| | World Fact Book | Mark H. Solsman | Documentation Training and Publications, Center for Academic Computing | mhs108@psu.edu 10/19/93 I _@_Bosnia and Herzegovina Geography Total area: 51,233 km2 Land area: 51,233 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee Land boundaries: 1,369 km; Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km Coastline: 20 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: NA nm Continental shelf: 20-meter depth Exclusive economic zone: 12 nm Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Serbia and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority being forced from many areas Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Terrain: mountains and valleys Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, lead, zinc Land use: 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 1% irrigated Environment: air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes Note: Controls large percentage of important land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits :Bosnia and Herzegovina People Population: 4,364,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991) Birth rate: 14.5 births/1,000 population (1991) Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) Infant mortality rate: 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1980-82) Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991) Nationality: noun - Muslim, Serb, Croat (s); adjective - Muslim, Serbian, Croatian Ethnic divisions: Muslim 44%, Serb 33%, Croat 17% Religions: Slavic Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4% Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99% Literacy: 85.5% (male 94.5%, female 76.7%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981 est.) Labor force: 1,026,254; 2% agriculture, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) Organized labor: NA :Bosnia and Herzegovina Government Long-form name: none Type: emerging democracy Capital: Sarajevo Administrative divisions: NA Independence: December 1918; April 1992 from Yugoslavia Constitution: NA Legal system: based on civil law system National holiday: NA Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister Legislative branch: NA Judicial branch: NA Leaders: Chief of State: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since December 1990), Vice President NA Head of Government: Prime Minister Jore PELIVAN (since January 1991), Deputy Prime Minister Muhamed CENGIC and Rusmir MAHMUTCEHAJIC (since January 1991) Political parties and leaders: Party of Democratic Action, Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union, Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party, Radovah KARADZIC; Muslim Bosnian Organization, Muhamed Zulfikar PASIC; Socialist Democratic Party, Nijaz DURAKOVIC Suffrage: at age 16 if employed; universal at age 18 Elections: NA Other political or pressure groups: NA Member of: CSCE Diplomatic representation: NA Flag: NA :Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy Overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest component in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1992, the newly independent republic was being torn apart by bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. The survival of the republic as a political and economic unit is in doubt. Both Serbia and Croatia have imposed various economic blockades and may permanently take over large areas populated by fellow ethnic groups. These areas contain most of the industry. If a much smaller core Muslim state survives, it will share many Third World problems of poverty, technological backwardness, and dependence on historically soft foreign markets for its primary products. In these circumstances, other Muslim countries might offer assistance. GDP: $14 billion; real growth rate --37% (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% per month (1991) Unemployment rate: 28% (February 1992 est.) Budget: revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (19__) Exports: $2,054 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods (31%), machinery and transport equipment (20.8%), raw materials (18%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (17.3%), chemicals (9.4%), fuel and lubricants (1.4%), food and live animals (1.2%) partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics Imports: $1,891 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants (32%), machinery and transport equipment (23.3%), other manufactures (21.3%), chemicals (10%), raw materials (6.7%), food and live animals (5.5%), beverages and tobacco (1.9%) partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics External debt: NA Industrial production: sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92) Electricity: 14,400 million kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, 3,303 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining :Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy Agriculture: accounted for 8.6% of national income in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive Illicit drugs: NA Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million Currency: none; note - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, Yugoslav dinar used in all other areas Exchange rates: NA Fiscal year: calendar year :Bosnia and Herzegovina Communications Railroads: NA km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified) Highways: 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth Inland waterways: NA km perennially navigable Pipelines: crude oil 174 km, petroleum products NA km, natural gas NA km Ports: maritime - none; inland - Bosanski Brod Merchant marine: NA ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT; includes NA cargo, NA container, NA liquefied gas, NA petroleum tanker Civil air: NA major transport aircraft Airports: 2 main, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: Bosnia's telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 (0 repeaters) TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none :Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Forces Branches: Territorial Defense Force Manpower availability: males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18) annually Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP .