet that their Woods do not thrive in them,  xlet them be converted to Pasture; or bestow the same industry on them which good husbands do  x/in Meadows by draining: It is a sloathfulness unpardonable; as if the pains would not be as fully  xrecompenc'd in the growth of the Timber, as in that of their grass: Where poor hungry Woods  xugrow, rich Corn, and good Cattle would be more plentifully bred; and it were beneficial to  xconvert some Wood-land (where the proper vertue is exhausted) to Pasture and Tillage; provided that fresh land were improved also to wood in recompence, and to balance the other.  Ms20. Where we find uliginous and starv'd places (which sometimes obey no Art or Industry  xto drain, and of which our pale and fading Corn is a sure indication) we are as it were courted  xto obey Nature; and improve them for the propagation of Sallyes, Willows, Alders, Sycamore,"(#{bm0*}((c@&"  xNAspine, Birch, and the hasty and profitable grawers, by ranging them, casting of Ditches, Trenches, &c. as before has been taught.  MEs21. In the mean while 'tis a thing to be deplor'd, that some persons bestow more in grubbing,  xand dressing a few Acres which has been excellent wood, to convert it into wretched pasture, not  xIworth a quarter of what the Trees would have yielded, well order'd, and left standing; since it is  xcertain, that barren land planted with wood will trebble the expence in a short time: This I am  xable to confirm by instancing a noble person, who (a little before our unhappy Wars) having  x"sown three or four Acres with Acorns, the fourth year transplanted them which grew too thick  xall about his Lordship: These Trees are now of that stature, and so likely to prove excellent  xTimber, that they are already judg'd to be almost as much worth as the whole Demesnes; and yet  xthey take off nothing from other profits, having been discreetly dispos'd at the first designment.  xThe Prince Elector Fredric IV, in the year 1606, sow'd a part of that most barren Heath of  xLambertheim with Acorns after plowing, as I have been inform'd; it is now likely to prove a most goodly Forest, though all this while miserably neglected by reason of the Wars.  X 4 MsThe Right Honourable my Lord Viscount Mountague/n 5 Xi 4 Ѝ Francis Browne, third Viscount Montague (161082)./ has planted many thousands of Oaks,  xwhich I am told he draws out of Copses, big enough to defend themselves; and that with such  xsuccess as exceedingly improv'd his possessions; and it is a worthy example. To conclude, I can  xshew an Avenue planted to a house standing in barren Park, the soil a cold Clay; it consists  xtotally of oaks, one hundred in number: The person who first set them (dying very lately) lived  xyto see them spread their branches 123 foot in compass, which at distance of 24 foot mingling  xtheir shady tresses for above 1000 in length, form themselves into one of the most venerable and  x/stately ArbourWalks that in my life I ever beheld: This is at Baynards in Surrey, and belonging  X04 x@to my most honour'd Brother (because a most industrious Planter of wood) Richard Evelyn Esq.o0y5 XZ4 x Ѝ Baynards, Ewhurst, Surrey. E visited it several times and describes it in the Diary, see K. May 2 1657, p. 113 (de Beer, III, 1923).  xThe Walk is broad 56 foot, and one Tree with another containing by estimation three quarters  xVof a load of Timber in each Tree, and in their lops three Cord of fire-wood: Their bodies are not  xof the tallest, having been topped when they were young to reduce them to an uniform height;  xyet is the Timber most excellent for its scantling, and for their heads few in England excelling  xpthem: where some of their contemporaries were planted single in the Park without cumber, they spread above fourscore foot in arms.  Ms22. I have produced these Examples because they are conspicuous, full of encouragement,  x"worthy our imitation; and that from these, and sundry others I might enumerate, we have made  xthis observation, that almost any soil is proper for some profitable Timber-trees or other which is good for very little else.  Mds23. The bottoms of Downs and like places being well plow'd, and sown will bear lusty  xITimber, being broken up, and let lye till Mid-summer, and then stirr'd again before sowing about  xNovember: so likewise in most craggy, uneven, cold and exposed places, not fit for Arable, as  xin Biscay, &c. And it is truly from these Indications, more then from any other whatsoever, that  xa broken, and decaying Farmer is to be distinguish'd from a substantial Freeholder, the very Trees  xspeaking the conditions of the Master: Let not then the Royal Patrimony bear a Bankrupts reproach: But to defend yet lower;  Ms24. Had every Acre but three, or four Trees, and as many of Fruit in it as would a little adorn  xthe Hedge-rows, the Improvement would be of fair advantage in a few years; for it is a shame  xthat Turnep-planters should demolish and undo hedge-rows neer London, where the Mounds and  xFences are stripp'd naked to give Sun to a few miserable Roots, which would thrive altogether  x+as well under them being skilfully prun'd and lopp'd: Our Gard'ners will not believe me, but I"`"|o0*}((c@0&"  xknow it to be true, though Pliny had not affirm'd it: As for Elms (saith he) their shade is so  X4 xgentle and benigne, that it nourishes whatsoever grows under it: and (lib. 17. c. 22.) it is his  xlopinion of all other Trees (very few excepted) provided their branches be par'd away, which  XX4being discreetly done, improves the Timber as we have already shew'd.6pX5 X4 Ѝ The correct reference is XVI.206 (Pliny's chapter LXXVI).6  M_s25. Now let us calculate a little at adventure, and much within what is both faisible, and very  xpossible; and we shall find, that four Fruit-trees in each Acre throughout England, the product  xhsold but at six pence the Bushel, will be worth above a Million yearly: What then may we  xreasonably judge of Timber, admit but at the growth of four pence per Acre yearly, (which is the  xlowest that can be estimated) it amounting to neer two Millions? if (as 'tis suppos'd) there may  xbe five or six and twenty Millions of square Acres in the Kingdom (besides Fens, High-ways,  xVRivers, &c. not counted) and without reckoning in the Mast, or loppings, which whosoever shall  x<calculate from the annual Revenue the Mast only of Westphalia, a small and wretched Country in Germany does yield to that Prince, will conclude to be no despicable Improvement.  Ms26. In this poor Territory, every Farmer does by ancient custom plant so many Oaks about  xhis Farme as may suffice to feed his Swine: To effect this, they have been so careful, that when  xof late years the Armies infested the poor Country, both Imperialists, and Protestants, the only  X 4 xBishoprick of Munster was able to pay one hundred thousand Crowns per mensem (which  XH 4 xamounts of our money to 25000 li. Starling)qH y5 Xr4 Ѝ i.e. pounds sterling. besides the ordinary entertainment of their own  xPrince and private Families. This being incredible to be practis'd in so extream barren a Country  X4 xI thought fit to mention either to encourage, or reproach us: General MelanderKr*5 X4 Ѝ Count Peter von Holzapfel Melander (15841648), Hessian general in Westphalia.K was wont to say,  X4 xThe Good Husbandry of their Ancestors had left them this stock pro sacra Anchora; considering  xhow the People were afterward reduc'd to live even on their Trees when the Souldiers had  xdevour'd their Hogs; redeeeming themselves from great extremities by the Timber which they  xwere at last compell'd to cut down, and which, had it continu'd, would have proved the utter  xdesolation of that whole Countrey. I have this Instance from my most worthy and honourable  X4 xFriend Sir William Cursius (His Majesties Resident in Germany,)ls5 X4 x Ѝ Sir William Curtius (d.1678). E met him in 1651, see K. June 25 1651 (de Beer, III, 36, and note).l who receiv'd this particular  xfrom the mouth of Melander himself: In like manner the Princes, and Freedoms of Hesse,  xSaxony, Thuringia, and divers other places there, make vast incomes of their Forest-fruit (besides  xlthe Timber) for Swine only. I say then, whosoever shall duly consider this will finde planting  x"of Wood to be no contemptible Addition; besides the Pasture much improv'd, the cooling of fat,  xyand heavy Cattle, keeping them from injurious motions, disturbance and running as they do in Summer to finde shelter from the heat, and vexation of Flyes.  M4s27. But I have done, and it is now time for us to get out of the Wood, and to recommend  xIthis, and all that we have propos'd to His most Sacred Majesty, the Honourable Parliament, and  xto the Principal Officers, and Commissioners of the Royal Navy; that where such Improvements  xmay be made, it be speedily, and vigorously prosecuted; and where any defects appear, they may be duly reformed.  Ms28. And what if for this purpose there were yet some additional Office constituted, which  xRshould have a more universal Inspection, and the charge of all the Woods and Forests in His  x_Majesties Dominions? This might easily be perform'd by Deputies in every County, Persons  xjudicious, and skilful in Husbandry; and who might be repair'd to for advice and direction: And"@}us0*}((c@""  xif such there are at present (as indeed our Laws seem to provide) that their Power be sufficiently  xamplified where any thing appears deficient; and as their zeal excited by worthy encouragements;  x}so might neglects be encounter'd by a vigilant and industrious Checque. It should belong to their  xProvince to see that such proportions of Timber, &c. were planted, and set out upon every  xlhundred, or more of Acres, as the Honorable Commissioners have suggest'd; or, as might be  xthought convenient, the quality, and nature of the places prudently consider'd: It should be their  xyOffice also to take notice of the growth, and decay of Woods, and of their fitness for publick  xuses and sale, and of all these to give Advertisements, that all defects in their ill governing may  xbe speedily remedied; and the Superiour Officer, or Surveyor should be accomptable to the Lord  xTreasurer, and to the principal Officers of His Majesties Navy for the time being: And why might  xnot such a Regulation be worthy the establishing by some Solemn, and publick Act of State  xbecoming our glorious Prince SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS, and his prudent Senate this present Parliament?  X( 4 Ms29. We find in Aristotles Politics the Constitution of Extra-urban Magistrates to be Sylvarum  X 4 x@Custodes,ut 5 Xi 4 xA Ѝ VI.8.6 'The magistrates who hold this office are called wardens of the country, or inspectors of the woods'.u and such were the Consulares Sylv% which the great C%sar himself (even in a time  xwhen Italy did abound in Timber) instituted; and was one of the very first things which he did  xat the setling of that vast Empire after the Civil Wars had exceedingly wasted the Country:  XH 4 xuSuetonius relates it in the life of Julius;uH b5 X[4 x+ Ѝ Suetonius makes no such specific reference discussing legislative and other domestic  xcmatters dealt with by Caesar. Early in Caesar's career though he was made a commissioner of  X-4woods and pastures (Suetonius Divus Julius, XIX). and Peter Crinitus in his fifth Book De honesta  X4 xdisciplina, c.3.Uv5 X4 x Ѝ Pietro Crinito (14651504), Florentine writer and poet. E would have used either the Paris  x1513 edition of this work, or the Basle 1532 edition (his catalogue is not specific). Both were  xmade available for examination by Christ Church library but the quotation could not be readily located.U gives this reason for it, Ut materies (saith he) non deesset, qua videlicet Navigia  X4 xpublica possent a pr%fecturis Fabrum confici: True it is, that this Office was sometimes call'd  X4 xProvincia minor; but for the most part annex'd and joyn'd to some of the greatest Consuls  Xh4 xthemselves; that facetious sarcasme of the Comdian (where Plautus names it Provincia  X04 x@caudicariaw0S 5 X44 x Ѝ The correct quotation is Te cum securi caudicali praeficio provinciae from Pseudolus, line  X4 x158. This play appears in translation in the Penguin edition of The Pot of Gold and other Plays, p. 222, line 20.) referring onely to some under-Officer subservient to the other: And such a charge  xis at this day extant amongst the noble Venetians, and other prudent States; not to importune you  X4 xwith the express Laws which Ancus Martius the Nephew of Numa,~x5 XK#4 x Ѝ Ancus Martius (d. 616 BC), the fourth King of Rome, not nephew but in fact grandson to Numa by his daughter Pompilia.~ and other Princes long  xbefore C%sar did ordain for this very purpose; since indeed the care of so publick and honourable  xqan Enterprize as is this of Planting, and Improving of Woods, is a right noble and royal  xundertakings; as that of the Forest of Dean, &c. in particular (were it bravely manag'd) an  xImperial design; and I do pronounce it more worthy of a Prince who truly consults his glory in"~tx0*}((c@"  xthe highest Interest of his Subjects, then that of gaining Battels, or subduing a Province: And if  xin saying so, or any thing else in this rustic Discourse, I have us'd the freedom of a plain Forester; it is the person you command me to put on, and my plea is ready, :  #+A' !#;+%' !' f{' + : ).  X4x  Pr%sente Quercu ligna quivis colligit.yg5 X)4 x Ѝ E's note: 'Theocriti Sco. vide Adagium'. E's cryptic note is a reference to the fact that this  X4 xEquote appears in Erasmus, Adages iii.1.86, where Erasmus says that this is the 'scholiast' (=  xApostolius, vi.36) on the Greek poet Theocritus (v.65). Erasmus compares this with the  X 4 xIopportunism displayed on the fall of Sejanus as described by Juvenal, Satires x.65ff. The Latin  X 4 xgiven by Erasmus differs and reads Arbore dejecta quivis ligna colligit, meaning 'when the tree  X 4 xfalls everyone collects firewood' in other words trees are useful to everyone, hence Sylva's justification. փ  x<for who could have spoken less upon so ample a Subject? and therefore I hope my zeal for it in  xcthese Papers, will (besides your Injunctions) excuse the prolixity of this Digression, and all other the Imperfections of my Services.  X` 4- Si canimus Sylvas, Sylv% sunt Consule dign%.Zz` 5 X4 Ѝ Virgil, Eclogues. IV.3, 'If we sing of the trees, let the trees be worthy of a consul'.Zփ  X 4YkF I N I S.