Letter from the Director January 9, 1995 Dear Fellow Access Account Holder, Welcome to an exciting new era in communication and information! The services described in this guide represent a shift from central time- sharing computing on huge mainframes to powerful and easy-to-use software running on desktop computers. Personally, I would never want to go back to mainframe time-sharing just as I wouldn't want to go back to punch cards. With the Access Account, we can deliver more services to more people at lower cost to the University. More important to you, the software is easier to use so you can benefit more readily. The focus is not on technology but on helping you to accomplish new things using new and powerful tools and services. The tools and services presented in this publication give you full access to the Penn State network and the Internet--the fledgling "Information Highway" we read so much about. While this is just the beginning, many Penn Staters are already reaping benefits from electronic mail, conferencing systems, remote databases, libraries outside Penn State, and many other forms of electronic information and communication. Students and faculty in virtually every discipline are Access Account holders. While having fun learning new things, participating in conferences, and sending electronic mail, you must remember to use these services responsibly. In face to face conversations, irrelevant characteristics such as age, gender, and status are responsible for much of the impression you make. With electronic communication, these largely irrelevant attributes are unimportant. However, just as in face to face conversation, we should use common sense and courtesy when communicating with others. Avoid flaming--hasty, poorly written, angry responses. Others' impressions of you will come directly from the quality of ideas you present and how you present them. Also, please do not share your ID and password with others so that they can use your account as well. You may regret the unflattering impression formed and you are accountable for its use. Let them get their own account just as you have done. There is much more to come. We are on the threshold of a new era in personal communications and information access. The changes we will see in the next few years will open many opportunities to do things that were impossible only a few years ago. We will be working hard to keep you from being overwhelmed by continually enhancing our services and finding the best tools for you to use. Don't wait. The future is now, and you can connect with it. Russell S. Vaught Director Introduction Personal computers, workstations, and mainframes throughout the University are connected to the Penn State network, which is part of a global network called the Internet. Penn State and Internet resources include electronic mail, electronic bulletin boards, news and conferencing systems, library catalogs, research databases, discussion groups, and much more. The information access initiatives of the Center for Academic Computing (CAC) are making these resources available to all members of the University community. You can now access the Internet and other information services from home, office, residence hall, or any CAC computer lab. To use the access services from your personal computer, you need (1) an Access Account, (2) a connection--either a backbone connection or a modem, (3) network software, and (4) client software. The term "backbone" is used to refer to the Penn State TCP/IP network to which various local area networks (LANs) at many locations are connected. The backbone is part of the global Internet. "Network" software enables you to connect to another computer and transmit or receive data. You can use any TCP/IP software that works for you, although certain kinds are recommended and supported by the CAC. "Client" software enables you to access electronic information services. The client is used to request services from a "server" running on a remote system. There are many kinds of client programs that are not highlighted here but are used frequently. For example, various kinds of "telnet" programs provide terminal sessions for logging onto remote hosts, and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) clients are frequently used to copy files to and from other computers. Information about these types of clients can be found in other documents; see the reference section. Personal computers and workstations are usually connected to a LAN (e.g. Ethernet or Token-Ring) which is in turn connected to the "backbone." An "individual backbone connection" provided by the Office of Telecommunications (OTC) is similar to a LAN connection. This guide is a general introduction to information services and connection methods at Penn State. Although some technical issues are addressed in the appendix, you can also consult the information found on-line in Netnews and on the Gopher or World Wide Web information systems. After reading this guide, you should know what services are offered and what software you need for your computer. This guide does not explain how to use the individual software packages, however. To learn more, read the documentation that comes with the software, experiment, and perhaps attend seminars offered by the CAC and other organizations. Some of the concepts and terms presented here may be unfamiliar. To help, a glossary has been included. Please note that because of constant and rapid changes in methods of accessing the Internet, the printed version of this guide cannot remain completely accurate for very long. We urge you to become familiar with on-line information systems so that you can keep up with the latest developments in this area. What Kinds of Things Can I Do? ¥ Browse library catalogs and databases at any hour ¥ Communicate instantly with electronic mail ¥ Find thousands of job postings all over the world ¥ Find Penn State programs and course descriptions ¥ Check to see if a class is still open ¥ Download free software to your personal computer ¥ Find thousands of electronic bulletin boards ¥ Find information about workshops and seminars ¥ Get help with writing your resume ¥ Find out the Penn State football schedule ¥ Look up a word in a dictionary or thesaurus ¥ Ask a question about using a software package ¥ Find lists of questions and answers on thousands of topics ¥ Find a good restaurant in Boston, New York, or ? ¥ Find an apartment here or in another city ¥ Find the deadline date for dropping a course ¥ Find the instructions for using a software program ¥ Look up the campus bookstore hours ¥ Look up the final exam schedule ¥ And much, much more Access Services The major services discussed here are electronic mail, news, Gopher, World Wide Web (W3), OASIS, phone directories, and dial-up access. The software for using these services is available for general use at CAC labs and is also distributed for use on personal computers. See the chapter titled "Access Software" for instructions on how to obtain software. Electronic Mail Electronic mail (e-mail) is information that is sent electronically from one computer user to another. E-mail is a fast, convenient way to handle correspondence. Once you learn the basics, you'll find it an easy and fun way to communicate with friends and colleagues at Penn State and around the world. The CAC provides a POP (Post Office Protocol) server that holds your e-mail until you request it. When you connect with a POP client your mail files are moved to your own computer where you can read them, reply to them, or store them. The CAC also provides a mail forwarding service in conjunction with an electronic phone directory. A single e-mail address can be given to your correspondents (in the form userid@psu.edu) and you can have mail forwarded from there to whatever system you are currently using. The recommended clients for e-mail are Eudora for the Macintosh, PC Eudora for Windows, and NUPop for DOS. News Usenet, also called Netnews, is a worldwide electronic bulletin board and conferencing system that is accessible through the Internet. This system contains thousands of newsgroups from which you can select topics of interest and read articles that have been posted by others. The interactive nature of Usenet has made it extremely popular with students and faculty, who use it as a forum to discuss topics of interest. The CAC provides a news server that is used with "news reader" client software that uses NNTP (NetNews Transfer Protocol). Articles from chosen newsgroups are copied to your personal computer where you can read, save, or reply to them. You can send replies privately or publicly or post your own articles, questions or opinions. The recommended clients for Netnews are InterNews for the Macintosh, WinTrumpet for Windows, and Trumpet for DOS. Gopher Gopher software provides menu-based access to Internet resources. Combining features of electronic bulletin board services and searchable databases, Gopher can help you locate resources such as class and exam schedules, course descriptions, events calendars, library catalogs, research databases, journals, weather maps, and much more. There are several Gopher servers at Penn State that can be found through the "primary" server maintained by the CAC. Again, a client program connects to the servers and displays choices to you. Files are either viewed on or copied to your personal computer. The recommended clients for Gopher are TurboGopher for the Macintosh, HGopher for Windows, and PC Gopher for DOS. World Wide Web (W3) W3 servers provide a network of information delivered with "hypertext" and "hypermedia." Instead of picking items from a menu, you can click on highlighted phrases or icons that are linked to other items which can be text, graphics, sound or video. W3 is developing rapidly because of the advent of client programs such as Mosaic and Netscape that support W3, Gopher, FTP, and Netnews. The recommended clients for using W3 are Netscape for the Macintosh and Netscape for MS Windows. (As of this writing, Mosaic is available in CAC labs but may soon be replaced by Netscape.) Versions of Netscape are available and working, but we haven't repackaged them in a complete easy-to-install form. You can find them on the FTP server ftp.cac.psu.edu in pub/access/test. OASIS OASIS (Open Access to Student Information Systems) is intended to provide a convenient, yet controlled, method for Penn State students to directly view and in some cases update their own administrative data. This access ranges from viewing your unofficial transcript and course schedule to updating your local address. The Macintosh OASIS client was developed by the Office of Administrative Systems at Penn State using the Mandarin tool kit. The Mandarin tool kit was developed by Cornell University with support from Penn State and MIT. Further enhancements are being made by the Mandarin Consortium, a collection of more than fifteen institutions of higher education including Penn State. OASIS retrieves a student's administrative data by connecting to a remote server maintained by the Office of Administrative Systems. The requested data is then transported to the client and displayed for viewing and, in some cases, updating. The current version can ¥ display a student's course schedule for both the current semester and any future semesters for which the student is pre-registered; ¥ display grades by semester; ¥ display an unofficial transcript (undergraduate, graduate, medical); ¥ display a student's home, local, and emergency contact addresses; ¥ provide an update option for any local address changes and provide instructions on how to go about updating home and emergency contact addresses; ¥ display course descriptions (from the university course catalog); ¥ display available course sections by campus and semester; ¥ display the status of a student's loan checks; and ¥ display financial aid information. At University Park, OASIS is available in Shields Building, the HUB, and on Macintosh computers (except Macintosh SE's) in CAC labs. OASIS can also be installed and used on your personal computer with a modem or backbone connection. To use OASIS at CAC labs, double-click on the "Launch Pad" icon. Then click on the "Login to OASIS" button, and enter your Access Account user ID and password. Instructions for using OASIS are displayed on the screens that appear when you log into OASIS. Phone Directories The CAC maintains an on-line telephone directory system called PH (short for phone). This directory contains information for Penn State students, faculty and staff. The PH server is updated weekly to provide more current and complete information than the printed directories can. PH can display a person's e-mail address, home and work addresses, phone numbers, campus, department, title, and other information. The directory is accessible to everyone on the Internet, and people may use it to find your e-mail address. University Libraries Many Internet resources and databases can be accessed through Penn State's Library Information Access System (LIAS). A copy of the brochure Remote Access to LIAS can be obtained at Pattee Library, by calling (814) 865-2112, or by sending electronic mail to swk@psulias.psu.edu. Dial-up Access Dial-up service allows an individual with a computer, modem, and phone to connect to the Penn State network and the global Internet. This connection has all the capabilities of a "hardwire" connection such as Ethernet but is not as fast. The dial-up access phone number (814) 863-7777 connects you to the CAC information access server. Older services providing asynchronous terminal access, such as 865-2424 or 863-0459 (commonly used for connection to PSUVM) remain available, but are completely unrelated to this service. Recently the Office of Telecommunications (OTC) and the Center for Academic Computing (CAC) announced additional locations and numbers for dial-up access to the Penn State network and the Internet from locations other than University Park. These numbers, each with eight modems, are functionally equivalent to the University Park service at (814) 863-7777 in providing an authenticated connection for a wide variety of network applications. This project is supported by OTC, CAC, and the administration of each campus. See the technical notes for a list of locations and phone numbers. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a method for transferring files between computers attached to the Internet. Programs supporting FTP allow users to easily move files from one Internet-connected computer to another. The recommended programs for using FTP are Fetch for the Macintosh, WS_FTP for Windows, and NCSA/Clarkson/Rutger's or Waterloo's FTP for DOS. Telnet Telnet is a procedure for creating a terminal connection with a remote computer. Through Telnet you can access worldwide computing resources. You must use Telnet to log into the Access Server to change your Access Account and PH passwords. The recommended programs for using Telnet are NCSA Telnet and Brown's TN3270 for the Macintosh, QWS3270 or McGill's TCP3270 for Windows, and Clarkson's Telbin and TN3270 for DOS. Clients and Servers It is important to understand that network services are provided by several different computers, and that you no longer "log into" a single machine to do different things. Now, for a particular task you connect to a server (a program) with the right kind of client (another program). The client and server converse in a well-defined language or protocol. One server may be running on a different computer than another. For example, the access server (access.psu.edu) provides dial-up connections and a menu for changing your password. The mail server (email.psu.edu) holds and delivers your e-mail. The news server (news.psu.edu) stores news articles, and delivers to you the ones you choose to read. These all run on different computers today, but might be on the same or another computer tomorrow, and you'll never need to know the hardware was changed. Access Accounts Purpose An Access Account is an assigned user ID (hereafter referred to as a "userid") and password that enables Penn State faculty, staff, and students to use e-mail and to access information services. You need an Access Account if you want to: ¥ use e-mail (and do not have e-mail on another system); ¥ connect with a modem; ¥ post articles to Netnews from a news client on a public machine or a machine not specifically authorized for posting; ¥ access any private news group you may be authorized to use; ¥ change your PH directory entry; or ¥ look up your academic records on the OASIS system. If you simply want to use Gopher or read Netnews, and your computer already has a backbone connection, you do not need an Access Account. Note that an Access Account alone does not enable you to use systems such as PSUVM, PSUADMIN, or the Sun Workstation Cluster. You must apply for a separate account in order to use these systems. The CAC Computer Accounts office can provide more information about other computer accounts. Your department or college can also provide information about internal computer resources and accounts. Access Accounts for Students All students are automatically assigned Access Accounts upon registration, so they do not need to apply for one. However, students must request activation of their account. To obtain a userid and password, students must present their Penn State photo ID to CAC staff at any of the following locations: CAC labs, 12 Willard Building, 215 Computer Building, or 230 Computer Building. At locations other than University Park, inquire at your local computer lab. It may take up to 24 hours to activate your account after you request your userid and password. Access Accounts for Faculty and Staff Faculty and staff can apply for an Access Account by any of the following methods: (1) Complete and return an application form. Forms are available at CAC Help Desks in 12 Willard Building and 215 Computer Building. (2) Apply for an account in IBM computer labs at University Park (and some CES campuses) from the DOS menu system or from within Windows: --In the DOS menu system, select "Access Software" from the menu items. Then under the access software menu select "Request Access Userid." Enter the requested information in the next panel displayed. --From Windows, click on the "User Access" icon and then click on the "Access Account" icon. Enter the requested information in the next panel displayed. (3) On PSUVM, use the CMS command "apply". After you enter the "apply" command, the screen displays directions and prompts you for information. Once you exit the application, your information is sent to the Computer Accounts office for processing. You will receive your userid and password by e-mail to your PSUVM account. (4) Obtain and print the postscript file accapp.eps from ftp.cac.psu.edu, directory pub/access/doc; fill it out and submit it to the Computer Accounts office in 230 Computer Building at University Park. At locations other than University Park, see your local computer support person. Access Accounts vs. PSUVM Accounts Your Access Account has nothing to do with PSUVM. If you have both an Access Account and a PSUVM account, your userid will most likely be the same for both. Other than that, however, there is no connection between these two types of accounts. The Access Account provides access to Penn State's information servers, while the PSUVM account provides access to the IBM mainframe. Other differences include the following: --Access Account passwords are "case-sensitive" while case doesn't matter on PSUVM. --Access Accounts remain active until graduation or termination of employment, while PSUVM accounts have a definite expiration date. For example, PSUVM student instruction "I" accounts expire at the end of the semester unless the instructor requests an extension because of a deferred grade. --PSUVM does not have the capability to display all the items found on Gopher and the World Wide Web such as those with pictures and sound. Your User ID and Password Your userid is usually your initials followed by a 1- to 3-digit number such as xyz101. The letters are lowercase. Note that Access Account passwords are "case-sensitive." This means that uppercase and lowercase letters are recognized as different characters. It is very important that you remember your original password because you will need it to access the PH server and perhaps any new servers that may be added. If you forget your password, present your photo ID to staff in 230 Computer Building. Office hours are Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Things To Do As soon as you have your Access Account you should do the following: 1. Change your password. 2. Check your e-mail address in PH, the on-line phone directory, and change it if necessary. Instructions for these procedures follow. How to Change Your Password Your password should be changed in two places: on the access server and on the PH server. You are strongly encouraged to change it to something you can easily remember but that others won't easily guess. Change it as often as you wish, but at least once every six months. Use Telnet to change your password. Telnet is a program used for creating a terminal connection with a remote computer. The recommended programs for using Telnet are NCSA Telnet and Brown's TN3270 for the Macintosh, QWS3270 or McGill's TCP3270 for Windows, and Clarkson's Telbin and TN3270 for DOS. On PSUVM you can issue the command telnet access.psu.edu. If you don't have the Telnet software, you can go to a CAC lab and use it there, or you can obtain Telnet by the methods described in the software section. 1. At CAC labs: --In Windows or on the Macintosh, double-click on the "Change Password" icon. --DOS users should choose "Change Password" from the Access Software menu. At other locations: --Launch the Telnet program and open the connection. --Enter "access.psu.edu" for the host name. --Click "OK." 2. At the login prompt, enter your userid. 3. At the password prompt, enter your password. 4. After the command/function menu is displayed, enter the word "password" and respond to the resulting prompts. 5. After the command/function menu is again displayed, enter "ph". 6. At the "ph>" prompt enter "login" followed by your userid; for example, "login xyz101". 7. At the next prompt, enter your password. (The first time you do this, remember that your PH password is your original Access Account password.) 8. At the next "ph>" prompt, enter the word "password" and respond to the resulting prompts. (An alternate method for changing your PH password is to log into the PH server with a PH client and use the "password" command.) An example of a Telnet session is included at the end of this section. Note that the "Change password" menu items in the Macintosh and PC Eudora programs do not work at Penn State. The only way to change your password is by using the methods described above. Password Guidelines A password is private information. All use of the userid (or file) is assumed to be performed by the person assigned to that userid. You are responsible for safeguarding passwords for your userids. Passwords must not be shared. It is against policy and in most cases law to use another's account or file. Failure to conform to these restrictions may lead to suspension of userid or other action as provided by University Policy or law. The following guidelines are based upon experience and common sense. They are explicit for the Center systems. 1. It must be at least six characters in length. 2. It must contain at least one alphabetic and one numeric character. 3. It must be significantly different from previous passwords. 4. It cannot be the same as the userid. 5. It cannot start or end with the initials of the person issued the userid. 6. It cannot include the first, middle, or last name of the person issued the userid. 7. It should not be information easily obtainable about you. This includes license plate, social security number, telephone numbers, or street address. For the complete CAC password policy, see the policies section. Your E-mail Address E-mail addresses are simply a combination of your userid followed by a location. Your Access Account e-mail address is userid@psu.edu (where "userid" is YOUR assigned userid). The CAC provides a POP (Post Office Protocol) server that stores your e-mail until you request it. E-mail used with your Access Account and the client software discussed in this guide is often referred to as "POP" mail. When you request your mail through a POP mail client such as Eudora or NuPOP, mail files that others have sent to you are transferred from the POP server to your computer where you can read them, send replies to them, and store them. Perhaps you have one computer account, or perhaps several. In any case, e-mail sent to you by others will go to the address they use. This sounds obvious but gets complicated when people use more than one computer system. Following are examples of e-mail addresses that could be owned by one person and the description or destination of each. E-mail Addresses and Description or Destination userid@psu.edu ---Recommended address to give everyone userid@email.psu.edu---Actual Access Account (POP mail) address userid@psuvm.psu.edu---PSUVM Account (mail can be forwarded as described in the "forward" help file on PSUVM) userid@cse.psu.edu---Computer Science and Engineering system userid@wilbur.cac.psu.edu---CAC Workstation account If you have more than one e-mail address, it's up to you to decide where you send and receive your e-mail. You may wish to send and receive mail from various accounts or you might decide to use only one of your accounts for all your e-mail. The On-line Phone Directory--PH The on-line phone directory system, PH, is available through PH software clients, some e-mail software clients, PSUVM, and other computer systems. Below is an example of a PH record showing all possible fields. (Normally only those fields containing information are displayed.) You can change a number of fields in PH such as your e-mail address and fax number. However, the fields marked by an asterisk (a naught symbol is used in PH) contain official information that cannot be altered except by request to University offices. Students can make changes to official fields through the Registrar's Office; employees should see their personnel representative. name:* Doe, Jane alias: userid e-mail: userid@psu.edu id:* 000000000 campus:* University Park phone:* +1 814 000-0000 office phone: home phone: fax: permanent phone: address:* 421 COMPUTER BUILDING UNIVERSITY PARK, PA 16802 office address: office location: home address: permanent address: campus:* University Park nickname: url: no_update: department:* CENTER FOR ACADEMIC COMPUTING admin_area:* Computer and Information Systems title:* WRTR - EDTR hours: project: other: callsign: pager: family: birthday: high school: colleges: Penn State type: * person password: Passwords are never displayed. (To change the password, use the "Change Password" command in the "File" menu.) last_seen:* 95004 kerberos:* userid If You Use Other Systems for E-mail Mail sent to the general address userid@psu.edu is forwarded to the address in the e-mail field in the PH database. When you receive an Access Account, that address is set to userid@email.psu.edu, the CAC POP mail server. The information in PH is available to anyone on the worldwide Internet. This means that people might look up your e-mail address and send mail to the address listed in PH. If the address in PH is wrong, your mail will go to the wrong place. It is your responsibility to make sure your preferred e-mail address is listed in the PH system. We recommend that you (1) tell people to send e-mail to you at "psu.edu" and (2) set your e-mail address in PH to the address you prefer. In other words, if your userid is xyz101, tell people to send e-mail to you at xyz101@psu.edu. Then make sure your e-mail address in PH is correct. How to Check Your E-mail Address in PH To check to see if your information in PH is correct, use any of the following methods: --double-click on the Macintosh or Windows PH icon; or --select the PH item from the menu within Eudora; or --enter "ph" on PSUVM. Then enter kerberos=userid in the query field (where userid is your Access Account user ID). If your e-mail address is correct in PH, you need do nothing further. How to Change Your E-mail Address in PH To change your e-mail address you must "login" to PH. Use any of the following methods: (1) Run the PH client on a Macintosh or with the Windows client PHWin, and login with your Access Account userid and password. Simply type over the e-mail field and click save. or (2) Telnet to access.psu.edu. Use your Access Account user ID and password when prompted. Enter ph for the PH menu item. Use the commands login and make as in the following example: ph> login userid Enter nameserver password: 200: userid:Hi how are you? ph> make e-mail=userid@other-account.psu.edu 200: 1 entry changed. ph> bye 200: Bye! In the above example, you would use the "make e-mail=" command to change your e-mail address, if you wish. Remember, this information should be changed only if you do not plan to use your Access Account with Eudora or NuPOP e-mail software. A sample Telnet session is included at the end of this section. or (3) Contact the Computer Accounts office and request the change (see the section titled "Instruction and Support" for contact information). Remember, your password for the PH database is your original Access Account password unless you've changed it in PH. Mail Server Space Limitations POPmail users should be aware of space limitations for incoming messages on their account: one megabyte or 1,024K bytes or 1,048,576 bytes. How many messages this holds varies with the size of the messages. A quick survey of 1,600 messages shows an average size of 1,010 bytes each, so you might have space for about 1,000 messages. However, one or two big ones can fill it up quickly. If the incoming mail exceeds the amount of space available, incoming messages are returned to the sender(s). This is especially important to remember when you have subscribed to high-volume listserv mailing lists and leave for a break, holiday or the summer. When you return you may have hundreds or even thousands of mail files waiting for you. Because of software limitations the client program may not work correctly and you will be unable to access the files. The solution? Check your mail often, and don't leave messages on the server. Cancel your listserv subscriptions or place them on hold before you leave for a break or holiday. A Sample Telnet Session: Changing Access Account Password, PH Password and E-mail Address If you use this session as a guide while changing your PH information, substitute your own userid wherever you see "userid" following "userid:", and your Access Account password where you see "xyzxyz1". Where you see "abcabc1" type in your password of choice. If you have an active Access Account your e-mail address should appear in PH in the form userid@email.psu.edu. This field should be changed only if you do not wish to use the Eudora or NuPOP clients for e-mail. _________________________________________________ telnet access.psu.edu AIX telnet (bell) Penn State Center for Academic Computing Protocol Server (bell.cac.psu.edu) ** This system is restricted to uses approved by Penn State University. ** IBM AIX Version 3 for RISC System/6000 (C) Copyrights by IBM and by others 1982, 1991. login: userid userid's Password: xyzxyz1 User userid kerberos-authenticated via AFS 3.3. Server up 29 days, 4:42, 98 users, load average: 1.55, 2.21, 2.15 CAC serial protocol server Wed Nov 16 10:22:37 EST 1994 port: /dev/pts/1 user: userid Select one of the following: Command Function -------------------------------------------------------- ppp Start Full PPP connection pctcp Start PC/TCP 2.1 or earlier PPP connection slip Start SLIP/CSLIP connection telnet Telnet to a host ph Online Telephone Directory System password Set Access Account Password (kerberos) exit Exit Enter your choice: password Changing password for "userid" in cell "psu.edu". Old password: xyzxyz1 New password (RETURN to abort): abcabc1 Retype new password: abcabc1 Password changed. CAC serial protocol server Wed Nov 16 10:22:51 EST 1994 port: /dev/pts/1 user: userid Select one of the following: Command Function -------------------------------------------------------- ppp Start Full PPP connection pctcp Start PC/TCP 2.1 or earlier PPP connection slip Start SLIP/CSLIP connection telnet Telnet to a host ph Online Telephone Directory System password Set Access Account Password (kerberos) exit Exit Enter your choice: ph PH Directory Services invoked $Date: 1993/06/22 13:41:41 $$Revision: 6.5 $ 100:Qi server $Revision: 2.2 $ 100:Penn State On-Line Directory 200:Database ready. ph> login userid Enter nameserver password: xyzxyz1 200:userid:Hi how are you? ph> password Enter new password: abcabc1 Type it again: abcabc1 200:1 entry changed. ph> make e-mail=userid@dept.psu.edu 200: 1 entry changed. ph> exit 200:Bye! CAC serial protocol server Wed Nov 16 10:23:38 EST 1994 port: /dev/pts/1 user: userid Select one of the following: Command Function -------------------------------------------------------- ppp Start Full PPP connection pctcp Start PC/TCP 2.1 or earlier PPP connection slip Start SLIP/CSLIP connection telnet Telnet to a host ph Online Telephone Directory System password Set Access Account Password (kerberos) exit Exit Enter your choice: exit _____________________________________________________ Note that "dept.psu.edu" is a generic representation of a Penn State address. If you wish to receive mail on a departmental or other account and do not know the correct form for your address, contact your local computer support person or the CAC Help Desk. See the section titled "Instruction and Support" for contact information. Connection Methods System Requirements For reasonable performance, your computer system should meet certain minimum requirements for disk space, RAM, and operating system level: ¥ Almost any kind of Macintosh can run the Access client software. One with a hard disk makes things much easier. We recommend a system with at least 4MB of memory and System 7. ¥ For IBM PCs a hard disk is required, and DOS version 4 or newer. For Windows clients, Windows 3.1 or newer is needed and 4MB of memory is recommended. The software you will need is generally dependent upon the type of computer you use and where you use it. Requirements for the most common situations are described below. Other circumstances may require consultation with Help Desk staff. If You Have a Backbone Connection If your department is connected to the University backbone, you must obtain network and client software. If a backbone connection is available, use this method of connection rather than a modem and phone--it's much faster, and won't tie up your phone line. Departmental backbone connections must be arranged with the Office of Telecommunications (OTC) by your department. Network software can be purchased from the Microcomputer Order Center (MOC) in 12 Willard Building. If you don't know whether a backbone connection and network software are available, ask the computer support person in your department or college. The administrative offices of your work unit can provide contact information. If You Use a Modem If your machine is not connected to the backbone, you must use a modem and a phone line to connect. Your modem should support "V.42bis" which at 14.4Kbps is the fastest that is supported. Slower modems work, but may be too slow for some functions. If you're considering the purchase of a modem for connecting to the Access dial-up server, make sure that you can return it in case it doesn't work. We recommend an external (rather than internal) modem with lights. Lights help you see what's going on during transmission of data. Ideally, your modem should be capable of being upgraded to "V.34" (28.8Kbsp) a new, faster protocol. It is expected that answering modems that support V.34 will be in service early this year. You may wish to purchase a modem with this capability since it will be at least twice as fast as the currently supported V.42 modems. In addition to a modem, you must get the software that enables your modem to connect to the network. Phone numbers for Penn State locations are listed in "Appendix A: Technical Notes." If You Live in a Residence Hall An individual backbone connection (IBC) is a very high-speed "Ethernet" connection to the Penn State network and Internet. An IBC is provided by request to students who live in University Park residence halls. Although you can use a modem, an ethernet connection is the best way for you to use your Access Account--it's faster, and doesn't tie up your phone line. If you wish to request a connection in your residence hall room, first verify that your computer has a "10BASE-T Ethernet card." If not, you must obtain one before you apply for a connection so that you can supply the Ethernet card address on the application form. Requests for connection cannot be processed without this information. To apply for an IBC, complete and return the request form or apply electronically in the labs. To apply electronically, go to an IBM computer, run Windows, and select the Access Clients group from the Program Manager. Then double-click the Ethernet Account icon from within the group. Complete all of the information and send the application. Printed forms can be obtained at CAC offices in 12 Willard Building and rooms 215 and 230 of the Computer Building. After you submit your application, the Computer Accounts office will assign you a host name, an Internet address, and a data port. The Office of Telecommunications (OTC) Network Management Center will contact you when your data port is ready for use. You will not be able to use the Access services until OTC tells you that your data port is active. You must also obtain your Access Account userid and password, network software, and client software. The Microcomputer Order Center (MOC) in 12 Willard Building offers special access packages for residence hall students. Residence hall network cards and software can be rented or purchased by students for computer connection to networks from residence halls. Payment includes both a deposit and a one-time rental fee for use of the adapter. Upon departure from the residence hall (or Penn State), you must return the adapter for a refund of the deposit amount. See page 18 for contact information. For further information or assistance, visit the MOC in 12 Willard Building, call (814) 865-2100 or send e-mail to moc@psuvm.psu.edu. Orders can be placed Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Consulting help is available from the CAC Help Desk in 12 Willard Building. If you need additional help with installation of the network and client software, the Help Desk can have a student consultant contact you to set up an appointment in your residence hall room. You must arrange to have an R.A. present while the consultant is in your room. If You Use the CAC Labs Microcomputer labs are already configured with the appropriate client software, but you must have your Access Account information and you will also need diskettes for using e-mail or Netnews and for saving your files. Instructions follow. IBM or IBM Compatible Computers--Windows Access software is available in all CAC labs on IBM computers except for the IBM PS/2 Model 30's. 1. Start Microsoft Windows by choosing the letter "M" in the main menu. 2. Double-click on the Access Clients icon. 3. Read the help files that correspond to the software client you wish to use. 4. Double-click on the software client you wish to use. Macintosh Computers Access software is available in all CAC labs on Macintosh computers except for the Macintosh SE's. 1. Double-click on the Global icon. 2. Double-click on the "Access Project" or "Apps" folders to find the Macintosh clients. 3. Read the documentation that corresponds to the software client you wish to use, starting with the "1stTimeUsers ReadMe" files. 4. Double-click on the software client you wish to use. Customizing Software for Personal Use at Labs The Gopher, Mosaic, and OASIS software can be used at the labs by simply double-clicking on the icon. However, if you wish to use e-mail or post to Netnews in the labs, you must first customize the software for your personal use. Macintosh Users To find out how to customize Eudora for your personal use, read the file Eudora 1stTimeUsers ReadMe, which can be found in the Access Project folder. Further instructions are outlined in the Eudora Docs folder. A very thorough Eudora reference guide is available through Penn State Bookstores. Look for Bringing the P.O. to Where You Live by Carolyn Gedney. This guide is also available electronically by FTP (with the Fetch program) to ftp.cac.psu.edu in the directory /pub/access/doc, filename eudora_manual.bin. To find out how to customize InterNews (Netnews) for your personal use, read the files "InterNews 1stTimeUsers ReadMe" and "PSU InterNews info." Windows Users If you wish to use e-mail at the labs, insert a blank high-density diskette, then double-click on the Eudora icon. The software will prompt for your userid and password and set up the necessary files on your diskette. Follow the same basic procedure to configure Windows Trumpet (Netnews) for your personal use. You may use either the same or a different diskette. Bring the diskette(s) to the labs whenever you plan to use e-mail or Netnews there. Unix Workstations Users of the CAC's Unix clusters can use client software to access news, Gopher, and phone directory services. News is accessible with tin, rn, or trn from terminal sessions and with xrn from X Windows sessions. Gopher may be accessed with Gopher from terminal sessions or xGopher from X Windows. Directory services may be accessed with ph in terminal sessions or xph from X Windows. At present, no POPmail software is installed on the CAC Unix Clusters. Client software for Unix is available by anonymous FTP from ftp.cac.psu.edu in the directory pub/access/unix. Lab Software for Internet and E-mail How do you access Internet and e-mail services? Through "clients"--software programs that enable you to use the services on a personal computer. The following clients are currently available in CAC labs (and can also be obtained for your personal computer). Electronic mail (e-mail) --Eudora for the Macintosh --PC Eudora for Windows --NUPop for DOS Netnews (Usenet) --InterNews for the Macintosh --WinTrump for Windows --Trumpet for DOS Gopher --TurboGopher for the Macintosh --HGopher for Windows --PC Gopher for DOS World Wide Web --Netscape for both Macintosh and MS Windows PH --PH (use this to update your record) --Within the e-mail client Eudora (queries only) OASIS --On Macintosh computers at CAC labs. (Also available at Shields Building and the HUB at University Park) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) --Fetch for the Macintosh --WS_FTP for Windows --NCSA/Clarkson/Rutger's or Waterloo's FTP for DOS Telnet --NCSA Telnet and Brown's TN3270 for the Macintosh --QWS3270 or McGill's TCP3270 for Windows --Clarkson's Telbin and TN3270 for DOS Access Software After you establish your hardware connection, you must obtain and install both network and client software. This section describes packages supported by the CAC. "Network" software enables you to connect to another computer and transmit or receive data. You can use any TCP/IP software that works for you. "Client" software enables you to access electronic information services. The client is used to request services from a "server" running on a remote system. Some CAC-developed packages include both network and client software. For up-to-date information about access software and issues, see the Netnews newsgroup psu.cac.access. This newsgroup contains discussions of issues related to information access. In addition, an Access FAQ (a list of frequently asked questions and answers) is periodically posted there. The following sections describe what software you need for Macintosh, Windows, and DOS environments. Documentation explaining how to use the individual packages is included with the software. Macintosh Software If you have a backbone connection, you need the MacTCP network software and the following clients: Eudora (for e-mail), InterNews (for Netnews), and TurboGopher (for Gopher). If you use a modem, you will need all of the above plus the MacPPP network software. MacTCP is free from the MOC in 12 Willard Building at University Park (and also comes with System 7.5). The other software can be obtained by using any of the following methods: (1) --Go to a Macintosh computer in a CAC public lab. --Launch FETCH from Global:Application Launchers:Communications:Fetch 2.1.2. (In Findlay and Wagner labs, use volume Local:) Fetch is the FTP program for the Macintosh. --In the first dialog, if the Host isn't ftp.cac.psu.edu, then click the down-arrow next to Shortcuts and select CAC. For Password put your e-mail address (userid@psu.edu) and next to Directory put pub/access/mac. --Click OK, and you'll soon be connected and looking at the correct directory. Put your first blank diskette in the drive. --Select one or more files and click on Get Files. --Select the diskette (found on the desktop, often called "Untitled") as the place to save the file(s). or (2) Use Fetch to FTP to ftp.cac.psu.edu and look in the directory pub/access for the following directories: pub/access/mac Packages for Macintosh pub/access/doc Documentation related to Access pub/access/test New versions of packages being tested/reviewed In each of these directories is a 00-index file with the name of each file in that directory, a brief description of what that file is, and whether the file should be transferred as binary or text. All the software packages are packaged as self-extracting archives and should be transferred as "binary." Each directory also has a "README" file with instructions on what to do with the files after you get them, including how to install the software. Briefly, the files in pub/access/mac are: macppp.bin For connecting with a modem (works with MacTCP) eudora.bin E-mail internews.bin News reader turbogopher.bin Gopher oasis.bin For accessing student records and information (planned availability--Feb. 1995) ph.bin For updating your phone directory entry fetch.bin FTP client for copying files tn3270.bin Telnet for logging on PSUVM or oas.psu.edu telnet.bin NCSA telnet or (3) Take three 3.5" DS/HD or four 3.5" DS/DD new blank diskettes to the Help Desk in 12 Willard Building, where you can trade them for diskettes containing the software. Windows Software The Windows clients work with any TCP/IP software that provides the "Windows Sockets" interface. If you already have a recent version of FTP Software's PC/TCP package, the clients should work. The CAC has site-licensed the software "Trumpet Winsock." It is available free to students, faculty, and staff. We have also written an installation program called CACTWIN that installs and configures Trumpet Winsock and the clients for either dial-up (SLIP) or packet-driver (LAN or IBC) connections. If you have Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and a LAN connection, the Microsoft TCP/IP-32 for Windows for Workgroups is recommended. It can be obtained free by "FTPing" to ftp.cac.psu.edu, directory pub/access/windows. CACTWIN can be used to install the clients on a machine that already has TCP/IP software by selecting "custom" or the "Trumpet Winsock" component. Note that the e-mail client Eudora in addition to Gopher clients supported by the CAC provide for queries of the on-line phone directory, PH. The PH client PHWin for Windows can be used to both query the database and change your entry. Use one of the following methods to obtain access software for Windows. (1) --Go to an IBM PC at any CAC public lab. --Select the item "Access Software" in the DOS menu. --In the next menu select "Acquire Access Software." --Select the packages you want. The files will be copied from ftp.cac.psu.edu to your diskette. The "README" or "README.WRI" files tell you what to do when you get back to your own machine. or (2) FTP to ftp.cac.psu.edu and look in the directory pub/access for the following directories: pub/access/windows Packages for Microsoft Windows pub/access/unsupported/windows Additional Windows software pub/access/doc Documentation related to Access pub/access/test New versions of packages under testing/review In each of these directories is an 00-index file with the name of each file in that directory, a brief description of what that file is, and whether the file should be transferred as binary or text. All the software packages are packaged as self-extracting archives and should be transferred as "binary." Each directory also has a "README" file with instructions on what to do with the files after you get them, including how to install the software. Read the 00-index file first. Files include: cactwin.exe CACTWIN (includes clients, plus Trumpet Winsock) hgopherp.exe Gopher pceudora.exe E-mail wintrump.exe News reader qws3270p.exe 3270 Telnet ws_ftpp.exe FTP client trumpwsk.exe Trumpet Winsock TCP/IP software wfwt32.exe Microsoft TCP/IP-32 for Windows for Workgroups 3.11 or (3) Take two 3.5" DS/DD new blank diskettes to the Help Desk in 12 Willard Building or 215 Computer Building, where you can trade them for diskettes containing CACTWIN. DOS Software If you have a backbone connection and use DOS without Windows, you need the network software CACBACKB or PC/TCP. If you use a modem you need CACSLIP. If you are running a 386/486 or Pentium PC with Windows 3.1 or above, then you should not be running DOS Access software. You should be running CACTWIN; see the previous section on Windows. CACBACKB and CACSLIP are free packages assembled by CAC staff that are relatively easy to install and include the clients NUPop (for e-mail), Trumpet (for Netnews), and PC Gopher (for Gopher). CACBACKB and CACSLIP have menus for Access Client use, while PC/TCP does not. PC/TCP software can be purchased for about $70 at the MOC. Only Penn State departments, colleges, and students are eligible to buy PC/TCP. Use one of the following methods to obtain Access software for DOS: (1) --Go to an IBM PS/2 at any CAC public lab. --Select the item "Access Software" in the DOS menu. --In the next menu select "Acquire Access Software." --Select the packages you want. The files will be copied from ftp.cac.psu.edu to your diskette. The "README" file tells you what to do when you get back to your own machine. or (2) FTP to ftp.cac.psu.edu and look in the directory pub/access for the following directories: pub/access/dos Packages for DOS pub/access/doc Documentation related to the Access Project pub/access/test New versions of packages being tested/reviewed In each of these directories is a 00-index file with the name of each file in that directory, a brief description of what that file is, and whether the file should be transferred as binary or text. All the software packages are packaged as self-extracting archives and should be transferred as "binary." Each directory also has a "README" file with instructions on what to do with the files after you get them, including how to install the software. Briefly, the files include: cacslip.exe All-in-one package for use with modem; includes clients (nothing else to get) cacbackb.exe All-in-one package for ethernet or token ring includes clients (nothing else to get) gopherp.exe PC Gopher III, for PC/TCP or packet drivers nupopf.exe NUPop (mail and other utilities) for PC/TCP or packet drivers, also supports PH queries but DOS users must Telnet to "access.psu.edu" to change their PH entry trumpetf.exe News reader for FTP Software's PC/TCP trumpetp.exe News reader for packet drivers or (3) Take two new blank 3.5" DS/DD diskettes to the Help Desk in 12 Willard Building or 215 Computer Building, where you can trade them for diskettes containing the software. Instruction and Support Seminars The CAC presents seminars on a wide variety of computer topics, including information access for DOS, Windows, and the Macintosh. Seminars on Gopher, Internet, and the University Libraries' services can help you begin understanding and using methods for accessing on-line resources. Seminar schedules published at the beginning of each semseter are mailed to all full-time faculty and are also distributed to Help Desk and lab locations. Schedules are posted on-line in Gopher, the World Wide Web, and on PSUVM. On PSUVM, use the SEMINARS command to view information and register electronically. To obtain a seminar schedule, call Jean Cowher at (814) 863-4356 or send e-mail to ajc@psu.edu. Consulting Services Help Desk For assistance with computer use, contact the CAC Help Desk at the following locations and times. 12 Willard Building Voice/TDD: (814) 863-1035 Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Sunday through Thursday, 7:00 to 10:00 p.m. (Summer evening hours: 6:00 to 9:00 p.m.) 215 Computer Building Voice/TDD: (814) 863-2494 Monday through Thursday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Electronic mail address: helpdesk@psu.edu Consulting at Computer Labs At CAC labs, student consultants can help with computer use and software. However, they are not permitted to help with course assignments. 6 Findlay Commons Lab Sunday through Thursday: 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. (Closed in summer) 316 Hammond Building Lab Monday through Friday: 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Sunday through Thursday: 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. (Summer evening hours: 6:00 to 10:00 p.m.) 112 Redifer Commons Lab Sunday through Thursday: 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. (Summer evening hours: 6:00 to 10:00 p.m.) 107 Waring Commons Lab Sunday through Thursday: 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. (Closed in summer) Computer Accounts Office The CAC Computer Accounts office processes applications for Access Accounts, PSUVM accounts, workstation accounts, and Individual Backbone Connections for students living in residence halls. Staff at this office can assist with user ID and password questions and problems. The Computer Accounts office is located in 230 Computer Building at University Park. Hours are Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. If you have difficulty stopping in during those hours, call (814) 865-4772 or send e-mail to accounts@psu.edu. Microcomputer Order Center The Microcomputer Order Center (MOC), which is located in 12 Willard Building, provides educational discounts on computer systems, peripherals, and hundreds of software packages. Systems and software packages can be evaluated in the Systems Evaluation Laboratory. Residence hall network cards and software can be purchased by students for computer connection to networks from residence halls. Also, network adapters can be rented by students for use in connecting to the residence hall networks. Any student living in a residence hall may rent the appropriate adapter from the MOC. Payment includes both a deposit and a one-time rental fee for use of the adapter. Upon departure from the residence hall (or Penn State), the student returns the adapter for a refund of the deposit amount. For further information or assistance, visit the MOC in 22 Willard Building or call (814) 865-2100 or (800) 251-9281 in PA. Electronic mail can be sent to moc@psuvm.psu.edu. Orders can be placed Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. References Instructions for using software distributed by the CAC are included with the software. Many documents are available on-line through Gopher and the World Wide Web. Basic introductions to these systems are contained in Internexus, the CAC Internet seminar handout. "Internexus" is the handout from the Internet seminar sponsored by C&IS and the University Libraries. Included are the following sections which are also available as separate documents on Gopher: Introduction to the Internet, Simple Introduction to Telnet, Simple Introduction to FTP, Simple Introduction to Electronic Mail, Simple Introduction to LISTSERV Conferencing, Simple Introduction to Usenet NEWS, Simple Introduction to Gopher, Simple Introduction to LIAS and the Internet, and Introduction to the World Wide Web. Internexus can be obtained at CAC Help Desks in 12 Willard Building and 215 Computer Building. To receive a copy by campus mail, contact Danette Yakymac at (814) 865-4757 or dxs8@psu.edu. Documents can also be obtained from the CAC's FTP server ftp.cac.psu.edu in the directory pub/access/doc. For ongoing information and discussion on Access, read the psu.cac.access newsgroup on-line in Netnews. The "Access FAQ"--a list of frequently asked questions and answers about electronic information access at Penn State--is maintained and periodically posted to this newsgroup. The Access FAQ can also be obtained by FTP to ftp.cac.psu.edu, directory pub/access/doc, or viewed with a W3 browser at the location http://www.psu.edu/access/faq/. Relevant policies on computer use can be found on in the policies of this guide. These and other policies are available electronically on Gopher and the World Wide Web. The University Policy Manual may be consulted at administrative offices of Penn State departments and colleges. The following publications can be purchased through the Penn State Bookstore: Internet Starter Kit for the Macintosh, by Adam C. Engst, Hayden Books, a division of Prentice Hall Computer Publishing, 1993. (ISBN: 1-56830-064-6) Eudora: Bringing the P.O. to Where You Live, by Carolyn Gedney et al. University of Illinois, 1988-1992. QUALCOMM, Inc. 1992. (For Macintosh users.) Internet Gopher User's Guide. Edited by Paul Lindner. University of Minnesota, 1993. The following resources are extracted from "Where to Start for New Internet Users," by Jim Milles, Head of Computer Services at the Saint Louis University Law Library (millesjg@sluvca.slu.edu). The complete version of this resource list is available by anonymous FTP from sluaxa.slu.edu, directory /pub/millesjg, filename newusers.faq, or from ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu, directory /NETTRAIN, filename NEWUSERS.FAQ. To obtain the list by e-mail, send a message to LISTSERV@UBVM.cc.buffalo.educontaining only the line: GET NEWUSERS FAQ NETTRAIN F=MAIL "Where to Start for New Internet Users" is also available on the World-Wide Web at http://lawlib.slu.edu/newusers.htm. A collection of reviews of Internet books can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu, cd /nettrain. The filenames are nettrain.revs_1, nettrain.revs_2, and nettrain.revs_3. They may also be obtained by sending a message to LISTSERV@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu containing only the lines: GET NETTRAIN REVS_1 NETTRAIN F=MAIL GET NETTRAIN REVS_2 NETTRAIN F=MAIL GET NETTRAIN REVS_3 NETTRAIN F=MAIL Aboba, Bernard. The Online User's Encyclopedia: Bulletin Boards and Beyond. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994. 806 pp. ISBN 0-201-62214-9, US$32.95. (A remarkably useful and comprehensive work, covering everything from the basics of computer communications, to using local bulletin boards, to the intricacies of the Internet.) Dern, Daniel P. The Internet Guide for New Users. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. 570 pp. ISBN 0-07-016510-6, US$40.00 (hardcover); ISBN 0-07-016511-4, US$27.95 (paper). (Dern is the former editor of Internet World magazine and author of numerous articles on the Internet in many other publications.) Engst, Adam. Internet Starter Kit for Macintosh. Indianapolis: Hayden Press, 1993. 641 pp. ISBN 1-56830-064-6, US$19.95. (Highly recommended by Mac users, many of whom preferred this to the Fraase book listed below. Comes with a disk containing a variety of Internet access software, including a "legal copy of MacTCP 2.0.2.") Gilster, Paul. The Internet Navigator. New York: John Wiley, 1993. 470 pp. ISBN 0-471-59782-1, US$24.95. (An elegantly written and cleanly designed guidebook, the best of the new books for the individual dial-up user. Contains a wealth of useful background information on the workings of the Internet and the organizations behind it. Recommended for the individual dial-up user who is serious about the Internet.) Hahn, Harley & Rick Stout. The Internet Complete Reference. Berkeley: Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1993. 818 pp. ISBN 0-07-881980-6, US$29.95. (Considered by many the best of the new crop of Internet books, and at 800+ pages, among the most comprehensive. The humor, however, seems somewhat more lame than some others.) Krol, Ed. The Whole Internet: User's Guide & Catalog. 2nd ed. Sebastapol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, 1994. 543 pp. ISBN 1-56592-063-5, US$24.95. (In the fast-moving world of the Internet, for most of 1993 this was the successor to Zen as the essential guide to the Internet, and is still regarded by many as the best of the Internet books. However, the availability of other books like Gilster's makes Krol's Unix bias more evident. Recommended especially for users of Unix systems.) LaQuey, Tracy. The Internet Companion Plus: A Beginner's Start-Up Kit for Global Networking. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993. 196 pp. ISBN 0-201-62719-1, US$19.95. (A good guide for the true beginner, useful even for the pre-beginner who has not yet signed on to the Internet.) Randall, Neil. Teach Yourself the Internet: Around the World in 21 Days. Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publishing, 1994. 676 pp. ISBN 0-672-30519-4, US$25.00. (A remarkably comprehensive workbook and resource guide, generously illustrated; its greatest strength is its systematic approach to gaining familiarity with the scope of the Internet.) Savetz, Kevin M. Your Internet Consultant: The FAQs of Life Online. Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publishing, 1994. 550 pp. ISBN 0-672-30520-8, US$25.00. (Most commonly asked questions about tools and resources presented in a convenient format; well indexed and with a clearly organized table of contents.) Smith, Richard and Mark Gibbs. Navigating the Internet: Deluxe Edition. Indianapolis, IN: SAMS Publishing, 1994. 640 pp. ISBN 0-672-30485-6, US$29.95. (A highly readable guide, with an easy-to-use listing of Internet resources arranged by subject. Smith is well known for his popular online "Navigating the Internet" courses.) Braun, Eric. The Complete Internet Directory. New York: Fawcett, 1993. 704 pp. ISBN 0-449-90898-4, US$25.00. (As the title suggests, this is a directory of newsgroups, discussion lists, ftp sites, and so on, with just a few pages on how to use these resources. A directory like this, Hahn and Stout's Internet Yellow Pages, or Rittner's Whole Earth Online Almanac, may be useful as a companion to one of the other "how-to" guidebooks). Fraase, Michael. The Mac Internet Tour Guide: Cruising the Internet the Easy Way. Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1993. 288 pp. ISBN 1-56604-062-0, US$27.95. (The first Internet guide written for Macintosh users; includes a 800K disc containing useful software.) Fraase, Michael. The PC Internet Tour Guide: Cruising the Internet the Easy Way. Chapel Hill: Ventana Press, 1994. ISBN 1-56604-084-1, US$24.95. Fraase, Michael. The Windows Internet Tour Guide: Cruising the Internet the Easy Way. Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1994. 344 pp. ISBN 1-56604-081-7, US$24.95. (Good graphics and sample screens, but coverage is selective; some important tools like World Wide Web are omitted.) Gardner, James. A DOS User's Guide to the Internet. Waterloo, ON, Canada: MKS [Mortice Kern Systems], 1993. Hahn, Harley, and Rick Stout. The Internet Yellow Pages. Berkeley, CA: Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1994. 447 pp. ISBN 0-07-882023-5, US$27.95. (An entertaining, easy-to-use directory of Internet resources, and an excellent companion to Hahn and Stout's Complete Internet Reference.) Jaffe, Lee David. Introducing the Internet: A Trainer's Workshop. (Internet Workshop Series, Number 1.) Berkeley, CA: Library Solutions Press, 1994. 92 pp. ISBN 1-882208-05-6, US$30.00 (US$45.00 with diskette). (The first in a series of supplements to Crossing the Internet Threshold, by Tennant, Ober, and Lipow. Based on an actual trainer's handouts and script, it may also be used as a self-instruction workbook.) Kehoe, Brendan. Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994. 193 pp. ISBN 0-13-121492-6, US$23.95. (One of the first and most popular guides to the Internet. The first edition was distributed for free on the Internet, and is still available at many anonymous ftp sites, e.g. nic.merit.edu, directory /introducing.the.internet, filename zen.txt.) Kochmer, Jonathan and NorthWestNet. The Internet Passport: NorthWestNet's Guide to Our World Online. 4th ed. Bellevue, WA: NorthWestNet, 1993. 515 pp. ISBN 0-9635281-0-6, US$29.95. (A comprehensive guide to Internet resources, comparable to Krol's The Whole Internet but even broader in scope. It covers a number of areas that other guides ignore.) Levine, John R. and Carol Baroudi. The Internet for Dummies. San Mateo, California: IDG Books, 1993. 355 pp. ISBN 1-56884-024-1, US$19.95. (A very useful, well organized, and readable book, one of the publisher's popular "... for Dummies" series.) Robinson, David F.W. All About Internet FTP: Learning and Teaching to Transfer Files on the Internet. (Internet Workshop Series, Number 2.) Berkeley, CA: Library Solutions Press, 1994. 90 pp. ISBN 1-882208-06-4, US$30.00 (US$45.00 with diskette). (The second supplement to Crossing the Internet Threshold; suitable for use either by trainers or as a self-teaching workbook.) For those who know enough about using the Internet to be able to use "ftp," the following sources are very useful (note that they are regularly updated, so the version numbers and file names may change): de Presno, Odd. "The Online World." Available by anonymous ftp from oak.oakland.edu, directory /pub/msdos/info, type binary, filename online16.zip. Uncompress with PKZip 2.04g. (An excellent source for coverage of European resources, also excellent for users of commercial services like CompuServe, Genie, and MCImail.) December, John. "Information Sources: the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication." 15 December 1993, release 3.15. Available by anonymous ftp from ftp.rpi.edu, directory /pub/communications, filename internet-cmc.txt. (Gives locations and access instructions for hundreds of Internet training documents, directories, and other materials. Essential for locating the many valuable Internet resources discussed in the other guidebooks.) Gaffin, Adam and Electronic Frontier Foundation. "Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet." January 1994. Available by anonymous ftp from ftp.eff.org, directory /pub/Net_info/Big_Dummy, filename bigdummy.txt. Martin, Jerry. "There's Gold in them thar Networks! or Searching for Treasure in all the Wrong Places." RFC 1402, January 1993. Available by anonymous ftp from nic.merit.edu, directory /introducing.the.internet, filename network.gold. Milles, James. "Discussion Lists: Mail Server Commands." Available by anonymous ftp from sluaxa.slu.edu, directory /pub/millesjg, filename mailser.cmd. (Explanation of the most commonly used commands for five of the most popular discussion list management programs.) Milles, James. "An Introduction to Using the Internet at Saint Louis University School of Law." Available by anonymous ftp from sluaxa.slu.edu, directory /pub/millesjg, filename interlaw.wp (binary, WordPerfect 5.1/5.2 format), interlaw.txt (ASCII), or interlaw.ps (PostScript). (Although the focus is on legal resources, this guide should be useful for any VAX/VMS user. It is also the only source I know of that discusses the differing commands for the BITNET and Unix listserver systems.) NCSA Education Group. "An Incomplete Guide to the Internet." July 1993. Available by anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu, directory /Education/Education_Resources/Incomplete_Guide/ Incomp.Guide.Old, filename Incomp.Guide.July.txt. (Focuses on K-12 users and resources.) Noonan, Dana. "A Guide to Internet/Bitnet." June 1993. Available by anonymous ftp from vm1.nodak.edu, directory /nnews, filename guidev2.nnews. (A rare and valuable guide for the VAX/VMS user.) "NYSERNet New User's Guide to Useful and Unique Resources on the Internet." Version 2.2, April 1992. Available by anonymous ftp from nysernet.org, directory /pub/guides, filename new.user.guide.V2.2.txt Parker, Elliott S. "Getting to Start: Selected Readings in Computer Communication." Ver. 4.01 (13 Dec 1993). Available by sending an e-mail message to LISTSERV@CMUVM.CSV.CMICH.EDU containing only the line GET NETSTART INFO F=MAIL. (A lengthy bibliography of books, articles, and other materials about the Internet and related topics.) Polly, Jean Armour. "Surfing the INTERNET: An Introduction." Version 2.0.3, May 15, 1993. Available by anonymous ftp from nysernet.org, directory /pub/guides, file surfing.2.0.3.txt. "SURAnet Guide to Selected Internet Resources." December 1993. Available by anonymous ftp from ftp.sura.net, directory /pub/nic, file infoguide.12-93.txt. Yanoff, Scott. "Special Internet Connections" (updated frequently). A list of interesting and useful selection showing the broad range of Internet resources, including a few Online Public Access Catalogs, chat lines, weather servers, Campus Wide Information Systems, and other reference resources. Available by anonymous ftp from csd4.csd.uwm.edu, directory /pub, filename inet.services.txt. Glossary Access Account An Access Account is an assigned userid (user ID) and password that enables Penn State faculty, staff, and students to access information services. A userid is usually your initials followed by a 1- to 3-digit number. Backbone a mechanism for connection of a distributed system of computers. CAC acronym for the Center for Academic Computing, principal service unit responsible for academic computing at Penn State. The CAC provides computing and related information technology services to the academic community. CACBACKB a free software package that includes network and client software, assembled by the CAC for DOS users with a backbone connection. CACSLIP acronym for the CAC's customized version of the Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP), an Internet protocol for transmission of IP packets over serial lines. For use with modems, it includes clients. CACTWIN an installation program for Microsoft Windows that installs and configures Trumpet Winsock, TCP/IP, and various clients and utilities. Client/server technology the capability of using software on one computer to request information from software on another computer. Client software software that enables a computer to communicate with a specific program on another computer in order to access and exchange information. Dial-up service allows an individual with a computer, modem, and phone to connect to the Penn State network and the global Internet. DOS acronym for Disk Operating System for IBM microcomputers and compatibles. Electronic mail (e-mail) messages that are sent electronically from one computer user to another. Ethernet A combination of hardware and software that enables exchange of information between two computers. Ethernet Card a card that can be installed in a computer to add Ethernet capability. Eudora a recommended e-mail client software program. Freeware software that is free to copy and use without restriction. FTP acronym for File Transfer Protocol, a program that can copy files to and from different computers that are connected by networks using the TCP/IP protocols. FTP server a computer used for storage of files that can be obtained by using FTP software. The CAC FTP server name is ftp.cac.psu.edu. Gopher software that provides a structured, menu-based interface to Internet information. HGopher software for using Gopher from an IBM computer running Windows. Individual Backbone Connection (IBC) a high-speed connection to the Penn State backbone provided by request to students who live in residence halls at University Park. Internet connects computers around the world through the TCP/IP protocol. Internet resources include on-line library catalogs, research databases, electronic journals, discussion groups, and much more. InterNews software for accessing Netnews from a Macintosh computer. IP packet a unit of data with the sender and destination address, sent across a network using the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP breaks up large messages into many small IP packets for IP transmission, then reassembles the IP packets at the destination. Modem equipment used to connect a computer to another computer by phone. Mosaic "web browser" software for accessing the World Wide Web information system. Mosaic also supports Gopher, FTP, and Netnews. Netscape "web browser" software for accessing the World Wide Web information system. Netscape also supports Gopher, FTP, and Netnews. Netnews an interactive Internet electronic bulletin board and conferencing system, also known as Usenet. Newsgroup an information category in Netnews. NuPOP an IBM DOS software program for electronic mail. OASIS Open Access to Student Information Systems, intended to provide a convenient yet controlled method for Penn State students to directly view and in some cases update their own administrative data. Operating System a set of instructions that directs and controls functions on a computer. Office of Telecommunications (OTC) a division of Computer and Information Systems responsible for designing, providing, and supporting the telecommunications systems at Penn State. The telecommunication systems accommodate all aspects of voice, video, and data communications used by Penn State's academic and administrative offices. Password a security code used to authenticate a user's identity that must be entered before a computer connection can be completed. POPmail a type of software that enables you to use electronic mail on your personal computer. (POP stands for Post Office Protocol). POPmail allows a host computer to act as a mail server, analogous to a post office box. PPP acronym for Point-to-Point protocol (PPP), a protocol for transmission of IP packets over serial lines. Protocol a formal description of message formats and the rules two computers must follow to exchange messages. Protocols can describe low-level details of machine-to-machine interfaces (e.g. the order in which bits and bytes are sent across a wire) or high-level exchanges between allocation programs (e.g. the way in which two programs transfer a file across the Internet). [Definition from "Internet Users' Glossary" by G. Malkin, Xylogics, Inc. and T. LaQuey Parker of the University of Texas, January 1993.] PSUVM the operating system of the ES/9000-740 IBM academic mainframe computer run by the Center for Academic Computing. Also referred to as VM/CMS, VM, or CMS. Server a computer with software and/or files that provides service to other computers. Shareware software that can be copied and used with the stipulation that a fee be paid with continued use after a specified trial period. SLIP acronym for the Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP), a protocol for transmission of IP packets over serial lines. SMTP acronym for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol used for transferring mail between computers. TCP/IP the networking protocol that is the fundamental building block of the Internet. Telnet software for creating a terminal connection for logging into a remote Internet-connected computer. Trumpet software for accessing Netnews from an IBM/DOS computer. TurboGopher software for using Gopher from a Macintosh computer. Userid (user ID) a unique identifier associated with the person assigned to it by the Director of the Center for Academic Computing or designee. On some computer systems it may be called an account. Your userID is usually your initials followed by a 1-to 3-digit number. WinTrumpet software for accessing Netnews from an IBM/DOS computer running Windows. World Wide Web (W3) a network of information delivered with ":hypertext" and "hypermedia." On the "web" you can select items of interest by clicking on highlighted phrases or icons that are linked to text, photographs, graphics, sound, or video. Appendix A: Technical Notes Access Servers When you use the access services, you connect to the information server associated with the particular service. The client software programs are already pre-configured with the correct server addresses. The access servers and their respective electronic addresses follow. Server Address Access access.psu.edu E-mail email.psu.edu News server news.psu.edu Gopher info.psu.edu Phone directory ph.psu.edu World Wide Web www.psu.edu Other Network Information If you are installing your own TCP/IP software, this information may be helpful: OTC nameserver: 128.118.25.3 (main PSU nameserver) CAC nameserver: 128.118.58.11 (recommended if dialing in) Backup nameservers: 130.203.1.4, 130.203.3.2 Time server: clock.psu.edu For dial-up connections, you will be on an 8-bit subnet, so the netmask is 255.255.255.0. For SLIP and CSLIP connections, the server displays a dynamically assigned IP address, the gateway address, and the netmask. Your scripting software should pick out the IP address and gateway address, and reset them. If developing a script for software not supplied by the CAC, it is best to dial in with a plain ASCII terminal emulator to see what the server types out. UART Specifications for DOS Machines In general it is not possible to run any DOS-based SLIP or PPP package (CACSLIP, Lanera SLIP, PC/TCP PPP, etc.) in Windows enhanced mode unless you have a 16550A UART. Unless you have an IBM PS/2 computer, chances are good that you have either an 8250 UART or a 16450 UART. What kind of UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) do you have? Find out by running MSD.EXE (Microsoft Diagnostic; it comes with Windows). Choose the COM port box and it will tell you all kinds of information about your COM ports, including the type of UART. If you do not have a 16550A UART your choices are to -- buy one--it's well worth the money; -- run Windows in standard mode; or -- run SLIP/PPP routines under straight DOS. Using FTP on PSUVM If you FTP the files to your PSUVM account, you should reformat the files on VM with the CMS command LREC512 before downloading them to your personal computer. An example of the LREC512 command follows: lrec512 nupopf exebin a nupopf exebin e You must reformat the files first because the PCTRANS command on VM (or the PCXYTERM front-end) that is used to copy files to a personal computer running YTerm (DOS) or Tincan (Macintosh) is limited to records of length 512 bytes. "FTPing" binary files results in records of up to 8192 bytes. Dial-up Services Dial-up service allows an individual with a computer, modem, and phone to connect to the Penn State network and the global Internet. This connection has all the capabilities of a "hardwire" connection such as Ethernet, but is not as fast. The following numbers are now in service and are supported in menus in CACTWIN and CACSLIP software bundles: Allentown 610-285-5225 Altoona 814-949-6436 Beaver 412-775-9336 Berks 610-374-7113 Delaware 610-892-7147 DuBois 814-371-7613 Erie 814-899-8987 Fayette 412-437-9701 Great Valley 610-408-0971 Harrisburg 717-948-9162 Hazleton 717-450-7451 McKeesport 412-664-9208 Mont Alto 717-749-6011 New Kensington 412-339-8942 Ogontz 215-887-6805 Schuylkill 717-385-9017 Scranton 717-963-3109 Shenango 412-983-5033 University Park 814-863-7777 Wilkes-Barre 717-674-2438 York 717-846-3824 All modems can answer at 2400, 9600, and 14400 baud. However, with compression your communications port may run faster. V.22, V.32, V.32bis, V.42 and V.42bis communications standards are supported. At locations other than University Park, Xyplex terminal servers pass asynchronous connections through to a serial protocol server at University Park, which is a duplicate of the server that connections via 814-863-7777 use. This may add a slight delay depending on the current traffic to and from that campus. Appendix B: Policies UNIVERSITY POLICY ON COMPUTER USE Individuals are expected to exercise responsible, ethical behavior when using the University's computers, information, networks or resources. Policy AD-20, "Computer and Network Security" from the University Policy Manual is reprinted here for your reference. Purpose To establish conditions for use of, and requirements for appropriate security to cover University computers, available information technology, and networks. Scope This policy is effective at all University locations and represents the minimum requirements that must be in place. Individual areas that have computers and networks may have additional controls and security, but they are in addition to this Policy. Responsibility The University Computing, Network, and Information Security Officer is responsible for the development and implementation of University-wide policies, controls and procedures to protect the University network and information systems from intentional or inadvertent modification, disclosure or destruction, as well as monitoring user adherence to these policies; arbitrating and resolving issues and problems pertaining to ownership, accessibility and updating responsibility for the University's data resources; and educating the user community to the ethical use of computer information and network facilities. Policy Appropriate security shall include protection of the privacy of information, protection of information against unauthorized modification, protection of systems against denial of service, and protection of systems against unauthorized access. In order to protect the security of the computers and networks, and the integrity of the information against unauthorized or improper use, and to protect authorized users from the effects of unauthorized or improper usage of the facilities, the University reserves the rights to limit, restrict or terminate any account holder's usage; and inspect, copy, remove or otherwise alter any data, file, or system resources which may undermine the authorized use of that system, with or without prior notice to the user. The University also reserves the right to periodically check the systems, and to take such other actions necessary to protect the University computers, information, and networks. Each operational computer facility at Penn State must develop an internal security document to cover such details as the type of access controls (minimum length of passwords, other type of accessing, etc.), disaster recovery plans, contingency plans for continuous operation in case of power outages, etc. Those documents are considered to be part of this Policy statement. The University shall not be liable for, and the user assumes the risk of, loss of data or interference with files resulting from the University's efforts to maintain the privacy and security of the University's computer, information and network facilities. Access to and Use of Computers and Computer Networks Individuals are expected to exercise responsible, ethical behavior when using the University's computers, information, networks or resources. This includes the following: 1. Access to University computer systems, accounts and resources is limited only to those which an individual has been authorized to use by the University. Authorization for access to computer systems, including the purpose of the account, issuance of passwords and designation of computer accounts, must be approved in writing through the respective Dean or Director of the administrative unit, or their authorized representative. Examples of administrative units include the Center for Academic Computing, the Hershey Medical Center, the Office of Administrative Systems, Library Computing Services, and college or departmental computer systems. The unauthorized use of University computer systems, accounts and resources, the unauthorized use of another person's computer account, and providing false or misleading information for the purpose of obtaining access to computer systems, is prohibited and will be subject to the sanctions described in this policy. 2. Each user is responsible for understanding and complying with the security rules of University computer systems. Authorized users shall take all reasonable precautions to prevent use of University computer systems by unauthorized persons. 3. Use of another person's account or access to the University's computer systems is prohibited without authorization. Authorization shall not be given for anyone to use another's account(s) unless such authorization is specifically requested in writing, and approved in writing by the account owner and the respective Dean or Director (or authorized representative) of the computer or network. The authorized user(s) of an account is (are) responsible for all usage on that account. Account owners shall take all reasonable precautions, including password maintenance and file protection measures, to prevent use of accounts by unauthorized persons. Accounts must only be used for the purpose for which they were authorized. For example, non-funded research or student accounts may not be used for funded research or private consulting. 4. Users have the responsibility to use available mechanisms and procedures to protect their own programs, programs in software libraries, and data, and they also are responsible for assisting in the protection of the systems they use. 5. Programs, programs in software libraries, and data that belong to another account shall not be accessed or copied without prior authorization from the account holder. Files may not be taken to other computer sites without written permission from the holder of the account under which the files reside. 6. Computer software protected by copyright is not to be copied from, into or by using University computers, except as permitted by law or by the license or contract with the owner of the copyright. The software license or contract will define number of copies, simultaneous users, machine exclusivity, etc. 7. University computer systems are reserved for use only for University-related activities. Transmitting or making accessible offensive, obscene or harassing materials or messages are not University-related activities and are prohibited. The intentional deletion or alteration of information or data of others, intentional misuse of system resources, and permitting misuse of system resources by others are prohibited. 8. Individuals aware of any breach of information system or network security, or compromise of computer security safeguards, must report such situations to the responsible computer security officer. The appropriate computer security officer, in conjunction with the University Computing, Network and Information Security Officer, will contact Auditing for assistance to determine if financial loss has occurred and if control or procedures require modification. When warranted by such preliminary review, Police Services, Auditing, and other departments will be contacted as appropriate. Sanctions for Policy Violations Violation of any provision of this policy may result in (i) a limitation on a user's access to some or all University systems, (ii) the initiation of legal action by the University, including, but not limited to, criminal prosecution under appropriate State and Federal laws, (iii) the requirement of the violator to provide restitution for any improper use of service, and (iv) disciplinary sanctions, which may include dismissal. Course and Work Related Access to Computers and Computer Networks Many academic courses and work-related activities require the use of computers, networks and systems of the University. In the event of an imposed restriction or termination of access to some or all University computers and systems, a user enrolled in such courses or involved in computer related work activities may be required to use alternative facilities, if any, to satisfy the obligation of such courses or work activity. However, users are advised that if such alternative facilities are unavailable or not feasible, it may be impossible to complete requirements for course work or work responsibility. The University views misuse of computers as a serious matter, and will make no exceptions to restrictions on access to its facilities even if the user is unable to complete course requirements or work responsibilities as a result. Any questions about this policy, or of the applicability of this policy to a particular situation, should be referred to the appropriate University computer security officer. Cross References Other policies in the University Policy Manual should also be referenced, especially the following: AD-11 University Policy on Confidentiality of Student Records AD-12 Use of University Equipment, Supplies and Services AD-23 Use of Institutional Data AD-35 University Archives and Records Management AD-60 Access to Personnel Files ADG-1 Glossary of Computerized Data and System Terminology ADG-2 Operational Computer Facility Internal Security Guideline Other resources include but are not limited to Policies and Rules, A Guide for Students (Policy Statement on Computers). CAC POLICY ON PASSWORDS Purpose: In accord with the Penn State Computer Facilities, Information Technology, and Networking Security Policy (University Policy), the Center for Academic Computing Policy on Passwords defines passwords for computer systems operated by the Center for Academic Computing. Application: This policy applies to every person using computers controlled by the Center or operated as a public facility by the Center for Academic Computing. Computers with operating systems not providing password protection (e.g., MS-DOS) are not covered. When connected to networks, other means of protection are required. A password is private information. All use of the userid (or file) is assumed to be performed by the person assigned to that userid. (The userid is a unique identifier associated with the person assigned to it by the Director of the Center for Academic Computing or designee. On some computer systems it may be called an account.) You are responsible for safeguarding passwords for your userids. Passwords must not be shared. It is against policy and in most cases law to use another's account or file. (See exceptions below.) Failure to conform to these restrictions may lead to suspension of userid or other action as provided by University Policy or law. Password Guidelines: The following guidelines are based upon experience and common sense. They are explicit for the Center systems. The software used to change passwords will screen for most of these guidelines as an aid in creating secure passwords. This does not relieve a person of responsibility for creating and securing a good password. These guidelines may be tailored as proper for other CAC systems with the written agreement of the Director. 1. It must be at least six characters in length. 2. It must contain at least one alphabetic and one numeric character. 3. It must be significantly different from previous passwords. 4. It cannot be the same as the userid. 5. It cannot start or end with the initials of the person issued the userid. 6. It cannot include the first, middle, or last name of the person issued the userid. 7. It should not be information easily obtainable about you. This includes license plate, social security, telephone numbers, or street address. Password Expiration: While password changes can be more often, they must occur at expiration. Logon passwords will expire as follows: 1. All passwords for newly activated userids must be changed at first use. 2. Passwords for accounts will expire at six months intervals unless otherwise noted. 3. The password for a CAC staff account expires every 90 days. On VM systems, when users logon after password expiration, the following two messages will be displayed after the standard CP Logon message: VMXSYS011I Your logon password has expired. VMXSYS372R Select and enter a new password for your userid: After a new password has been selected, the logon proceeds normally. Exceptions: Exceptions to this Policy or those in the University Policy must be applied for in writing and will be authorized only by the Director of the Center for Academic Computing or designee. Effective: July 1, 1991. Distribution: The Center will provide a copy of this Policy when an account is opened. It will also be available on-line in an accessible manner. Change: The Director of the Center for Academic Computing may change this policy at any time subject to the review of the Executive Director of Computer and Information Systems. USING SOFTWARE A Guide to the Ethical and Legal Use of Software for Members of the Academic Community Software enables us to accomplish many different tasks with computers. Unfortunately, in order to get our work done quickly and conveniently, some people make and use unauthorized software copies. The purpose of this brochure is to provide a brief outline of what you legally can and cannot do with software. Hopefully it will help you better understand the implications and restrictions of the U.S. Copyright Law. Here are some relevant facts: Unauthorized copying of software is illegal. Copyright law protects software authors and publishers, just as patent law protects inventors. Unauthorized copying of software by individuals can harm the entire academic community. If unauthorized copying proliferates on a campus, the institution may incur a legal liability. Also, the institution may find it more difficult to negotiate agreements that would make software more widely and less expensively available to members of the academic community. Unauthorized copying and use of software deprives publishers and developers of a fair return for their work, increases prices, reduces the the level of future support and enhancements, and can inhibit the development of new software products. Respect for the intellectual work of others has traditionally been essential to the mission of colleges and universities. As members of the academic community, we value the free exchange of ideas. Just as we do not tolerate plagiarism, we do not condone the unauthorized copying of software, including programs, applications, data bases and code. Therefore, we offer the following statement of principle about intellectual property and the legal and ethical use of software. The EDUCOM Code Software and Intellectual Rights Respect for intellectual labor and creativity is vital to academic discourse and enterprise. This principle applies to works of all authors and publishers in all media. It encompasses respect for the right to acknowledgment, right to privacy, and right to determine the form, manner, and terms of publication and distribution. Because electronic information is volatile and easily reproduced, respect for the work and personal expression of others is especially critical in computer environments. Violations of authorial integrity, including plagiarism, invasion of privacy, unauthorized access, and trade secret and copyright violations, may be grounds for sanctions against members of the academic community. Classification of Software In terms of copyright, there are four broad classifications of software: * Commercial * Shareware * Freeware * Public Domain The restrictions and limitations regarding each classification are different as noted in the following descriptions. Commercial software represents the majority of software purchased from software publishers, commercial computer stores, etc. When you buy software, you are actually acquiring a license to use it, not own it. You acquire the license from the company that owns the copyright. The conditions and restrictions of the license agreement vary from program to program and should be read carefully. In general, commercial software licenses stipulate that (1) the software is covered by copyright, (2) although one archival copy of the software can be made, the backup copy cannot be used except when the original package fails or is destroyed, (3) modifications to the software are not allowed, (4) decompiling (i.e. reverse engineering) of the program code is not allowed without the permission of the copyright holder, and (5) development of new works built upon the package (derivative works) is not allowed without the permission of the copyright holder. Shareware software is covered by copyright, as well. When you acquire software under a shareware arrangement, you are actually acquiring a license to use it, not own it. You acquire the license from the individual or company that owns the copyright. The conditions and restrictions of the license agreement vary from program to program and should be read carefully. The copyright holders for shareware allow purchasers to make and distribute copies of the software, but demand that if, after testing the software, you adopt it for use, you must pay for it. In general, shareware software licenses stipulate that (1) the software is covered by copyright, (2) although one archival copy of the software can be made, the backup copy cannot be used except when the original package fails or is destroyed, (3) modifications to the software are not allowed, (4) decompiling (i.e. reverse engineering) of the program code is not allowed without the permission of the copyright holder, and (5) development of new works built upon the packageÑderivative worksÑare not allowed without the permission of the copyright holder. Selling software as shareware is a marketing decision; it does not change the legal requirements with respect to copyright. That means that you can make a single archival copy, but you are obliged to pay for all copies adopted for use. Freeware is also covered by copyright and subject to the conditions defined by the holder of the copyright. The conditions for freeware are in direct opposition to normal copyright restrictions. In general, freeware software licenses stipulate that (1) the software is covered by copyright, (2) copies of the software can be made for both archival and distribution purposes but that distribution cannot be for profit, (3) modifications to the software are allowed and encouraged, (4) decompiling (i.e. reverse engineering) of the program code is allowed without the explicit permission of the copyright holder, and (5) development of new works built upon the packageÑderivative worksÑare allowed and encouraged with the condition that derivative works must also be designated as freeware. That means that you cannot take freeware, modify or extend it, and then sell it as commercial or shareware software. Public Domain software comes into being when the original copyright holder explicitly relinquishes all rights to the software. Since under current copyright law, all intellectual works (including software) are protected as soon as they are commited to a medium, for something to be Public Domain it must be clearly marked as such. Before March 1, 1989, it was assumed that intellectual works were not covered by copyright unless the copyright symbol and declaration appeared on the work. With the U.S. adherance to the Berne Convention this presumption has been reversed. Now all works assume copyright protection unless the public domain notification is stated. This means that for public domain software (1) copyright rights have been relinquished, (2) software copies can be made for both archival and distribution purposes with no restrictions as to distribution, (3) modifications to the software are allowed, (4) decompiling (i.e. reverse engineering) of the program code is allowed, and (5) development of new works built upon the packageÑderivative worksÑare allowed without conditions on the distribution or use of the derivative work. Questions you may have about using software What do I need to know about software and the U.S. Copyright Act? ItÕs really very simple. The Copyright Law recognizes that all intellectual works (programs, data, pictures, articles, books, etc.) are automatically covered by copyright unless it is explicitly noted to the contrary. That means that the owner of a copyright holds the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute his or her work. For software this means it is illegal to copy or distribute software, or its documentation, without the permission of the copyright holder. If you have a legal copy of software you are allowed to make a single archival copy of the software for backup purposes. However, the copy can only be used if the original software is destroyed or fails to work. When the original is given away, the backup copy must also be given with the original or destroyed. If software is not copy-protected, do I have the right to copy it? Lack of copy protection does not constitute permission to copy software without authorization of the software copyright owner. ÒNon-copy-protectedÓ software enables you to make a backup copy. In offering non-copy-protected software to you, the developer or publisher has demonstrated significant trust in your integrity. May I copy software that is available through facilities on my campus, so that I can use it more conveniently in my own office or room? Software acquired by colleges and universities is usually covered by licenses. The licenses should clearly state how and where the software may be legally used by members of the relevant campus communities (faculty, staff, and students). Such licenses cover software whether installed on stand-alone or networked systems, whether in private offices and rooms, or in public clusters and laboratories. Some institutional licenses permit copying for certain purposes. The license may limit copying, as well. Consult your campus authorities if you are unsure about the permissable use of a particular software product. May I loan software? The 1990 modification to the Copyright Law makes it illegal to Òloan, lease or rent softwareÓ for the purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage without the specific permission of the copyright holder. Non-profit educational institutions are exempted from the 1990 modification, so institutional software may be loaned. Some licenses may even restrict the use of a copy to a specific machine, even if you own more than one system. In general, licenses usually do not allow the software to be installed or resident on more than a single machine, or to run the software simultaneously on two or more machines. IsnÕt it legally Òfair useÓ to copy software if the purpose in sharing it is purely educational? Historically, the Copyright Law was modified to permit certain educational uses of copyrighted materials without the usual copyright restrictions. However, Òfair useÓ of computer software is still a cloudy issue. The Òfair useÓ amendments to the copyright law are intended to allow educational use of legally protected products, but it is limited (for paper-based products) to small portions of full works. For most software it is clearly illegal to make and distribute unauthorized, fully-functional copies to class members for their individual use. Making copies of a small section of code from a program in order to illustrate a programming technique might not be a violation. The best alternative is to clear any such use with the copyright owner or consult the appropriate authorities at your institution. Alternatives to Explore Software can be expensive. You may think that you cannot afford to purchase certain programs that you need. Site-licensed and bulk-purchased software are legal alternatives that make multiple copies of software more affordable. Many educational institutions negotiate special prices for software used and purchased by faculty, staff, and students. Consult your campus computing office for information. As with other software, site-licensed or bulk-purchased software is still covered by copyright, although the price per copy may be significantly lower than the normal commercial price. A usual condition of site-licensing or bulk-purchasing is that copying and distribution of the software is limited to a central office which must maintain inventories of who received it. When you leave the academic community by graduation, retirement, or resignation you may no longer be covered by the institutional agreement and may be required to return or destroy your copies of the software licensed to the institution. Many colleges sell software through a campus store at Òeducational discounts.Ó If you purchase software yourself through such an outlet, the software is yours and need not be destroyed or surrendered when you leave the institution. It is, however, still covered by normal copyright protection and covered by the specific conditions of the licensing agreement. A Final Note Restrictions on the use of software are far from uniform. You should check carefully each piece of software and the accompanying documentation yourself. In general, you do not have the right to receive and use unauthorized copies of software, or make unauthorized copies of software for others. If you have questions not answered here about the proper use and distribution of a software product, seek help from the software developer or publisher, or the Center for Academic Computing Help Desk (see page 18 for contact information). This information has been produced as a service to the academic community by the Educational Uses of Information Technology Program (EUIT) of EDUCOM and the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA). EDUCOM is a non-profit consortium of colleges and universities committed to the use and management of information technology in higher education. ITAA is an industry association providing issues management and advocacy, public affairs, business-to-business networking, education and other member services to companies which create and market products and services associated with computers, communications and data. Although this information is copyrighted, you are authorized and encouraged to make and distribute copies of it, in whole or in part, providing the source is acknowledged. Additional copies of this information may be purchased by contacting one of the organizations listed below: EDUCOM; 1112 16th Street, NW; Suite 600; Washington, DC 20036; (202) 872-4200 ITAA; 1616 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1300; Arlington, VA 22204; (703) 284-5355 Copyright © EDUCOM and ITAA, January 1992. Electronic Access at Penn State ¥ January 1995 This information was compiled and written by staff of the Center for Academic Computing at Penn State. Director: Russell S. Vaught Deputy Director: James Kerlin Project Directors: Jeff Almoney, John Harwood, Kathy Mayberry, Al Williams Contributors: Dan Bernitt, Gene Brunner, George Falkenstern, Roger Files, Bob Fowles, John Hershbine, Daryl Hoffman, John Kalbach, Skip Knoble, Carl Knowlton, Linda Littleton, Kathy Mayberry, Tom Minsker, Steve Peterson, Steven Pierce, Mary Ramsey, Colleen Regan, Jeff Rich, Mimi Ridenour, Ken Rosenberry, Chris Sacksteder, Gerry Santoro, Steven Schrader, Susan Shields, Bill Verity, Chester M. Smith, Jr. Special thanks to Jim Milles, Head of Computer Services, Saint Louis University Law Library, for his list of Internet references. Editors: Mimi Ridenour, Chris Sacksteder, Linda Littleton, Rebecca Miles U.Ed. CAC 95-20