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His real name was Philippus Theophrast von Hohenheim.„ж that of all things, Aer only could be truly affirm'd to have Life, seeing to all things it gave Life. Argument sufficient to demonstrate, how prejudicial it is to the Bodies of men; for that can never be Aer fit for them to breath in, where nor Fruits, nor Flowers do ripen, or come to a seasonable perfection. С››nСI have strangely wondred, and not without some just indignation, when the SouthЉwind has been gently breathing, to have sometimes beheld that д ‘XЈУ4дstately House and Garden belonging to my Lord of Northumberland,жO4щЈ­д ‘XYУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа See note at the beginning of this Tract in the Epistle Dedicatory.Oж even as far as WhiteЉhall and Westminster, wrapped in a horrid Cloud of this Smoake, issuing from a Brew-house or two contiguous to that noble Palace: so as coming up the River, that part of the City has appear'd a Sea where no Land was within ken; the same frequently happens from a д ‘X5 У4дLime-kilneжЧ5J5 Б­д ‘X—У4 щЁуда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's margin note: 'I doe assent that both Lime & Sulphur are in some д щЁЩдaffections specifies for the Lungs; but then they are to be so prepared, as д щЁМдnothing save the parest parts be received into the body (for so Physicians д “XRЉ4 щЁєдprescribe УУFlores Sulph.ФФ &c. [Flowers of Sulphur Љ used as a laxative and for д щЁnдskin diseases]) and not accompanied with such gross and plainly virulent д щЁ(дvapours, as these fires send forth: Nor are they (as accurately prepar'd as Art д щЁ(дcan render them) to be perpetually used, but at certain periods, in Formes, and with due Regiment.'Чж on the BankeЉside neer the Falcon,жe6в5 У­д ‘XЉУ4 щЁ№да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Presumably a tavern; for the Bankside, see note 10 above in 'To the Reader'.eж which when the Wind blowes Southern, dilates it self all over that Poynt of the Thames, and the opposite part of London, especially about S. Paul's, poysoning the Aer with so dark and thick a Fog, as I have been hardly able to pass through it, for the extraordinary stench and halitus it send forth; and the д ‘XТУ4дlike is neer Fox-hallж7ЛщТ]­д ‘Xа%У4 щЁeда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа The name derives from Falkes de BreautР)Р who lived here in the early д щЁ дthirteenth century. Now known as Vauxhall, just across the Thames from д щЁ5дWestminster, it was best known in E's time for Vauxhall Gardens (see K. Julyд"Ђ'60* ( (ААЄ'н"д 2 1661, p.134; de Beer, III, 291). See also Pepys May 28 and July 27 1667.ж at the farther end of Lambeth.д"Тy70* ( (@@Dї"дŒС››nСNow to what funest and deadly Accidents the assiduous invasion of this Smoak exposes the numerous Inhabitants, I have already touch'd, whatsoever some have fondly pretended, not considering that the constant use of the same Aer (be it never so impure) may be consistent with the Life and Valetudinary state; especially, if the Place be native to us, and that we have never lived for any long time out of it; Custome, in this, as in all things else, obtaining another Nature, and all Putrefaction, proceeding from certain Changes, it becomes, as it were, the Form, and Perfection of that which is contain'd in it: For so (to say nothing of such д ‘X1У4дas by assuefactionж'8щ1y­д ‘X[ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа becoming accustomed (OED).'ж have made the rankest poysons their most familiar д ‘X У4дDiet) we read that Epimenidesж19щ *­д ‘XѕУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа A Greek poet and prophet from Crete.1ж continu'd fifty years in a damp Cave, the Eremites dwelt in Dens, and divers live now in the Fens; some are condemn'd to the Mines, and others, that are perpetually conversant about the Forges, Fornaces of Iron and other Smoaky Works, are little concern'd with these troublesome accidents: But as it is not (I perswade my self) out of choyce, that these Men affect them; so nor will any man, д ‘XУ4дI think, commend and celebrate their manner of Living. A Tabidж:щл­д ‘XУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Wasted (OED).ж Body might possibly trail out a miserable Life of seven or eight years by a Sea-cole Fire, as 'tis reported the Wife of a certain famous Physician did of late by the Prescription of her Husband; but it is to be considered also, how much longer, and happier she might have survived in a better and more noble Aer; and that old Par who lived in health to an Hundred д ‘XУ4дand fifty years of Age,ж‘;вŒ­д ‘XCУ4 щЁ1да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Thomas Parr (c.1483Љ1635), reputed to have reached the age of 152, buried in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey (DNB). ‘ж was not so much concern'd with the change of Diet (as some have affirm'd) as with that of the Aer, which plainly wither'd him, and spoyl'd his Digestion in a short time after his arrival at д ‘XСУ4дLondon.жy<вС& ­д ‘X˜"У4 щЁда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Parr had been sent to London by Henry Frederick Howard, third earl of Arundel (1608Љ52) in 1635.yж С››nСThere is, I confesse, a certain Idiosyncrasia in the Composition of some persons, which may fit and dispose them to thrive better in some Aers, then in other: But, it is manifest, that those who repair to London, no sooner enter into it, but they find a universal alteration in theirд"eР <0* ( (@@‹н"д Bodies, which are either dryed up or enflam'd, the hunours being exasperated and made apt to putrifie, their sensories and perspirations so exceedingly stopp'd, with the losse of Appetite, and a kind of general д ‘XЛУ4дstupefaction, succeeded with such Catharsж,=щЛ­д ‘X4У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Mildly caustic substance (OED).,ж and Distillations, as do never, or very rarely quit them, without some further Symptomes of dangerous Inconveniency so long as they abide in the place; which yet are immediately restored to their former habit, so soon as they are retired to their Homes and enjoy the fresh Aer again. And I here I may not omit to mention what a most Learned Physician and one of the Colledge д ‘X1У4дassur'd me,жe>в1y­д ‘X[ У4 щЁьда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Dr. Daniel Whistler, MD (1619Љ84), fellow member of the Royal Society (DNB).eж as I remember of a Friend of his, who had so strange an Antipathy to the Aer of London: that though he were a Merchant, and had frequent businesse in the City, was yet constrained to make his Dwelling some miles without it; and when he came to the Exchange, within an hour or two, grew so extremely indispos'd, that (as if out of his proper Element) he was forced to take horse (which us'd therefore constantly to attend him at the Entrance) and ride as for his Life, till he д ‘XУ4дcame into the Fields,жO?щ­д ‘XTУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Perhaps Tothill Fields, an open space by Westminster and Millbank.Oж and was returning home again, which is an Instance so extraordinary, as not, it may be, to be paralell'd in any place д “XbЉ4дof Europe, save the УУGrotto del caneФФ, nere Naples, the УУOs PlutoniumФФ of д ‘XMУ4дSilvius,жC@щMФ­д ‘XТУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа see Silius Italicus, 'The entrance of the Underworld'.Cж or some such subterranean habitation. For Diseases proceed not from so long a Series of causes, as we are apt to conceive; but, most times from those obvious, and despicable mischiefs, which yet we take lesse notice of, because they are familiar: But how frequently do we hear д “XёЉ4дmen say (speaking of some deceased Neighbour or Friend) УУHe went up to London, and took a great Cold, &c. which he could never afterwards д “VХЉ4дclaw off again.ФФ С››nСI report my self to all those who (during these sad confusions) have been compelled to breath the Aer of other Countries for some years: if they do not now perceive a manifest alteration in their Appetite, and clearnesse of their Spirits; especially such as have liv'd long in France, and the City of Paris; where, to take off that unjust reproch, the Plague as seldome domineers, as in any part of Europe, which I more impute to the Serenity and Purity of the Aer about it, then to any other qualities which are frequently assign'd for the cause of it by divers Writers. But if it be objected that the purest Aers are soonest infected; it is answered,д"іu@0* ( (@@Тн"д that they are also the soonest freed again; and that none would therefore choose to live in a corrupt Aer, because of this Article: London 'tis confessed is not the only City most obnoxious to the Pestilence; but it is yet never cleare of this Smoake which is a Plague to many other ways, and indeed intolerable; because it kills not at once, but always, since still to languish, is worse then even Death it self. For is there under Heaven such Coughing and Snuffing to be heard, as in the London Churches and Assemlies of People, where the Barking and the Spitting is uncessant and most importunate: What shall I say? д “X У4дС››nССЛЛЌСУУHinc hominum pecudumque LuesФФ. РMРРMРРMРРMРРMР жUAы ­д “X“ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Lucan, УУPharsaliaФФ II.199, 'From this the plague of men and beasts'.Uж And what may be the cause of these troublesome effects, but the inspiration of this infernal vapour, accompaning the Aer, which first д “XР У4дheats and sollicits the УУAspera ArteriaФФ,жBщР {­д ‘XьУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа WindЉpipe.ж through one of whose Conduits, partly Cartilaginous, and partly membranous, it enters by several д ‘X”У4дbranches into the very Parenchyma,ж%Cщ”,­д ‘XqУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Special substance (OED).%ж and substance of the Lungs, violating, in this passage, the Larynx and Epiglottis, together with those multiform and curious Muscles, the immediate and proper Instruments of the Voyce, which becoming rough and drye, can neither be contracted, or dilated for the due modulation of the Voyce; so as by some of my Friends (studious in Musick, and whereof one is a Doctor of Physick) it has ben constantly observ'd, that coming out of the Country into London, they lost Three whole Notes in the compasse of their Voice, which they д “XмЉ4дnever recover'd again till their retreat; УУAdeo enim AnimantesФФ (to use the д “XЧЉ4дOrator's words) УУaspiratione Aeris sustinentur, ipseque Aer nobiscum д “XВУ4дvidet, nobiscum audit, nobiscum sonat:ФФжлDНВн­д “X@У4 щЁiда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Cicero, УУde Natura DeorumФФ II.33.83, 'For thus living beings are sustained д щЁ дby the breathing of air, and the air itself sees with us, it hears with us, it speaks with us.'лж In summe, we perform nothing without it. С››nСWhether the Head and the Brain (as some have imagined) take in the ambient Aer, nay the very Arteries through the skin universally over the whole body, is greatly controverted; But if so, of what consequence the goodness and purity of the Aer is, will to every one appear; Sure we are, how much the Respiration is perturb'd, and concern'd, when the Lungs are prepossessed with these grosse and dense vapours, brought along inд"b D0* ( (@@хн"д the Aer; which on the other side being pure and fitly qualified, and so conducted to them, is there commixed with the circulating blood, insinuating it self into the left ventricle of the heart by the Arteria Venosa, to rarifie and subtilize that precious vehicle of the Spirits and vital flame: The Vena Arteriosa disposing themselves into many branches through the Pulmonique lobes, for its Convoy the Aer (as we say'd) being first brought into them out of the Bronchia (together with the returning blood) to the very Heart it self; so as we are not at all to wonder, at the suddain and prodigious Effects of a poysonous or less wholesome Aer, when it comes to invade such noble Parts, Vessells, Spirits, and Humours, as it visits and attaques, through those subtile and д ‘X У4дcurious passages. But this is not all.ж(EЄ ­д ‘X| У4 щЁnда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's anatomical knowledge is based on part on Tables of Veins and д щЁiдNerves which he purchased in Padua in February 1646. He presented them to д щЁдthe Royal Society on October 31 1667 (see K. p. 62 and 185, de Beer, II, 475 and III, 501).(ж С››nСWhat if there appear to be an Arsenical vapour, as well as Sulphur, breathing sometimes from this intemperate use of Sea-Coale, in great Cities? That there is, what does plainly stupifie, is evident to those who sit long by it; and that which fortun'd to the Dutchman who Winter'd in д ‘XУ4дNova Zembla,ж7Fщ4­д ‘XuУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Islands in the Arctic Ocean off Archangel.7ж was by all Physicians attributed to such a deleterious д ‘XyУ4дquality in the like fuell, as well as to the InspissationжGщyх­д ‘XУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Thickening.ж of the Aer, which they thought only to have attemper'd as is by most esteem'd to be the reason of the same dangerous halitus of Char-Coale, not fully enkendl'd. But to come neerer yet. д ‘XУ4дС››nСNew Castle Coale, as an expert Physician affirms,ж-Hщ–­д ‘XdУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Arnold Boetius a Boot (d. 1653).-ж causeth Consumptions, Phthisicks, and the Indisposition of the Lungs, not only by the suffocating aboundance of Smoake; but also by its Virulency; For all subterrany Fuell hath a kind of Virulent or Arsenical vapour rising from it; which as it speedily destroys those who dig it in the Mines; so does it by little and little, those who use it here above them: Therefore those Diseases (saith this Doctor) most afflict about London, where the very Iron is sooner consum'd by the Smoake thereof, than where this Fire is not used. С››nСAnd, if indeed there be such a Venemous quality latent, and sometimes breathing from this Fuell, we are lesse to trouble our selves for the finding out of the Cause of those Pestilential and Epidemicalд" G H0* ( (@@н"д д “XУ4дSicknesses (УУEpidemiorum Causa enim in AereФФ,ж7Iщ­д ‘XyУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'For the cause of diseases is in the air'.7ж says Galen) which at divers periods, have so terribly infested and wasted us: or, that it should be so susceptible of infection, all manner of Diseases having so universal a vehicle as is that of the Smoake, which perpetually invests this City: д ‘XІУ4дBut this is also noted by the Learned Sir Kenelme Digby,жJІІy­д “XаУ4 щЁKда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа УУDiscourse of Sympathetick Powder'ФФ, Sir Kenhelm Digby (1603Љ65), д щЁ™дauthor and naval commander, noted plant dependence on oxygen, and wrote д щЁ№дa paper (here referred to) on his powder which he believed cured wounds (DNB).ж in confirmation of the Doctrine of Atomical Effluvia's and Emanations, wafted, mixed and communicated by the Aer, where he well observes, that from the Materials of our London Fires, there results a great quantity of volatile Salts, which being very sharp and dissipated by the Smoake doth infect the Aer, and so incorporate with it, that though the very Bodies of those corrosive particles escape our perception, yet we soon find their effects, by the destruction which they induce upon all things that they do but touch; spoyling, and destroying their beautiful colours, with their fuliginous qualities: Yea, though a Chamber be never so closely locked up, Men find at their return, all things that are in it, even covered with a black thin Soot, and all the rest of the Furniture as full of it, as if it were in the house of some Miller, or a Baker's Shop, where the Flower gets into their Cupboards, and Boxes, though never so close and accurately shut. С››nСThis Coale, says Sir K. flies abroad, fowling the Clothes that are expos'd a drying upon the Hedges; and in the Spring-time (as but now we mention'd) besoots all the Leaves, so as there is nothing free from its universal contamination and it is for this, that the Bleachers about д ‘XёУ4дHarleum,жdKвёч­д ‘X‰У4 щЁЭда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E visited Harlem in 1641, see K. August 1641, p. 38Љ9 (de Beer, II, 50Њ55).dж prohibit by an express Law (as I am told) the use of these Coles, for some Miles about that Town; and how curious the Diers and д ‘XУУ4дWeavers of Dammask,жLщУ ­д ‘Xѕ!У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Damascus.ж and other precious Silks are at Florence,жMMщУ2 ­д ‘XІ#У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E visited Florence in the autumn of 1644 (de Beer, II, 185Љ201).Mж of the least ingresse of any Smoaky vapour, whilst their Loomes are at work, I shall shew upon some other occasion: But in the mean time being thus incorporated with the very Aer, which ministers to the necessary respiration of our Lungs, the Inhabitants of London, and such as frequentд"gу M0* ( (@@qн"д it, find it in all their Expectorations; the Spittle, and other excrements which proceed from them, being for the most part of a blackish and fuliginous Colour: Besides this acrimonious Soot produces another sad effect, by rendring the people obnoxious to Inflammations, and comes (in time) to exulcerate the Lungs, which is a mischief so incurable that it carries away multitudes by Languishing and deep Consumptions, as the д “XvЉ4дBills of Mortality do Weekly inform us. And these are those УУEndemii д “XaУ4дMorbiФФ,жINщa­д ‘XкУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'endemic deaths', i.e. deaths from causes endemic to London.Iж vernaculous and proper to London. So corrosive is this Smoake about the City, that if one would hang up Gammons of Bacon, Beefe, or other Flesh to fume, and prepare it in the Chimnies, as the good HouseЊWifes do in the Country, where they make use of sweeter Fuell, it will so Mummifie, dry up, wast and burn it, that it suddainly crumbles away, consumes and comes to nothing. С››nСThe Consequences then of all this is, that (as was said) almost one half of them who perish in London, dye of Phthisical and Pulmonic distempers; That the Inhabitants are never free from Coughs and д ‘X”У4дimportunate Rheumatisms, spitting of Impostumatedж4Oщ”y­д ‘XОУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Affected with swellings or cysts (OED).4ж and corrupt matter: for remedy whereof, there is none so infallible, as that, in time, the Patient change his Aer, and remove into the Country: Such as repair to Paris (where it is excellent) and other like Places, perfectly recovering of their health; which is a demonstration sufficient to confirm what we have asserted, concerning the perniciousnesse of that about this City, produc'd only, from this exitial and intolerable Accident. С››nСBut I hear it now objected by some, that in publishing this Invective against the Smoake of London, I hazard the engaging of a whole Faculty д ‘XХУ4дagainst me, and particularly, that the Colledge of PhysiciansжтPНХ*­д ‘X У4 щЁBда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Founded by Henry VIII in 1518, at this date in Paternoster Row near St. д “X‰Љ4 щЁXдPaul's (see also УУLondon RedivivumФФ, below p.379, where E suggests a new home after the Fire.тж esteem it rather a Preservation against Infections, then otherwise any cause of the sad effects which I have enumerated. But, as I have upon several encounters, found the most able, and Learned amongst them, to renounce this opinion, and heartily wish for a universal purgation of the Aer by the expedients I propose; so, I cannot believe that any of that Learned Society, should think themselves so far concern'd, as to be offended with me for that, which (as well as for their sakes, as the rest who derive benefit from it) I wish were at farther distance; since it is certain, that so many of their Patients are driven away from the City, upon the least indisposition which attaques them, on this sole consideration; asд"пЏP0* ( (@@…н"д esteeming it lesse dangerous to put themselves into the hands of some д ‘XщУ4дCountry Doctor or Emperic,жQщщ­д ‘XbУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа A quack (OED).ж then to abide the Aer of London, with all its other advantages. For the rest, they pretend to that honourable Profession; if any shall find themselves agreev'd and think good to contend, I shall easily allow him as much Smoake as he desires, and much good may it do him. But, it is to be suspected, and the answer is made (by as many have ever suggested the Objection to me) That there be some whom I must expect to plead for that, which makes so much work for the ChimneyЉSweeper; Since I am secure of the Learned and Ingenuous, and whose Fortunes are not built on Smoake, or raised by a universal Calamity; such as I esteem to be the Nuisances, I have here reproved: I do not hence infer, that I shall be any way impatient of a just and civil Reply, which I shall rather esteem for an honour done me, because I know, that a learned and witty man is able to discourse upon any Subject whatsoever; some of them having with praise, written even д ‘XЇ У4дof the praise of Diseases themselves, for so FavorinusжeRвЇ y­д ‘XбУ4 щЁ-да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Favorinus, Roman philosopher and rhetorician of the early second century AD.eж of old, and д ‘XУ4дMenapiusжSЄ­д ‘XTУ4 щЁ-да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Menapius Љ E may mean Menippus, an exЉslave from Sinope who д щЁМдbecame a Cynic philosopher and created a technique of satire which was д щЁˆдdeveloped by writers like Lucian. The name 'Menapius' is not otherwise identifiable.ж since commended a Quartan Ague, PirckhemierusжJTщ ­д ‘XРУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Willibald Pirckheimer (1470Љ1530), a humanist from Nuremberg.Jж the Gout, д ‘XyУ4дGutheriusжRUщy0 ­д ‘XZУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа James Gouthieres (1568Љ1638), French advocate and antiquarian writer.Rж celebrated Blindnesse, HiensiusжЬVЛyс ­д ‘X У4 щЁда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Nicolaas Heinsius (1620Љ81), Dutch scholar and poet. E saw books and д щЁ(дmanuscripts from the sale of his library in 1683, see K. July 14 1683 (de Beer, IV, 330).Ьж the Louse, and to come д ‘XbУ4дnearer our Theam, MajoragiusжCWщbd­д ‘Xw"У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Marcus Antonius Majoragio (1514Љ55), Italian humanist.Cж the nasty Dirt; Not I suppose that they д “XKУ4дaffected these pleasant things, but as A. Gellius has it, УУexercendi gratiaФФ,ж*XщK­д ‘X%У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'for the sake of exercising.'*ж д E дand to shew their Witts; for as the Poet,а€а д “V“Љ4нда€аС››nССЛЛЌССЏ Џ вСУУSunt etiam Musis sua ludicra, mista CamР%Рnisд"“ЦX0* ( (@@%н"дŒд “XУ4lдС››nССЛЛЌССЏ Џ вСOtia sunt:ФФ РMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРж1YП­д “XyУ4 щЁода ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's note: 'УУDe materiis infamibus quas GrР%РciФФ РfРР РoРРoР+РР'Р УУappellant. Noct. д “XdЉ4 щЁBдAtt. l.17 cФФ.12.' This is Aulus Gellius, though the reference is wrong. It means 'The Muses have jokes of their own, they have private pleasures'.1жа€а д н да€аС››nСBut to proceed, I do farther affirm, that it is not the dust and Ordure which is daily cast out of their Houses, much lesse what is brought in by the Feet of Men and Horses; or the want of more frequent and better conveyances, which renders the Streets of London dirty even to a Proverb: but chiefly this continual Smoake, which ascending in the day-time, is, by the descending Dew, and Cold, precipitated again at night: And this is manifest, if a peice of clean Linnen be spread all Night in any Court or Garden, the least infested as to appearance: But especially if it happen to rain, which carries it down in greater proportion, not only upon the Earth, but upon the Water also, where it д ‘Xz У4дleaves a thin web, or pelliculeж(Zщz O­д ‘XzУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Fine membranous skin (OED).(ж of dust, dancing upon the Surface of it; as those who go to bathe in the Thames (though at some Miles distant from the City) do easily discern and bring home upon their Bodies: How it sticks on the Hands, Faces and Linnen of our fair Ladies, and nicer Dames, who reside constantly in London (especially during Winter) the prodigious wast of AlmondЉpowder for the One, Soap and wearing out of the Other, do sufficiently manifest. С››nСLet it be considered what a Fuliginous crust is yearly contracted, and adheres to the Sides of our ordinary Chymnies where this grosse Fuell is д “XЋЉ4дused; and then imagine, if there were a solid УУTentoriumФФ, or Canopy over London, what a masse of Soote would then stick to it, which now (as was said) comes down every Night in the Streets, on our Houses, and Waters, and is taken into our Bodies. С››nСAnd may this much suffice concerning the Causes and Effects of this Evill, and to discover to all the World, how pernicious this Smoake is to our Inhabitants of London, to decrie it, and to introduce some happy Expedient, whereby they may for the Future, hope to be freed from so intollerable an inconvenience, if what I shall be able to produce and offer next, may in some measure contribute to it. д Џb™а4дСрјЋ'СУУPФФART. УУII.ФФƒ We know (as the Proverb commonly speaks) that, as there is no Smoake without Fire; so neither is there hardly any Fire without Smoake, and theд"| Z0* ( (@@н"д д ‘XУ4дРhРРРРРР!РРРРР Р РР7РРРРР,ж$[щ­д ‘XyУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'wood without burning'.$ж materials which burn clear are very few, and but comparatively so tearmed: That to talk of serving this vast City (though Paris as great, be so supplied) with Wood, were madnesse; and yet doubtlesse it were possible, that much larger proportions of Wood might be brought to London, and sold at easier rates, if that were diligently observed, which both our Laws enjoyn, as faisible and practised in other places more remote, by Planting and preserving of Woods and Copses, and by what might by Sea, be brought out of the Northern Countries, where it so greatly abounds, and seems inexhaustible. But the Remedy which I would propose, has nothing in it of this difficulty, requiring only the Removal of such Trades, as are manifest Nuisances to the City, which, I would have placed at farther distances; especially, such as in their Works and Fournaces use great quantities of Sea-Cole, the sole and only cause of those prodigious Clouds of Smoake, which so universally and so fatally infest the Aer, and would in no City of Europe be permitted, where Men had either respect to Health or Ornament. Such we named to be Brewers, Diers, Sope and Salt-boylers, LimeЉburners, and the like: These I affirm, together with some few others of the same Classe removed at competent distance, would produce so considerable (though but partial) a Cure, as Men would even be found to breath a new life as it were, as well as London appear a new City, delivered from that, which alone renders it one of the most pernicious and and insupportable abodes in the World, as subjecting her Inhabitants to so infamous an Aer, otherwise sweet and very healthful: For, (as we said) the Culinary fires (and which charking would greatly reform) contribute little, or nothing in comparison to these foul mouth'd Issues, and Curles д “XЊУ4дof Smoake, which (as the Poet has it) do УУCР%Рlum subtexere fumoФФ,жN\ыЊy­д “XдУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Virgil, УУAeneidФФ III, 582, '[Etna] veils the sky with smoke.'Nж and draw a sable Curtain over Heaven. Let any man observe it, upon a Sunday, or such time as these Spiracles cease, that the Fires are generally extinguished, and he shall sensibly conclude, by the clearnesse of the Skie, and universal serenity of the Aer about it, that all the Chimnies in London, do not darken and poyson it so much as one or two of those Tunnels of Smoake; and, that, because the most imperceptible transpirations, which they send forth, are ventilated, and dispersed with the least breath which is stirring: Whereas the Columns and Clowds of Smoake, which are belched forth from the sooty Throates of those Works, are so thick and plentiful, that rushing out with great impetuosity, they are capable even to resist the fiercest winds, and being extremely surcharg'd with a fuliginous Body, fall down upon the City, before they can be dissipated, as the more thin and weak is; so as two orд"#,\0* ( (@@п!н"д three of these fumid vortices, are able to whirle it about the whole City, rendring it in a few Moments like the Picture of Troy sacked by the д ‘XвУ4дGreeks, or the approches of Mount-Hecla.жw]вв­д ‘XKУ4 щЁ™да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Mount Hekla, volcano in Iceland, where eruptions have been recorded since the twelfth century.wж С››nСI propose therefore, that by an Act of this present Parliament, this infernal Nuisance be reformed; enjoyning, that all those Works be removed five or six miles distant from London below the River of Thames; I say, five or six miles, or at the least so far as to stand behind д ‘X_У4дthat Promontory jetting out, and securing Greenwichж1^щ_b­д ‘Xr У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's note: 'Or Woolledge' [Woolwich].1ж from the pestilent Aer of PlumsteadЉMarshes: because, being placed at any lesser Interval beneath the City, it would not only prodigiously infect that his Majesties д “X У4дRoyal Seat (and as BarclayжO_ы ­д “XоУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа John Barclay (1582Љ1621), published УУSatyriconФФ 1603Љ07 (DNB).Oж calls it) УУpervetusta Regum Britannicorum д “X У4дdomusФФ;ж5`щ Ц­д ‘X|У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'The ancient home of the British Kings.'5ж but during our nine Months Etesiansж*aП w­д ‘X-У4 щЁІда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Etesian winds were those named by Greeks which blew annually from д “XЉ4 щЁXдthe northЉwest for forty days in the summer (see for example Lucretius УУDe д “XЉ4дRerum NaturaФФ, VI.716. In this context E means trade, or prevailing, winds.*ж (for so we may justly name our tedious Western-winds) utterly darken and confound one of the д ‘Xй У4дmost princely, and magnificentжфbLй ў ­д “XˆУ4 щЁжда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's note:' УУMemorabilis amРЇРnitas pene itius animum quam oculos д щЁmдdiffudit, aspectu non Britannia tantum sed fortasse tota Europa pulcherrimo, д щЁЊд&c. Sed pulcherrimum spectaculum prР%Рbet ipsa urbs inter eximias EuropР%Р д “XEЉ4 щЁдcelebrata, &c.ФФ Jo. Barcl. Euphor. Sat. part. 4. УУc.ФФ 2.' Trans. by RCA Carey, д щЁд'Its notable cheerfulness gladdened the heart almost more quickly than the eyes д щЁeдwith the most beautiful prospect not only in Britain but perhaps in the whole д щЁдof Europe. But the city itself presents the most beautiful spectacle amongst the celebrated and famous of Europe'.фж Prospects that the World has to shew: Whereas, being seated behind that Mountain, and which seems to have been thus industriously elevated; No winds, or other accident whatever can force it though that solid obstacle; and I am perswaded, that the heat of these Works, mixing with the too cold and uliginous vapours which д ‘XfУ4дperpetually ascend from these Fennyж cщf­д ‘X)&У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа damp, mouldy (OED). ж Grounds, might be a means of rendring that Aer far more healthy than now it is; because it seems toд"OУc0* ( (@@н"д stand in need of some powerful drier; but which London, by reason of its excellent situation, does not at all require: And if it shall be objected, that the Brakishnesse of the Spring-tides, happening hereabout at some periods, may render the Waters lesse useful for some purposes: It is an extraordinary Accident, which appearing rarely is cured again at the reversion of the next Tide: Or if it only concern the Brewer, I know no inconveniency, even if some of them were prescrib'd, as far as any fresh-waters are found dissemboguing into the Thames; since the commodiousnesse of the passage may bring up their Wares with so great ease: He that considers what quantities are transported from Dantzig, д ‘X У4дLubeck, Hamborough,жdщ ­д ‘X“ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Hamburg.ж and other remote places into Holland, cannot think this an unreasonable proposition: But if their fondnesse to be nearer London, procure indulgence for some of them, The Town of д ‘Xе У4дBowe,жeве y­д ‘XџУ4 щЁGда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа The village of Bow, now in East London, was on the main road to London and on the River Lea, a tributary of the Thames.ж in regard of its scituation from our continual Winds may serve for the expedient, and a partial Cure: But the rest of those banish'd to the utmost extreme propounded on the River. С››nСAt least by this means Thousands of able Watermen may be employed in bringing Commodities into the City, to certain Magazines & Wharfs, commodiously situated to dispense them by Carrs or rather Sleds, into the several parts of the Town; all which may be effected with much facility, and small expense; but, with such Conveniency and Benefit to the Inhabitants otherwise, as were altogether inestimable; and therefore, to be vallu'd beyond all other trifling objections of sordid and avaricious persons whatsoever. Nor, indeed, could there at all the lest detriment ensue upon this Reformation since, the Places and Houses deserted (which commonly take up a great space of Ground) might be converted into Tenements, and some of them into Noble Houses for use and pleasure, respecting the Thames to their no small advantage. Add to this, that it would be a means to prevent the danger of Fireing, those sad Calamities, for the most part, proceeding from some Accident or other, which takes beginning from places, where such great and exorbitant Fires are perpetually kept going. С››nСNor were this a thing yet so extravagant, and without all President of former times; since even the Smoake and burning of lesse fРЇРtid and noxious Fuell, produc'd an inconvenience so universall, in some Counties of this Nation: Not to mention the complaint which I have heard some parts even of France it self lying South west of England, did formerly make of being infested with Smoakes driven from our Maritime Coasts, which injur'd their Vines in Flower, that it was thought expedient an Actд"–"e0* ( (@@!н"д of Parliament should be made purposely to reform it in the seventh year д ‘XщУ4дof the Reign of His Majesties Grandfatherжfщщ­д ‘XbУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа James I (1603Љ25).ж that now is, which, to take off all prejudice, I shall here recite, as it remains upon Record. ййа гT А€ ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџаа д Б`_а4дСр фСУУУУAnno vii. Jacobi Regis.ФФФФƒ ааАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАxаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџаа An Act against burning of Ling, and Heath, and other Moor-burning in the Counties of Yorke, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmerland, Lancaster, Darbie, Nottingham & Leicester, at unseasonable times of the year. Whereas, many Inconveniencies are observed to happen in divers Counties of this Realm, by Moore-burnings, and by raising of fires in Moorish grounds and Mountaneous Countries, for burning of Ling, Heath, Hather, Furres, Gorsse, Turffe, Fearn, Whinnes, Broom, and the like, in the Spring time and Summer-Times: for as much as thereby happeneth yearly a great destruction of the Brood of Wild-fowle, and MoorЉgame, and by the multitude of grosse vapours, and Clouds arising from those great fires, the Aer is so distemper'd, and such unseasonable and unnatural storms are ingendred, as that the Corn, and the Fruites of the Earth are thereby in divers places blasted, and greatly hindered in their due course of ripening and reaping. As also, for that sometimes it hath happened, that by the violence of those fires driven with the Wind, great fields of Corn growing, have been consumed, and Meadows spoyl'd, to the great hurt and dammage of His Majesties Subjects: which MoorЉburnings, neverthelesse, may be used, and practised at some other convenient times, without such eminent danger or prejudice. СxxlСBe it therefore Enacted by our Soveraign Lord the Kings most excellent Majesty, with the assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and of the Commons in this Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same: That from, and after the last day of July next ensuing the end of this present Session of Parliament, it shall not be lawful for any Person or Persons whatsoever in the Months of April, May, June, July, August, and September, nor in any of them, to raise, kindle, or begin; or to cause or practise to be raised, kindled, or begun any fires or MoorЉburnings in the said Counties of York,д"$yf0* ( (@@Щ"н"д Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster, Darby, Nottingham, and Leicester, or in any of them, for burning of д ‘XвУ4дLing, Heath, Hather, Furs, Gorsse, Turffes, Fearne, Whinnes,ж>gщвBХд ‘XKУ4да ААшT аааАxаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшаа FurzeЉbushes (a spiny shrub with yellow flowers).>ж д ‘XЛУ4дBroomeж+hщЛyBХд ‘XхУ4да ААшT аааАxаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшаа Shrub similar to the previous.+ж or the like; neither to assist, further, nourish or continue the same; And that all and every Person and Persons, which from and after the said last day of July, shall offend contrary to the true intent, and meaning of this Statute, the same offence being proved by confession of the Party, or by the Testimonies of two sufficient Witnesses upon Oath, before one or more Justices of the Peace of the same County, City, or Town Corporate, where the offence shall be committed; or the Person or Persons offending, apprehended, shall be by the said Justice, or Justices of the peace, for every such offence, committed to the Common Goale of the County, City or Town Corporate, where the Offence shall be committed, or the person or persons apprended, there to remain for the space of one Month without Bail or Main-prise. СxxlСAnd further, be it Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, that all, and every person and persons, which shall be so convicted and imprisoned as aforesaid, shall not be enlarged from their said Imprisonment; but shall there remain after the said Month is expired, without Bail or д ‘X4У4дMainЉprise,жŠiв4*BХд ‘XУ4 щЁда ААшT аааАxаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшаа A process whereby a prisoner is released when someone stands surety for his subsequent appearance in court (OED).Šж until such time as every such Offender respectively shall pay, or cause to be paid to the Church-Wardens, or unto the Overseers of the poor of the Parish, or place, where the same Offence shall be committed, or the Offender or Offenders apprehended, or unto some of them, to the use of the poor of the said parish or place, where the same Offence shall be committed, to the Summe of Twenty Shillings, for every such Offence committed or done, contrary to this Act. This Act to continue until the end of the first Session of the next Parliament. а А€ шT аааАxаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшаа САА\СSo far the Act. And here you see was care taken for the Fowl and the Game, as well as for the Fruits, Corn, and Grasse, which were universally incommoded by these unwholsome vapours, that distempered the Aer, toд"ђФi0* ( (@@Јн"д д ‘XУ4дthe very raising of Storms and tempests;жєjП*жд “XyУ4 щЁда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's note: see Hippocrates, УУde FlatibusФФ 'On breath', & Galen, УУCib. boni д “XdЉ4 щЁ(д& mali succiФФ 'On good nourishment and bad medicine', instancing in Corn and Water, poison'd by ill Aer.'єж upon which a Philosopher might amply discourse. And if such care was taken for the Country, where the more Aereall parts predominate, and are in comparison free; how much greater ought there to be for the City, where are such Multitudes of Inhabitants concern'd? And surely it was so of old, when (to object all that can be replied against it) even for the very Service of God, the Sacrifices were to be burnt without the Camp; amongst the Jews; as (of old) amongst д “X_У4дthe Romans, УУHominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, nevР/Р uritoФФ.жOkщ_O*жд ‘X_ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'Dead people are not to be buried or burnt within the city walls.'Oж That Men should burn, or bury the Dead within the City Walls, was expresly д ‘X3У4дprohibited by a Law of the XII. Tables;жhlд3*жд “XфУ4 щЁKда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа The УУLegesФФ XII УУTabularumФФ, the basis of Roman law drawn up in 451 BC.hж and truely, I am perswaded, that д ‘X У4дthe frequency of ChurchЉyards, and Charnel-Housesж:mщ œ*жд ‘XiУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Mortuary chapel usually attached to a church.:ж contamminate the Aer, in many parts of this Town, as well as the Pumps and Waters, which are any thing near unto them, so that those Pipes and Conveyances which passe through them (obnoxious to many dangerous accidents) ought either to be directed some other way, or very carefully to be looked after. САА\СWe might add to these, Chandlers and Butchers, because of those horrid д ‘X’У4дstinks, uiderousж0nщ’M *жд ‘XУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Presumably 'odorous', smelly (OED).0ж and unwholsome smells which proceed from the Tallow, and corrupted Blood: At least should no Cattel be kill'd within the City (to this day observ'd in the Spanish great Towns of America) since the Flesh д ‘XMУ4дand Candles might so easily be brought to the ShamblesжoщMў *жд ‘XќУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Meat market (OED).ж and Shops from other places lesse remote then the former; by which means also, might be avoided the driving of Cattel through the Streets, which is a very great inconvenience and some danger: The same might be affirm'd of д “XёУ4дFishmongers, so wittily perstringed by Erasmus,ж‹pвёЏ *жд ‘XQ$У4 щЁМда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E's note: 'РРР/РРРР+РoР-РРРРРР7РРР' [fishЉeating]. Desiderius Erasmus (c.1466Њ1536), Dutch scholar.‹ж УУper Salsamentarios nempe, inquinari Civitatem, infici terram, flumina, aerem & ignem, & siд"мIp0* ( (@@nн"д д “XУ4дquod aliud est elementumФФ.жЄqв*жд ‘XyУ4 щЁчда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'For fishmongers of course, contaminate the city, and infect the ground, rivers, air and fire, and would another element if there was one.'Єж Then for the Butcher; That the УУLex CarnariaФФ of the Romans forbad them to kill, or have their Slaughter-houses within д “XдЉ4дthe Walls; that they had a certain Station assign'd them without; УУne si д “XПЉ4дpassim vivant, totam urbem reddant pestilentum:ФФ So, as were the people to д “XЊЉ4дchoose, УУmaluntФФ (says he) УУhabere vicinos decem Lenones, quam unum д “X•У4дLanionumФФ; They would rather dwell neer Ten Bawds,ж+rщ•b*жд ‘XЈ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Madame in charge of a brothel.+ж then one Butcher: д “X€Љ4дBut this is УУinsulsus SalsamentariusФФ, a quibble of the Fishmongers. I could yet wish that our Nasty Prisons and Common Goales might bear them Company; since I affirm they might all be remov'd to some distant places neer the River, the situation whereof does so invite, and rarely contribute to the effecting of it. But if the Avarice of the men of this Age, be so far deplorable, that we may not hope for so absolute a cure of all that is offensive; at least let such, whose Works are upon the Margent of the Thames, and which are indeed the most intollerable, be banished further off, and not once dare to approach that Silver Channel (but at the distance prescrib'd) which glides by her stately Palaces, and irrigates her welcome Banks. САА\СWhat a new Spirit would these easie Remedies create among the Inhabitants of London? what another Genius infuse in the face of things? and, there is none but observes, and feels in himself the Change which a serene and clear day produces; how heavy and lesse dispos'd to motion. Yea, even to good humour and friendly inclinations, we many times find our selves when the Heavens are clowded, and discompos'd? when the South-winds blow, and the humours are fluid, for what we are when the Skie is fair, and the Aer in good temper? And there is reason, that we, who are compos'd of the Elements, should participate of their qualities: For as the Humours have their sourse from the Elements; so have our Passions from the Humors, and the Soul which is united to this Body of ours, cannot but be affected by its inclinations. The very dumb creatures themselves д ‘XqУ4дbeing sensible of the alteration of the Aer, though not by ratiocination,ж(sщq*жд ‘X5!У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Process of reasoning (OED).(ж yet by many notorious Symptomes. САА\СBut I forbear to Philosophise farther upon this Subject, capable of very large and noble reflections; having with my promis'd brevity, endevoured to shew the Inconveniencies and Remedies of what does so universally offend, and obscure the Glory of this our renowned Metropolis; and which, I hope, may produce some effects towards the reforming of so publick a Nuisance. At least, let the continual sejourn of our Illustrious CHARLES, who is theд"а Фs0* ( (@@bн"д very Breath of our Nostrills, in whose health all our happinesse consists, be precious in our Eyes and make our Noble Patriots now assembled in Parliament, consult for the speedy removal of this universal grievance. САА\СIt is certainly of far greater concernment (however light and aery it may appear to some) then the drayning of a Fen, or beautifying an AquР%Рduct, д ‘XУ4дfor which some have received such publick honours,жтtЛ*жд ‘XУ4 щЁ™да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа E may be referring to Hugh Myddleton, amongst others, who received д щЁудa baronetcy in 1622 for his work on bringing water to London in the 'New River' system of channels and reservoirs.тж Statues and Inscriptions; and will (if ever any thing did) deserve the like acknowledgements both of the present and future Ages. You therefore, that have Houses in the City, you that bring up your Wives and Families from their sweet Habitations in the Country; that Educate your Children here; that have Offices at Court; that study the Laws: In fine, all that are д “X У4дoРРР;РРРРРР!РРРoРР, УУ& ad eundem fumum degentesФФ,ж<uщ K*жд ‘XџУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа 'worn down by smoke, and degenerated by smoke'.<ж bear a part in this request of mine, which concerns the universal benefit; and the rather, for that having neither Habitation, Office, nor Being in the City, I cannot be suspected to oblige any particular. The elegant Ladies and nicer Dames; All that are in Health, and would continue so; that are infirm or Convalescent, and would be perfect; that affect the glory of our Court and City, Health or Beauty, are concerned in this Petition; and it will become our wise Senators, and we earnestly expect it, that they would consult as well the State of the Natural, as the Politick Body of this Great Nation, so considerable a part whereof are Inhabitants of this August City; since, without their mutual harmony, and well-being, there can nothing prosper, or arrive to its desired perfection. д ЏbУа4дййСр[6СУУPФФART. УУIII.ФФƒ Срв6ЙСAn offer at the Improvement, and Meliorationƒ Срг 6ЫСof the Aer of L O N D O N, by way ofƒ СрЋ 6СPlantations, &c.ƒ д ‘XaУ4дThere goes a pleasant Tale of a certain SУУrФФ Politick, that in the last great д ‘XJУ4дPlague projected, how by a Vessel fraightжvщJќ*жд ‘Xї$У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Loaded.ж with peel'd Onions, which should passe along the Thames by the City, when the Wind sate in a favourable quarter, to attract the pollution of the Aer, and sail away with the Infection to the Sea: Transplantation of Diseases we sometimes read ofд" ­v0* ( (@@Цн"д amongst the Magneticall, or rather Magical Cures; but never before of this way of Transfretation: but, however this excellent conceit has often afforded good mirth on the Stage, and now I mention to prevent the application to what I here propound; There is yet another expedient, which I have here to offer (were This of the poisonous and filthy Smoak remov'd) by which the City and environs about it, might be rendred one of the most pleasant and agreeable places in the world. In order to this I propose. САА\СThat all low-grounds circumjacent to the City, especially East and South-west, be cast and contriv'd into square plots, or Fields of twenty, thirty and forty Akers, or more, separated from each other by Fences of д ‘X У4дdouble Palisads, or Contr'spaliers,жNwщ *жд ‘X“ У4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Bordering made by training hedges or something similar on stakes.Nж which should enclose a Plantation of an hundred and fifty, or more, feet deep, about each Field; not much unlike to what His Majesty has already begun by the wall from Old Spring-garden д ‘Xе У4дto St.James's in that Park;жЪxЛе y*жд ‘XџУ4 щЁKда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Charles II engaged in extensive landscaping in the park with the help д щЁкдof AndrР)Р LenР=Рtre (1613Љ1700, who had worked at Versailles (see also below p.302).Ъж and is somewhat resembled in the new SpringЊд ‘XО У4дgarden at Lambeth.ж,yщО ќ*жд ‘XkУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа At Vauxhall, see note 53 above.,ж That these Palisad's be elegantly planted, diligently kept and supply'd, with such Shrubs, as yield the most fragrant and odoriferous Flowers, and are aptest to to tinge the Aer upon every gentle emission at a great distance: Such as are (for instance amongst many others) the Sweet-briar, all the Periclymena's and Woodbinds; the Common white and yellow Jessamine, both the Syringa's or Pipe trees; the д “X4Љ4дGuelder-rose, the Musk, and all other Roses; УУGenista HispanicaФФ: To these д “XЉ4дmay be added the УУRubus odoratusФФ, Bayes, Juniper, УУLignum-vitaeФФ, Lavander: but above all, Rosemary, the Flowers whereof are credibly reported to give д ‘XѓУ4дtheir sentжzщѓ­*жд ‘XQУ4да ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа i.e. scent.ж above thirty Leagues off at Sea, upon the coasts of Spain; and at some distance towards the Meadow side, Vines, yea Hops. д “XЎЉ4дСАА\ССааšСРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMРРMР УУEt Arbuta passim, САА\ССааšСEt Glaucas Salices, Casiamque Crocumque rubentum, д “X‚У4дСАА\ССааšСEt pinguem Tiliam & ferrugineos Hyacinthos, &c.ФФжг{Н‚^ *жд “X‘$У4 щЁiда ААшT ааашАаФ И Ќ  ”pџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшшаа Virgil, УУGeorg.ФФ IV.183, 'far and wide [the bees feed] on arbutus, on paleЊд щЁrдgreen willows, on cassia and ruddy crocus, on the rich linden, and the dusky hyacinth.'гж д"m у {0* ( (@@‹н"дŒСАА\СFor, there is a very sweet smelling Sally, and the blossoms of the Tilia, or Lime-tree, are incomparably fragrant; in brief, whatsoever is odoriferous and refreshing. САА\СThat the Spaces, or Area between these Palisads, and Fences, be employ'd in Beds and Bordures of Pinks, Carnations, Clove, Stock-gilly-flower, Primroses, Auriculas, Violets, not forgetting the White, which are in flower twice a year, April and August; Cowslips, Lillies, Narcissus, Strawberries, whose very leaves as well as fruit, emit a д “XHЉ4дCardiaque, and most refreshing Halitus: also УУParietaria LuteaФФ, Musk, Lemmon and Mastick, Thyme; Spike, Cammomile, Balm, Mint, Marjoram, Pempernel, and Serpillum, &c. which upon the least pressure and cutting, breathe out and betray their ravishing odors. САА\СThat the Fields and Crofts within these Closures, or invironing Gardens, be, some of them, planted with wild Thyme, and others reserved for Plots of Beans, Pease (not Cabbages, whose rotten and perishing stalks have a very noisom and unhealthy smell, and therefore by Hyppocrates utterly condemned near great Cities) but such blossom-bearing Grain as send forth their virtue at farthest distance, and are all of them marketable at London; by which means the Aer and Winds perpetually fann'd from so many circling and encompassing Hedges, fragrant Shrubs, Trees, and Flowers (the amputation and prunings of whose superfluities, may in Winter, on some occasions of weather, and winds, be burnt, to visit the City with a more benign smoak) not onely all that did approach the Region, which is properly design'd to be Flowery; but even the whole City, would be sensible of the sweet and ravishing varieties of the perfumes, as well as of the most delightful and pleasant objects, and places of Recreation for the Inhabitants; yielding also a Prospect of a noble and masculine Majesty, by reason of the frequent plantations of Trees, and Nurseries for Ornament, Profit, and Security: The remainder of the Fields included yielding the same, and better Shelter, and pasture for Sheep and Cattel then now; that they lie bleak, expos'd and abandon'd to the winds, which perpetually invade them. САА\СThat, to this end, the Gardiners (which now cultivate the upper, more drie and ungrateful soil) be encouraged to begin Plantations in such places onely: and the farther exorbitant encrease of Tenements, poor and nasty Cottages near the City, be prohibited, which disgrace and take off from the sweetness and amРЇРnity of the Environs of London, and are already become a great EyeЉsore in the grounds opposite to His Majesty's Palace of White-hall; which being converted to this use, might yield a diversion inferior to none that could be imagin'd for Health, Profit, and Beauty, which are the three Transcendencies that render a place without all exception. And this is what (in short) I had to offer, for the Improvement and Melioration of the Aer about London, and with which I shall conclude this discourse.д"%'!{0* ( (@@%н"дŒ™ д ‘XвЉ4дУУС`„„2СФФƒ д нs_NдСрк 6СУУУУF I N I SФФ.ФФƒ д ‘X˜Љ4дУУ д ‘XS Љ4дС`„„2СФФƒ